异烟酸-巴比妥酸连续流动水质分析仪(AA3)法测定近岸海域海水中氰化物含量

[目的]近岸海域海水中氰化物的含量与近岸海域海水质量息息相关,高效准确的测定方法可以对氰化物进行有效的监测,及时做出应对。[方法]目前用于海水监测氰化物的方法有异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法和吡啶-巴比妥酸分光光度法,存在一定的缺点,本文采用异烟酸-巴比妥酸连续流动水质分析仪(AA3)测定海水氰化物的测定方法。[结果]确定蒸馏温度为135℃,该方法的检出限为0.0133μg.L~(-1),加标回收率在99.3%~100.6%之间,精密度在1.4%~2.4%之间。[结论]采用此方法测定氰化物检出限低,加标回收率和精密度符合要求。     

海水中氰化物的直接测定

为直接测定氰化物,本文提出了一种快速而又准确的方法,即在其它未污染的海水中使用一种氰离子选择电极法直接测定氰化物。当氰化物的含量很低时,氯化物的干扰较大,但是用测定低于20μg/l的氰化物时而得到的适当选择性校正值,几乎可以完全消除其影响。氰离子电极也适用于连续监测毒理学研究中氰化物的含量。     

氰化物的危害和销毁技术研究进展

介绍了氰化物分类和危害以及综述了氰化物的各种销毁技术,并进行比较对照,最后展望了氰化物的销毁技术发展方向.     

氰化物测定研究进展

氰化物是广泛应用于工业、矿业的有毒化学物质,不同存在形式的氰化物具有不同的毒性和其他化学性质,因此测定环境样品中不同形式存在的氰化物对研究有重要意义,简单氰化物的分析技术相对成熟,而络合氰化物的分析逐渐成为氰化物测定中的难点和重点。     

高粱中氰化物的测定及其分布规律的研究

本文以测定的氰化物含量为依据，研究了氰化物在高粱中的分布规律．研究表明，高粱植株中均含有一定的氰化物，而以新鲜的茎叶和根系含量较高．同时，根系内的氰化物也是氰污染土壤的又一来源．     

两种光源对污染土壤中氰化物的处理研究

通过模拟实验,采用紫外光和日光分别对污染土壤中氰化物进行了处理。结果表明:两种处理方法下,污染土壤中总氰化物(Total cyanide)、易释放氰化物(WAD cyanide)含量均随着处理时间的增加而减少;紫外光光照24 h或日光光照5 d后,总氰化物的含量分别减少了24.76%、33.87%,易释放氰化物的含量分别减少了18.89%、13.52%。     

氰化物与人体健康

氰化物是指含有氰基-C=N的化合物。氰化物种类较多,最简单的氯化物是氰[(N)_2]和氢氰酸[HCN]。从化学结构上看,氰化物可分为简单氰化物和复氰化物或络氰化物。简单氰     

氰化物突发性污染事故的应急处理,应急监测和预防对策

该文简述了近几年发生在我省氰化物突发性污染事故的情节和危害，提出了氰化物突发性污染事故的应急处理、应急监测的方法技术和预防对策，旨在使有关部门和有关人员对运输和使用氰化物的安全引起足够重视，为氰化物突发性污染事故应急处理、应急监测提供必要的技术指导，为氰化物突发性污染事故的再度发生，提供有效、可行的预防措施。     

氰化物测定研究进展

氰化物是广泛应用于工矿业的有毒化学物质,不同存在形式的氰化物具有不同的毒性和地球化学行为,因此测定环境样品中不同存在形式的氰化物具有重要意义。总体而言,简单氰化物、总氰化物的分析技术相对成熟,而络合氰化物的分析逐渐成为氰化物测定中的难点和重点。本文主要对环境样品氰化物分析中的光度法(分光光度法、荧光法和原子吸收光度法)、电化学法(离子选择电极法、极谱法)、色谱法、放射化学法、流动注射分析法的原理、特点及分析效果进行详细的对比与讨论。     

金矿尾矿渣及其污染土壤中氰化物的分布及自然降解

某金矿1995年发生尾矿坝垮坝事件,富含氰化物的尾矿渣对农田和河流造成严重污染.事故3年、4年后,分别对废弃尾矿坝内和被污染农田内的土壤和沉积物中氰化物的水平和垂直剖面上的分布进行了采样分析.结果表明,氰化物在土壤剖面中自然降解速度大大慢于在天然水体中的降解速度;土壤剖面中氰化物的运移行为类似于土壤中易溶盐的迁移行为.在干旱、半干旱气候条件下,剖面中的氰化物可在土壤表面盐壳中高度富集,即使在4年后其浓度仍可高于新鲜尾矿浆中氰化物的浓度.土壤剖面中的粘质层可部分阻隔氰化物向潜水中运移,其结果又可导致粘质层中氰化物的高度富集.根据土壤中氰化物的自然降解特点,对垮坝引起的土壤污染给出了相应的防治措施.     

Exploration of relationships between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables using multivariate statistic analysis in a eutrophic shallow lake： A S-year study

Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions. However, it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To elucidate relationships between them, in a eutrophic shallow lake, Taihu Lake, relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity. The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus （TP） played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons （i.e. temperature in winter, spring and summer; TP in spring, summer and autumn）; COD （chemical oxygen demand） and BOD （biological oxygen demand） presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring, summer and autumn. However, a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn, and conversely negative ones in summer. As the predatory factor, zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season. Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were obser,qed between phytoplankton biomass and pH, Trans （transparency of water） and DO. The results indicate that interactions between phyto：plankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity, which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability, and hence, advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

基于电子鼻土壤与地下水污染修复现场TVOC和恶臭的评估

根据上海某土壤与地下水污染修复现场情况,应用自主研发的电子鼻系统(iSA-M1)分别对未修复及修复过程中的土壤和地下水、修复场地上空及周边空气中的VOCs和恶臭类气体进行检测.结合前期研究所得TPI和OPI公式,求得各点的值,并将其用图表示.结果表明:①修复后TVOC和恶臭的浓度总体呈下降趋势;②在土壤和地下水修复过程中,VOCs和恶臭的挥发受气象要素和作业的影响,其浓度在总体下降的过程中伴随着阶段性上升现象;③结合GIS技术,电子鼻能初步用于评估土壤和地下水修复现场造成的空间污染情况及对周围居民产生的影响.但造成影响程度的具体细化分级还需要进一步研究.     

厌氧氨氧化过程中COD及pH与基质浓度之间的关系

分析了上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池中氮素化合物浓度、COD和pH变化规律以及ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布规律,利用数理统计的方法研究了厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH与氮素基质浓度之间的关系.结果表明,溶解氧和氮负荷的共同作用使得ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布沿滤层深度呈"山脊"状不均匀分布;异养反硝化的存在和H+的消耗使得厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH分别呈降低和升高趋势;100 mg/L以下的有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响不大,且COD和pH与基质NH4+-N浓度之间呈良好的线性相关关系.本试验中COD-NH4+-N和pH-NH4+-N拟合直线的斜率分别为1.113 8±0.052 2和-0.111 3±0.001 2,置信度为95%,平均相关系数R2分别为0.982 3和0.985 0.     

污泥超高温好氧发酵去除氟喹诺酮类抗生素及其降解产物

对比分析了污泥传统高温好氧发酵(TC)和超高温好氧发酵(HTC)对诺氟沙星(NOR)、氧氟沙星(OFL)及其降解产物的去除性能.结果表明,超高温好氧与高温好氧发酵25d时NOR去除率分别为91.8％,92.1％,产物诺氟沙星脱乙基(NORP)残留含量分别为628,668μg/kg;OFL去除率分别为92.1％、88.1...     

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.     

北京市夏季O3、 NOx等污染物“周末效应”研究

采用了2000-06-25~2000-07-07以及2000-07-26~2000-08-22在北京325 m气象塔观测平台观测到的O3、NOx(NO和NO2)、CO和SO2数据,分析了周末与工作日O3、NOx、NO、NO2、CO和SO2浓度变化的差异及成因.结果表明,除SO2之外,O3、NOx、NO、NO2和CO的周末浓度与对应工作日浓度相关性显著,均通过了显著性水平α=0.05的t检验,相关系数(R)依次为0.99、0.61、0.56、0.80和0.61.交通高峰时段(06:00~08:00)NOx和CO的周末浓度明显低于工作日浓度,该时段NOx和CO的周末浓度与工作日浓度的平均偏差分别为-28%和-9%.O3周末浓度与工作日浓度的回归系数为1.25±0.02.此外,周末O3的最大小时浓度值与最大8 h平均浓度值分别比工作日高23%和26%,表现出十分明显的"周末效应".     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

环境正义研究前沿及其启示

环境正义不仅是重大的现实问题,也是不同学科和领域研究的焦点。通过对国内环境正义研究文献的梳理,比较分析环境正义所涉学科、内容和方法后发现：环境正义研究呈现出多学科视角、多元化主题和学科交叉趋势,但研究体系不够完善,缺乏理论创新;亟待构建中国特色环境正义理论体系和分析框架,总结中国环境正义研究案例和解决模式;环境正义概念多而不统一,混杂而不明确,需进一步厘清和辨明;考虑多维内涵、多重维度和多维原则,建构和完善环境正义概念体系;环境正义问题主要表现在多尺度区域和多类型群体两个层面,环境强势群体（区域）与弱势群体（区域）的环境权责不对等是焦点;城乡环境正义问题广受关注,需加强经济弱势地区和环境弱势地区环境正义研究;解决环境正义问题的政策措施缺乏系统性考量和可操作性,在具体的社会文化和地方情境中探讨环境正义及其解决之道是重点;按照问题的轻重缓急,分区域分群体逐步消除环境不正义;环境正义评价标准欠缺,不同学科数据和方法交叉融合不足。未来环境正义研究的重点和难点在于：建构一个问题导向的、跨学科交叉的环境正义理论框架;精确表征和测度环境（不）正义;模拟多尺度、多主体的环境正义演变过程;基于地方性加强环境正义的典型案例研究。