山东半岛南部近海表层沉积物中脂类生物标志物的组成及形态分析

分析了山东半岛南部近海表层沉积物中游离态和碱不稳定结合态脂类物质的组成,结果显示:脂肪酸呈现以16∶0为主峰的单峰形分布趋势,具明显偶碳优势,海源为其主要来源,脂肪酸主要以结合态形式存在,不同类别的脂肪酸形态分布略有差异,脂肪酸的结构和来源是影响脂肪酸形态分布的重要因素;同样以海源为主的甾醇则主要以游离态形式存在,但陆源甾醇的结合态比重相对较高;烷烃呈现以C29烷烃为主峰的单峰形分布趋势,陆源输入是其主要来源;烷烃主要以游离态形式存在,且UCM(不可分辨成分)峰仅出现在游离态烷烃的气相色谱图中。     

藻类连续培养污染研究—石油和油分散剂对藻类形态和生长的影响

同时采用藻类一次培养和连续培养方法研究了胜利原油、渤海原油和油分散剂(Corexit9527)对四种藻的形态和生长的影响。结果表明,在原油或原油中加入油分散剂存在时,三角褐指藻,角毛藻和杜氏盐藻的藻体变大,小球藻有聚集现象。在一次培养中四种藻都表现较强的抗油性,但原油中加入油分散剂后,原油对藻生长的影响发生变化,小球藻的生长明显受到抑制。在连续培养中除三角褐指藻在胜利原油慢性污染实验中其生长得到促进外,三角褐指藻和杜氏盐藻在其它慢性和急性污染实验中其生长都受到抑制。对藻类连续培养和一次培养二种方法进行比较,认为连续培养是一种实验室研究污染物质对藻类影响的较好方法。     

Gemini1231双季铵盐选择性抑制赤潮生物生长的实验

以甲藻门的东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、裸甲藻,黄藻门的赤潮异弯藻,硅藻门的中肋骨条藻等典型赤潮生物以及绿藻门的青岛大扁藻和亚心形扁藻2种非赤潮生物为研究对象,探讨了Gemini1231双季铵盐类表面活性剂的抑藻活性.结果表明,该表面活性剂在较低浓度下(0.2～0.5 mg·L^-1时),对东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异湾藻等赤潮生物的生长表现出了明显的抑制作用.当该双季铵盐的浓度增至0.5 mg·L^-1以上时,对中肋骨条藻的生长也表现出了一定的抑制作用.而在相同浓度范围内,对裸甲藻和所选用的2种非赤潮生物生长的影响不明显,表现出了抑藻作用的选择性.对各海洋微藻的脂肪酸组成分析表明,该表面活性剂的选择性抑藻作用与不同海洋微藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成,尤其是其多不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显相关.     

鼠李糖脂对硅藻生长的影响及其选择性抑藻作用

以尖刺拟菱形藻[Pseudo-nitzschiapungens(PS0201-01)]、双突角毛藻(ChaetocerosDidymus)、柔弱角毛藻(Chaertocerosdebilis)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceroscurvisetus)和新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclosterium)5种硅藻为研究对象,探讨了铜绿假单胞菌产鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂对海洋硅藻生长的影响.结果表明,当鼠李糖脂的浓度从0.5mg/L至10.0mg/L逐渐递增时,对5种硅藻的生长表现出了不同程度的抑制作用.通过各海洋硅藻脂肪酸组成的差异分析了鼠李糖脂对不同硅藻生长抑制作用具有差异的原因.结果表明,这种差异性与各海洋硅藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成不同相关,海洋硅藻的各种多不饱和脂肪酸的含量越低,相对应的96h-EC50值越低,鼠李糖脂对其生长抑制作用越强,反之亦然.进一步探讨了鼠李糖脂抑藻效果与分属不同门类的多种海洋微藻的脂肪酸组成的关系,确证了鼠李糖脂的选择性抑藻作用与不同海洋微藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成不同相关.     

玉米秸秆对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响及化学基础研究

以塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)为材料,观察了玉米茎秆和玉米叶对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响,比较了灭菌、未灭菌玉米叶的抑藻活性,并对玉米叶抑制藻类生长的化学基础进行了分析,以期为筛选和发现新的高效除藻剂提供思路.结果表明,玉米秸秆能显著抑制塔玛哑历山大藻的生长,玉米叶的抑藻作用强于玉米茎秆.0.5 g/L玉米叶对密度为1.69×106个/L的塔玛亚历山大藻的生长有明显的抑制作用.灭菌、未灭菌玉米叶对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用无明显差别,表明微生物小是玉米秸秆发挥抑藻作用的主要原因.玉米叶不同溶刺粗提物对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,石油醚、二氯甲烷空粗提物的抑藻活性明显强于乙酸乙酯和正丁醇粗提物.GC-MS分析结果显示.石油醚、二氯甲烷粗提物中主要含十八碳二烯酸、十八碳三烯酸、棕榈酸等脂肪酸类物质,提示长链脂肪酸可能是玉米秸秆抑藻的主要化学成分.     

玉米秸秆对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响及化学基础研

以塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)为材料,观察了玉米茎秆和玉米叶对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响,比较了灭菌、未灭菌玉米叶的抑藻活性,并对玉米叶抑制藻类生长的化学基础进行了分析,以期为筛选和发现新的高效除藻剂提供思路.结果表明,玉米秸秆能显著抑制塔玛亚历山大藻的生长,玉米叶的抑藻作用强于玉米茎秆.0.5 g/Ｌ的玉米叶对密度为1.69×１０６ 个/L的塔玛亚历山大藻的生长有明显的抑制作用.灭菌、未灭菌玉米叶对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用无明显差别,表明微生物不是玉米秸秆发挥抑藻作用的主要原因.玉米叶不同溶剂粗提物对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,石油醚、二氯甲烷粗提物的抑藻活性明显强于乙酸乙酯和正丁醇粗提物.GC-MS分析结果显示,石油醚、二氯甲烷粗提物中主要含十八碳二烯酸、十八碳三烯酸、棕榈酸等脂肪酸类物质,提示长链脂肪酸可能是玉米秸秆抑藻的主要化学成分.     

穗花狐尾藻浸出液对铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒的影响

研究了穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L).干体制备的浸出液对铜绿微囊藻的生长抑制及对微囊藻毒素MC-LR产生的影响。实验结果表明,狐尾藻浸出液对铜绿微囊藻的生长及产毒都有一定程度地抑制。狐尾藻浸出液对微囊藻的生长抑制率最高可达到91.89%,对藻毒素产生的抑制率亦能达到71.26%。实验还利用GC-MS对狐尾藻的化感物质进行探索研究。结果表明狐尾藻的抑藻物质具有控制富营养化中藻类暴发及其危害的潜在价值。     

溶藻活性物质对棕囊藻溶藻及其脂肪酸影响的模拟

为了探讨芽孢杆菌B1分泌的胞外溶藻活性物质对球形棕囊藻的溶藻特性和藻毒素物质脂肪酸的影响,比较了模拟自然水体中叶绿素a、p H、溶解氧DO、高锰酸盐指数和营养元素N、P浓度在溶藻前后的变化,并利用GC-MS检测了球形棕囊藻脂肪酸的成分和含量.用体积比1∶100的芽孢杆菌B1胞外活性物质处理模拟水体14 d,发现水体中叶绿素a、p H值和高锰酸盐指数随处理时间的增加而降低,DO和N、P浓度随处理时间的增加而增加.在第14 d时,处理组水体中p H值由8.50降低到7.51,叶绿素a降低82.3%(P0.05),DO增加29.5%(P0.05),高锰酸盐指数降低55.2%(P0.01).NH+4-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P浓度分别增加了0.46、1.50、6.24和1.30倍.投加活性物质处理14 d后,球形棕囊藻藻毒素中的主要3种脂肪酸C18:2、C16:0和C18:1分别降低了100%、97.7%和85.4%(P0.01),总脂肪酸含量降低83.4%(P0.01).结果表明,芽孢杆菌B1胞外溶藻活性物质在模拟自然水体中能有效抑制球形棕囊藻的生长,并降低藻毒素脂肪酸的含量.研究结果为芽孢杆菌B1胞外活性物质的生态安全性应用提供理论基础.     

三种海洋微藻生长期脂肪酸组成研究

球等鞭金藻、盐藻和小球藻脂肪酸组成气相色谱分析的结果表明 ,三种海洋微藻在指数生长期总多不饱和脂肪酸含量 (TPUFA)明显比稳定生长期高 ,而总饱和脂肪酸含量 (TSFA)在指数生长期间相对较低。球等鞭金藻的DHA ,小球藻的EPA和盐藻的C18∶3均在培养后的第 6d均达最大值。     

光和营养盐对三角褐指藻生化组成的影响

采用¹⁴C标记技术,测定三角褐指藻光合作用速率及其光合产物生化组成的相对含量。实验结果表明,在常温和适宜的光强围范内,随光强增强,三角褐指藻光合产物中蛋白质百分比减少,碳水化合物百分比增加,脂类相对含量基本不变。当海水氮磷比为16时,藻类蛋白质合成的相对含量最高。光合产物生化组成蛋白质与碳水化合物之比（P/C）的变化可以反映在不同海洋环境下藻类的生长状态。     

Fatty acids and algal lipids as precursors of chlorination by-products

Six common algal fatty acids (FAs) with different numbers of double bonds, lipophilic fractions and proteins extracted from the diatom Navicula pelliculosa and algal cells were chlorinated to evaluate their potential in generating disinfection by-products (DBPs). The result showed that the more double bonds in the FAs, the higher the amounts of chloroform and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) produced, but such a pattern was not observed for trichloroacetic acid (TCAA). Based on the previously reported composition of fatty acids in algal lipids, the DBP generation potentials of algal lipids were calculated. These predicted values were much lower than those measured in the chlorinated algal lipophilic fraction, suggesting unknown lipophilic fraction(s) served as potent DBPs precursors. Another calculation attempted to predict DBP production in algal cells based on algal lipid and protein composition, given quantified measured DBP production per unit algal lipid and proteins. The analysis showed that the observed DBP production was similar to that predicted (< 35% difference), suggesting that algal biochemical compositions may serve as a bioindicator for preliminary estimation of chloroform, DCAA and TCAA formation upon chlorinating algae.     

Characterization of the fate of lipids in activated sludge

Experiments were carried out to characterize the transformation of lipids in activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Results showed that the overall lipid content in the effluent could not be reduced to values below 300 mg/L from an initial content of 2, 000 mg/L. However, the contents of individual fatty acids underwent drastic decreases and increases during all microbial growth phases. These changes in contents of individual fatty acids showed that fatty acids were used as substrates by microorganisms as well as released into the wastewater as by-products. We have therefore suggested a novel model of transformation of lipids in activated sludge, showing that utilization of microbial activity for complete removal of lipids from wastewater is limited.     

How to get fat: nutritional mechanisms of seasonal fat accumulation in migratory songbirds

Many migratory birds accumulate large amounts of lipids as the prime energy source for their long-distance flights. This fat accumulation is mostly under endogenous control, reflecting genetically programmed temporal shifts of the body mass set point. It is accompanied by an increase in daily food intake and food utilisation efficiency and by a seasonal shift in food selection. In particular, seasonal frugivory appears to play a key role in many migrants. Fruits have a high content of fatty acids indispensable for building up the specific depot lipids. In addition, plant secondary compounds seem to play some kind of supportive role, but the mechanisms are not yet known. The effect of being fat on the metabolic situation in migrant birds appears to be similar to the metabolic syndrome in obese humans. The fat migratory bird provides a model through which to study nutritional factors as well as the biochemical and endocrine regulation of food intake, body mass and obesity.     

Biogenic and anthropogenic organic compounds in eolian particulates in the East Mediterranean region—I. Occurrence and origin

Lipids of biogenic and anthropogenic origin were determined in aerosol samples, collected seasonally, in a coastal area on the north of the island of Crete. Lipid classes such as n-alkanes, hopanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid salts and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids were characterized by GC/MS and GC/FID analysis, in terms of their contents of homologous compound series. The concentrations ranged between 56 and 215 ng m⁻³ for n-alkanes, 10 and 52 ng m⁻³ for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 2 and 31 ng m⁻³ for fatty alcohols, 13 and 279 ng m⁻³ for fatty acids, 24 and 220 ng m⁻³ for fatty acid salts and 0.4 and 7.5 ng m⁻³ for α, ω-dicarboxylic acid salts. The prevailing winds were influencing the composition of the eolian particles. Generally, aerosols sampled during south wind events predominantly contained lipids originating from higher plants, while when north and northwest winds prevailed the major components were of marine origin. The absence of unsaturated fatty acids in all aerosol samples is related to the presence of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, which are believed to be their photo-oxidation products.     

Photoperiod affects daily torpor and tissue fatty acid composition in deer mice

Photoperiod and dietary lipids both influence thermal physiology and the pattern of torpor of heterothermic mammals. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that photoperiod-induced physiological changes are linked to differences in tissue fatty acid composition of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus (∼18-g body mass). Deer mice were acclimated for >8 weeks to one of three photoperiods (LD, light/dark): LD 8:16 (short photoperiod), LD 12:12 (equinox photoperiod), and LD 16:8 (long photoperiod). Deer mice under short and equinox photoperiods showed a greater occurrence of torpor than those under long photoperiods (71, 70, and 14%, respectively). The duration of torpor bouts was longest in deer mice under short photoperiod (9.3 ± 2.6 h), intermediate under equinox photoperiod (5.1 ± 0.3 h), and shortest under long photoperiod (3.7 ± 0.6 h). Physiological differences in torpor use were associated with significant alterations of fatty acid composition in ∼50% of the major fatty acids from leg muscle total lipids, whereas white adipose tissue fatty acid composition showed fewer changes. Our results provide the first evidence that physiological changes due to photoperiod exposure do result in changes in lipid composition in the muscle tissue of deer mice and suggest that these may play a role in survival of low body temperature and metabolic rate during torpor, thus, enhancing favourable energy balance over the course of the winter.     

紫外-生物过滤联合工艺和单一生物过滤工艺中微生物代谢特性的比较

为了系统阐述紫外预处理对生物过滤塔中微生物代谢特性的影响,比较分析了紫外-生物过滤联合工艺和单一生物过滤工艺中微生物代谢特性的变化规律.研究结果表明,联合工艺和单一工艺中微生物的平均代谢活性(AWCD)分别为0.023～0.038和0.024～0.045cm-1.h-1,联合工艺中微生物平均代谢活性高于单一工艺.不同工艺中微生物对碳源的代谢特性存在显著差异:联合工艺中微生物对胺类、醇类和糖类碳源的代谢能力优于单一工艺,对酯类、氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源的代谢能力与单一工艺相当,而对于聚合物类碳源的代谢能力则弱于单一工艺.     

典型岩溶区地下河中溶解态脂类生物标志物来源解析及其变化特征

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了青木关地下河中溶解态类脂物的含量.研究了其在地下河中的来源、组成及迁移特征.结果表明,7~11月,各溶解态类脂物的平均含量随着青木关地下河运移距离的增加呈降低趋势,其中以溶解态饱和直链脂肪酸的下降最为显著,即由最初的5 704 ng·L~(-1)下降到1 043 ng·L~(-1),减少了约81.71%.正构烷烃能够较为详尽地指征地下河中溶解性有机质来源,而饱和直链脂肪酸、脂肪醇则对藻类和细菌等微生物有较好的指示意义.随着地下河运移距离增加,有机质输入类型呈现多样化,可能与岩溶地表不均一性有关.正构烷烃三端元图解中,水生植物的输入为地下河中溶解性有机质的主要来源,其次分别为陆地高等植物和藻类、细菌等微生物,但随着地下河运移距离的增加水生植物的相对贡献量逐渐减少.青木关地下河中正构烷烃TAR值对降雨有一定的指示意义,而饱和直链脂肪酸CPI、L/H值则指示细菌降解活动.     

光质对小球藻(Chlorella sorokiniana)生长和代谢机制的调控

为研究光质对小球藻(Chlorella sorokiniana)生长和代谢机制的影响,分析了不同光质下C. sorokiniana的生长情况,利用Illumina平台进行转录组测序.结果表明:红､蓝光是C. sorokiniana生长的有效光质,红､蓝光培养7d后藻细胞密度分别比白光对照组的高52.96%和61.11%.C. sorokiniana在不同光质下具有独特的生理特性,蓝光组Chl a､Chl b和Car最高,分别为(17.84±0.26), (8.39±0.19), (6.04±0.08) mg/L;红光培养7d后微藻的碳水化合物和脂质含量最高,分别达到了(115.60±1.81)μg/mg和(18.64±0.54)%.通过转录组测序分析,不同光质下C. sorokiniana的基因表达存在差异,红光下碳酸酐酶､乙酰辅酶A羧化酶和脂肪酸合成酶的基因表达量较高,差异表达的基因大部分参与了脂肪酸合成和碳固定过程;蓝光下RubisCO酶的基因表达量最高且光合系统中富集的差异基因均上调表达,光合速率和碳固定速率最快;绿光下微藻大部分的基因表达量较低,新陈代谢潜能较差;白光下C. sorokiniana的TCA循环活跃,不利于储存碳水化合物和脂质.     

餐饮排放有机颗粒物的质量浓度、化学组成及排放因子特征

餐饮废气是大气有机颗粒物的重要排放源.本研究基于模拟实验,研究了烹饪方式、食材以及油品等因素对餐饮废气排放有机颗粒物浓度、组成以及排放因子的影响.结果表明,餐饮排放有机颗粒物的特征受烹饪方式、烹饪食材与烹饪油品等因素影响较大.在所有模拟实验条件下,餐饮废气中可定量的有机颗粒物中,正构烷烃、甾醇和脂肪酸(包括饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸)所占的平均质量分数分别为68. 9%、20. 3%和4. 2%,其余的有机物还包括二元羧酸、多环芳烃、单糖以及藿烷类化合物等.有机颗粒物的平均食材排放因子为0. 013 1 g·kg~(-1),变化范围为0. 001 4～0. 027 1 g·kg~(-1).肉类烹饪过程的食材排放因子远大于蔬菜烹饪过程.基于油品的平均排放因子为1. 823 0 g·kg~(-1),变化范围为0. 001 9～10. 173 0 g·kg~(-1).铁架烧烤烹饪方式的油品排放因子大于其他烹饪方式.