对冷原子吸收法测定土壤汞的分析质量评价

本文介绍了冷原子吸收法验证土壤中汞的分析方法。通过数理统计处理,对自控样品和统一未知土样结果进行了检验,实验室内方法精密度小于8％,准确度在100±5％;总体精密度小于16％,准确度在100±6％左右。结果表明实验达到了预期的效果,适合测定各类土壤。     

塞曼火焰原子吸收法快速测定稻米、土壤中镉

<正> 一般原子吸收测定粮食、土壤中镉,均采用萃取—石墨炉法或萃取—火焰法进行测定,以萃取来消除背景的影响。而萃取—石墨炉法测样速度慢、操作繁琐、污染环境,测量精度也比火焰法差。特别在测定镉含量较高的粮食样品时,需稀释几倍～几十倍进行测定,从而引入了较大的稀释误差。为此我们试图用火焰 ZeemanAAS 直接测定稻米、土壤中镉。并对直接火焰法与萃取火焰法;石墨炉法与萃取—石墨炉法及直接火焰法与石墨炉法均做了对比实验。结果表明,火焰法直接测定稻米、土壤中镉较为理想,回收率高、精密度好、速度快。稻米最     

原子吸收法固体进样测定土壤中镉含量的不确定度评定

利用原子吸收法固体进样装置测定土壤中镉的含量,并对其测量过程进行了不确定度评定,从而明确了测定时的主要不确定度来源是曲线拟合过程,在测定过程中需进一步改进。     

高温石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中钴

钴是生命所必需的微量元素之一,但过量则造成毒害。高温石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中钴已有报道,但仍需萃取以提高灵敏度和降低干扰。热解石墨涂层石墨管可以提高灵敏度,但用于钴的测定尚未见报道。 本工作用WFD-Y3型原子吸收分光光度计,热解石墨涂层石墨管测定了土壤中钴。样品用硝酸、氢氟酸分解,硫酸冒烟。测定时加入镧、钙和抗坏血酸以消除干扰。用氘灯扣除背景吸收,用标准曲线法直接测定土壤中钴:10微升取样时1％的灵敏度为9.4×10~(-12)克。     

聚四氟乙烯高压溶样罐—氢化物原子吸收法测定土壤中微量锑

<正> 土壤中微量锑的分析,国内广泛采用罗丹明B分光光度法,该法操作繁琐,灵敏度差,亦有采用原子吸收法直接用空气—乙炔火焰进行分析,但方法灵敏度低。目前有关氢化物原子吸收技术报道较多,但应用于土壤的测定迄今未见报道。     

球磨仪制样-微波消解-GFAAS法测定土壤中铅

建立了行星式球磨仪制样一微波消解一石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中铅的方法。标准曲线在0—10．01μg／L范围内线性良好,以称样0．5g、定容体积50ml计,方法检出限为0．10mg／kg,土壤样品测定的RSD〈4％,加标回收率为91．4％～102％。     

离子色谱法测定环境地表水中碱金属试验

环境水样中Na^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋离子的监测方法,目前主要使用原子吸收法。本次试验选用离子色谱法测定环境水样中Na^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋离子,与原子吸收法做一比较。通过试验分析结果看,该方法样品的浓度和响应值间的线性较好,混合环境标准样的平行双样Na、K、Mg、Ca的各相对标准偏差（RSD）值均符合质量控制标准;各个样品加标回收率最高为104.4%、最低为96.0%均在控制范围之内;与原子吸收法方法测定结果比较,两种方法测定结果没有显著性差异,表明该方法精密度高、准确性好;操作简便,尤其适用于大批样品多项目的测定。     

重庆地区土壤中11种元素背景值的分析方法与质量控制

目前、土壤中微量元素的测定方法有:比色法,原子吸收法,原子发射光谱法,X射线萤光法和中子活化法等。由于土壤组成极为复杂,共存元素干扰影响较大,各种方法各有利弊。根据我们的具体条件,在研究重庆地区土壤元素背景值时,分别选择了比色法、冷原子吸收法、原子吸收法以及本所提供的气氛控制发射光谱法进行测定。经典的原子发射光谱法氰光带干扰大,灵敏度不高,精密度比其它方法逊色,国内尚未普遍     

火焰原子吸收法测定土壤中铜和铅

本文建立了逆王水-高氯酸-氢氟酸分解法对土壤进行前处理,氘灯校正背景火焰原子吸收法分析土壤中铜和铅的方法.对逆王水-高氯酸-氢氟酸分解法和王水-高氯酸-氢氟酸分解法两种土壤前处理方法,对氘灯校正背景火焰原子吸收法和萃取火焰原子吸收法两种方法,进行了比较.应用于土壤标准样品及样品的测定,获得了满意的结果.     

火焰原子吸收测定土壤中的铜

采用硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸代替传统的消解方法分解土壤样品,火焰直接喷入原子吸收法测定土壤中的铜。相对标准偏差为0.6％～3.5％,加标回收率97.5％～101％。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.