16S rDNA克隆文库分析高含盐生物脱硫系统细菌多样性

采用分子生物学手段16S rDNA克隆文库方法研究连续运行1 a的生物脱硫反应器中细菌的多样性.从16S rDNA克隆文库中随机挑选40个克隆子进行序列测定(约1 400 bp),对测序结果进行了Blast对比.结果表明,脱硫系统中存在比例较高的优势菌种,有33个克隆子分属于3个不同的细菌类群,1个克隆子属于未知类群,优势细菌类群为Proteobacteria类群(变形菌类群),占85.3%.细菌类群优势顺序为:γ-Proteobacteria类群(55.9%),β-Proteobacteria类群(17.6%),Actinobacteridae类群(8.8%),δ-Proteobacteria(5.9%),α-Proteobacteria(5.9%),Sphingobacteria(2.9%).其中盐生硫杆菌属的Halothiobacillus sp. ST15和硫杆菌属的Thiobacillus sp.UAM-I是系统中的主要脱硫细菌.     

16S rDNA克隆文库方法分析好氧颗粒污泥细菌组成

采用构建16S rDNA克隆文库方法对好氧颗粒污泥的细菌种群多样性进行研究. 随机测定了82个克隆子序列(700 bp),Blast比对结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落具有高度多样性,可分为7个主要类群,其中,β变形菌(β-Proteobacteria)类群和鞘脂杆菌(Sphingobacteria)类群在文库中所占比例最大,分别为34.16%和30.50%;其次是Candidate division TM7类群、黄杆菌(Flavobacteria)类群和γ变形菌(γ-Proteobacteria)类群,分别为9.76%,7.32%和7.32%;放线菌(Actinobacteria)类群和α变形菌(α-Proteobacteria)类群所占比例相对较小,分别为4.88%和1.22%. 序列分析结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥中不仅含有对好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定运行具有重要作用的食酸菌属(Acidovorax)细菌、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)等细菌,还含有对CODCr和氨氮具有很好去除能力的Micropruina glycogenica,丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)等细菌.      

同步硝化反硝化系统中反硝化细菌多样性研究

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和分子克隆构建nirS克隆文库对同步硝化反硝化系统好氧池中反硝化细菌多样性进行了研究.从克隆文库中随机挑选75个克隆子进行序列测定,对测序结果进行了BLAST比对.结果表明,有74个克隆子分属于3个不同的细菌类群,包括β-Proteobacteria、γ-Proteobacteria和Uncultured bacterium. β-Proteobacteria纲为好氧池内优势菌群,占文库比例的54.41%;其次是γ-Proteobacteria纲,占文库比例的25%.对测序得到的12个OTU用MEGA软件进行系统发育分析,结果显示Thauera属为该系统中最主要的脱氮菌属.     

亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮工艺细菌形态及多样性研究

采用电镜观察和分子生物学手段16S rDNA克隆文库方法对亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮工艺中的细菌进行了形态和多样性研究,从16S rDNA克隆文库中随机挑选60(61)个克隆子进行序列测定(约500bp),对测序结果进行BLAST比对和系统发育分析.结果表明,亚硝化段内的细菌主要为球状和椭球状的氨氧化细菌,以亚硝酸氮作为进水基质时,电化学反硝化生物段内细菌主要为短杆状和椭球状的脱氮菌.亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化脱氮系统中蕴藏着特有的微生物新资源.亚硝化段细菌类群的优势顺序为β-Proteobacteria类群(60.00%)、Bacteroidetes类群(28.33%)和Chloroflexi类群(11.67%).当电化学生物反硝化段进水氮基质为亚硝氮(429～543mg.L-1)和氨氮(412～525mg.L-1)时,细菌优势类群顺序为β-Proteobacteria(78.33%)类群和ε-Proteobacteria类群(21.67%);当电化学生物反硝化段进水氮基质为亚硝氮(519～578mg.L-1)时,细菌优势类群顺序为β-Proteobacteria类群(81.97%)、ε-Proteobacteria(16.39%)类群和γ-Proteobacteria类群(1.64%);优势类群变化不大,但每种类群中细菌的种类和数量变化较大,这主要是由进水基质变化导致.     

克隆文库方法分析厌氧氨氧化反应器中细菌群落结构

为了认识低基质浓度污水厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)脱氮过程的生物学机制,为ANAMMOX脱氮工艺的优化提供理论依据,通过构建细菌16S rDNA(约1 500 bp)克隆文库和浮霉菌特有16S rDNA(约830 bp)克隆文库对ANAMMOX脱氮反应器中活性污泥的细菌群落结构进行分析。从细菌16S rDNA克隆文库中随机挑选到160个克隆子,共31个分类单元(OTU),与GenBank数据库比对结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥中的细菌群落具有丰富的多样性,包括:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidete)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospira)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、Candidate division OP10、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和未知菌,其中,变形菌门和拟杆菌门为优势菌群,分别占41.9%和34.2%。在浮霉菌特有16S rDNA克隆文库的40个克隆子中,34个克隆子属于CandidatusKuenenia属的厌氧氨氧化细菌,它们是ANAMMOX脱氮过程的主要功能菌。     

基于分子技术的1株产毒藻藻际细菌多样性分析

采用构建16S rDNA克隆文库的方法,对实验室保存的1株产毒塔玛亚历山大藻在不同时期的藻际细菌群落多样性进行了分析.限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)结果表明,塔玛亚历山大藻藻际微生物的16S rDNA克隆文库中的克隆子总共可分为 34 种基因型,选取各谱型的代表克隆子测定其16S rDNA片段核苷酸序列,将所获得的序列与GenBank数据库进行BLAST比对,结果表明所有基因型分属于2个细菌类群：变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes).在延滞期的藻培养液中,α-Proteobacteria占36.4%,β-Proteobacteria占9.1%,γ-Proteobacteria占27.3%,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占27.3%;在指数后期的培养液中,α-Proteobacteria占53.3%,β-Proteobacteria占13.3%,γ-Proteobacteria占6.7%,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占26.7%; 在稳定期的培养液中,α-Proteobacteria占47.8%,β-Proteobacteria占8.7%,γ-Proteobacteria占21.7%,δ-Proteobacteria占4.3%,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占17.4%;其中有不少克隆子与已知序列同源性低于 94%,表明塔玛亚历山大藻藻际环境中附着有新的未开发的微生物资源,这些细菌可能在微藻的生消过程中起着重要的调控作用,所以本研究结果在赤潮微生物调控中具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.     

饮用水深度处理活性炭池中微生物群落分布研究

采集2种炭龄饮用水深度处理活性炭池表面生物膜,提取微生物总DNA,构建细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,并通过16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对样品中的细菌种群多样性以及群落结构进行了研究.结果表明,5 a炭龄炭样克隆文库中阳性克隆的16S rDNA序列分属11个细菌类群,分别为α-Proteobacteria(26....     

石油污染地下水中细菌多样性研究

采集了某废弃炼油厂的石油污染地下水样品,提取水中微生物总DNA,构建细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,并通过16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对样品中的细菌种群多样性以及群落结构进行了研究.结果表明,文库中阳性克隆的16S rDNA序列分属10个细菌类群,分别为γ-Proteobacteria(49.1%)、α-Proteobacteria(12.9%)、β-Proteobacteria(11.1%)、Bacteroidetes(9.2%)、Verrucomicrobia(6.7%)、Acidobacteria(2.5%)、δ-Proteobacteria(1.2%)、Actinobacteria(1.2%)、Planctomycetes(0.6%)、Unidentifiedbacteria(5.5%).在这一生态系统中,γ-Proteobacteria类细菌占据主导地位,接近50%,尤其是假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)微生物在文库中的比例达35.6%.该石油污染地下水样品中细菌与许多其它已知的降解菌亲缘关系较近,如鞘胺醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas)、红球菌(Rhodococcus)和短波单胞菌(B...     

垃圾填埋场中真细菌群落16S rRNA基因的分析

回灌式垃圾填埋场渗滤液中真细菌群落的多样性同样通过不依赖于微生物培养的分析而获得。利用特异性的引物对,选择性地扩增渗滤液DNA中的真细菌16S rRNA基因片断(16S rDNA),并用于构建16S rDNA克隆文库。文库内真细菌16S rDNA的遗传多样性通过限制片断长度多态性分析(RFLP,限制性内切酶Hin PII和Msp I)而获得。初步的结果表明,随机选出的200个真细菌克隆子被分为147个不同的RFLP型(组),当中丰度最高的两个型均仅含有9个克隆子,两者共占所有被分析克隆子的不到10%;克隆子数≥2的型共有21个(包括以上2个丰度最高的型),它们共代表74个克隆子,占所有被分析克隆子的37%;而剩下的126个型均只含有1个克隆子,它们共占整个基因文库的63%。由此可见,李坑垃圾渗滤液中的真细菌具有非常复杂的群落结构。     

酸性矿山废水区域沉积物中嗜酸菌多样性研究

采集了酸性矿山废水区域酸性沉积物样品,运用16S rDNA克隆文库技术和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术,研究了沉积物中的嗜酸菌类群以及它们的群落结构.结果表明,沉积物中的嗜酸菌类型较新,大多数16S rDNA序列与已知序列的相似性均在97%以下.这些嗜酸菌主要为Acidobacteria,β/-γProteobacteria,δ-Proteobacteria,Nitrospira,Candidate Division TM7,low G+C Gram-positive类微生物.在这一酸性生态系统中,δ-Proteobacteria类细菌占据主导地位.对酸性沉积物中嗜酸菌多样性的研究有利于发现高效处理酸性矿山废水的方法.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.