高含硫化氢原油除硫技术研究与应用

针对新疆油田分公司采油一厂车89井区高含硫的问题,分别对硫化氢成因、转化机理及除硫方式进行研究,开展了化学除硫工艺技术、负压闪蒸除硫工艺技术以及催化曝气除硫工艺技术现场试验。试验结果表明:采用负压闪蒸除硫工艺、催化曝气除硫工艺及化学除硫工艺(HCS-4除硫剂加药浓度约1×104 mg/L、作用80s)处理后,可将车89井区原油中硫化氢浓度降至安全阈限值15mg/m3以下。     

微生物管式膜污水处理工艺试验与应用

某油田污水处理站设计处理规模1500 m³/d,实际处理量630 m³/d,处理工艺为“微生物接触氧化+加药絮凝沉淀+二级过滤”,在运行过程中投加的混凝剂等药剂成本高,且二级过滤器使用年限过长,其处理后出水无法达到Q/SYTH 0082—2020《油田注水水质规定》中油小于5 mg/L、悬浮物含量小于3 mg/L、粒径中值小于2μm的注水水质要求。该油田污水处理站开展了“特种微生物+低能耗管式膜”污水处理技术研究,并完成现场中试试验,处理后膜出水的悬浮物含量基本稳定在1 mg/L,出水水质达标,表明此工艺处理油田污水是可行和可靠的,为该油田污水处理工艺优化提供了可靠依据。     

环境空气有组织排放H_2S和CS_2污染源的排查

采用调查和多种检测方法对有组织排放的空气恶臭的物质进行定性分析和定量监测,以证实和确认污染源。在走访受害居民和工业污染源调查的基础上,使用三点比较式嗅袋法、分光光度法、主动式吸附管热解析/GC/MS和不锈钢采样罐/GC/MS法检测空气恶臭的物质的种类和含量,并且通过自动监测仪器长期定点观测污染发生时和消除污染源后空气恶臭的物质含量的变化。结果表明,导致空气恶臭的物质为H2S和CS2,其中CS2为污染源的特征物质,相同时间和地点空气中H2S和CS2的质量浓度相关系数为0.84;污染源下风向空气中H2S含量高,年平均值为0.084mg/m3;不在下风向的空气H2S含量低;清除污染源后其下风向空气中H2S年平均值为0.008 mg/m3,空气不再恶臭。该排查方法为监控有组织排放恶臭的污染源提供了经验和实例。     

高含硫天然气净化厂除有机磷应用

为响应四川省《关于加强工业循环冷却水环境监管的通知》要求,普光气田天然气净化厂先后开展循环水无磷药剂调研及现场实验、循环水排污水除磷调研和实验室小试及现场中试,优选了化学除磷(含有机硫)的工艺及药剂配方,采用"高密度沉淀+V型滤池"工艺,集成PLC全自动控制系统,建成化学法除高浓度有机磷钢结构一体化装置。装置运行期间,各项除磷指标均达到设计值,除磷后总磷(以P计)含量平均值低于0.5 mg/L,实现了循环水排污水处理后达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》,减少了总磷的排放量。     

含硫化氢油田地面工程设计实践与认识

文章分析了硫化氢(H2S)的危害,提出了含H2S油田地面工程设计思路。在长庆油田现有工艺流程的基础上,针对硫化氢的危害,通过采用地面工艺全流程密闭、选用抗硫工艺设备、管材等工艺技术,实现油田安全清洁生产,确保油田安全、高效开发。     

EF-2型(T703)氧化铁精脱硫剂

由长沙市望岳化工厂开发、湖南省环境保护局推荐的EF-2型氧化铁精脱硫剂适用于天然气、焦炉煤气、水煤气、甲烷原料气、冶金工艺气、精细化工原料气、食品级CO2气等气体中H2S的精脱除。主要技术内容上述原料气中的H2S与氧化铁反应生成硫化亚铁、多硫化铁、单质硫和水:Fe2O3(特种) H2S→FeS FeSx S H2O典型规模天津大港油田天然气公司3.6亿m3液化气处理、回收装置。主要技术指标及条件要求一、技术指标H2S脱除精度≤0.03×10-6,原粒度工作硫容≥15%,原粒度侧压强度≥50N/cm,耐水性:水煮2h、浸泡24h不粉化。二、条件要求空速1000～20…     

老油田加热炉烟气脱硫达标排放治理

文章主要研究了老油田自产气脱硫治理的技术应用,加热炉实施能源替代后,原料气中含有的硫化氢酸性气体不但影响燃烧后二氧化硫的排放,同时加剧了集输管网的腐蚀穿孔泄漏。针对加热炉烟囱排放烟气中的SO₂产生机理复杂、对环境危害大、治理成本高、站内安全间距不足等问题,结合站场伴生资源产量及硫化物含量合理筛选脱硫工艺,通过筛选和调研,综合湿法脱硫和干法脱硫技术,提出一种组合式脱硫工艺技术,因地制宜地选取脱硫工艺。项目实施后通过在5座站场增设3套湿式铁基和组合式脱硫装置,使自产气中硫化物含量降至20 mg/m³以下,满足燃烧后二氧化硫含量小于10 mg/m³要求,从源头上解决了自产气集输管网腐蚀的问题,同时提出了适合不同规模的油田站场实现加热炉烟气达标排放的技术路线。     

化学氧化-絮凝工艺在压裂返排液除硼中的应用

为降低压裂返排液中的硼含量,满足水样回用配液或外排标准,以5口水平井压裂后的返排液为研究对象,考察了氧化剂类型、投加量、预处理条件、沉淀剂类型、投加量对化学氧化工艺的影响;在化学氧化工艺出水的基础上,考察了絮凝剂投加量、搅拌速度和加药时间间隔对絮凝工艺的影响,并监测了两者耦合联用后的效果。结果表明,H2O2和 BaCl2分别作为氧化剂和沉淀剂时,除硼效果较好,建立了最佳投加量与返排液中初始硼浓度相关的线性方程,便于现场快速选定加药浓度;当PAC浓度为80 mg/L、PAM浓度为5 mg/L、搅拌速度30 r/min、加药时间间隔30 s时,絮凝工艺的处理效果最优;将化学氧化-絮凝工艺耦合后,在氧化反应pH 值为９、氧化反应时间为30 min,沉淀反应pH值为9和最佳絮凝工艺的条件下,可保证滤液中硼质量浓度小于5 mg/L,满足回用配液的要求。研究结果可为压裂返排液的高效、清洁处理提供实际参考。     

含油污水中硫化物的处理技术

含油污水中的S2-穿透力强,易使管壁穿孔,破坏管线系统,干扰正常生产。介绍了油田污水中硫化物的处理方法,如加氯法、中和法、曝气法、氧化法、沉淀法。选用氧化法与沉淀法对双河站含硫污水进行了除硫实验,在实验中加入了自制的氧化型药剂Y-1、Y-2及沉淀型药剂F-1、F-2。实验结果表明,采用氧化法时,用Y-1处理剂的效果更好,除硫率均达到93%以上;而采用沉淀法时,用F-1与F-2处理剂的效果相当。当加药量达到最大时,除硫率全部达到99%以上。     

反硝化细菌抑制石油集输系统硫化氢治理技术

文章研究了采用DNB(反硝化细菌)抑制硫酸盐还原工艺,降低石油集输系统中H2S浓度的本源微生物治理H2S模式。该工艺在实验中采用两级UASB(上流式厌氧污泥床)反应器串联来实现。实验表明:在一级反应器成功启动后,其水中的S2-浓度达到120mg/L,SO42-的浓度为200mg/L,硫酸盐转化率可达75%以上;二级UASB启动以后,出水S2-降低至20mg/L以下,去除率约83%。进一步实验表明SO42-/NO2-质量浓度比、ORP(氧化还原电位)均会对SRB产生抑制作用。研究结果对石油集输系统中H2S气体的控制具有参考价值,该技术在长庆油田现场实验,能使油井H2S浓度平均降幅达到87%,有效降低了长庆油田安全风险。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。