生物多样性信息元数据库的开发

目前我国还缺乏生物多样性信息交流、共享的机制。有必要建立中国生物多样性元数据库提供数据的信息查询渠道,使用户知道从哪里能找到所需要的信息。该数据库经过系统分析和系统设计,以ＦｏｘＰｒｏ ｆｏｒ Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ开发平台进行程序设计。中国生物多样性元数据具有较强的信息查询功能,可按机构目录、主题信息类型、名称或作者这４种功能查询,数据库具有丰富的信息量,拥有１３３个机构、１６０个数据集、２６６个数据库     

《基于Internet的生物多样性信息共享示范》出版

由国家环境保护总局南京环境科学研究所徐海根、贺苏宁、刘标先生编著的《基于Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ的生物多样性信息共享示范》一书 ,是“九五”国家重点科技攻关项目成果 ,已于 2 0 0 2年 4月由学苑出版社出版发行。该书论述了自然保护区、生态旅游、生物多样性元数据信息共享系统的系统分析、系统设计、技术性能和主要经验。全书共分 5章 :即总报告 ,网络建设和管理 ,自然保护区信息共享系统 ,生态旅游信息共享系统 ,生物多样性元数据库 ;并附全国所有基于因特网的生物多样性数据库的详细信息、全国各省 (市、区 )自然保护区分布图等 5个附录…     

加强国家生物多样性数据管理和信息交流能力建设

我国现已收集整理了覆盖全国的各类生物多样性数据和信息,但生物多样性数据管理的技术水平和质量较低,信息交流的技术手段和机制尚不理想,数据管理和信息交流的整体能力建设还相当薄弱。在评述目前我国生物多样性数据管理和信息交流现状的基础上,提出加强我国生物多样性数据管理和信息交流的具体行动措施,即建立新型的国家生物多样性信息系统组织机构体系,建立电子网络化的生物多样性信息系统,建立信息共享机制,优先协调、完善和开发一批数据库,制定基础数据管理标准。     

基于GIS的国家生物物种资源信息系统设计与实现

生物物种资源是国民经济可持续发展的战略性资源,研发生物物种资源信息系统对于合理保护和持续利用我国丰富的生物资源以及提高我国生物物种资源信息化管理水平具有重要意义。针对国家生物物种资源保护和管理工作的需求,利用地理信息系统(GIS)、信息网络和数据库技术,构建了基于县级行政单元的全国物种资源空间分布数据库,设计和开发了基于GIS的国家生物物种资源信息系统。信息系统从整体架构上包括4个子系统,分别是平台管理子系统、数据采集和管理子系统、数据查询和统计分析子系统以及综合分析子系统。利用该系统,用户可以有效地采集、管理和查询全国野生维管植物和脊椎动物数据和信息,利用统计分析和预测模型功能分析全国或区域生物物种资源的大尺度分布格局特征,综合评价全国生物物种资源状况、变化趋势和威胁因素,为国家生物物种资源保护与管理提供预测预警决策信息。在今后的系统升级中,应加强对我国重要生物物种资源野外调查和长期动态监测数据以及海洋生物多样性数据的收集和整理,进一步构建跨部门的生物物种资源信息共享机制,研发和集成物种资源预测预警模型,构建决策支持系统。     

基于数据库的植物功能性状研究现状文献计量学分析

植物功能性状数据库是功能生态学研究的重要工具.了解基于植物功能性状数据库的植物功能性状研究现状,对探讨功能多样性和生物多样性具有重要的指导意义.介绍植物功能性状数据库的类型、影响力的评价方法和使用方法,并整理了17个植物功能性状库(附表).同时,通过Web of Science检索了2008-2018年间基于植物功能性状数据库开展植物功能性状研究的论文,从刊文数量、期刊分布、研究机构、主要作者、研究热点等方面进行分析.结果表明:基于数据库开展植物功能性状研究的文章数量和被引次数呈快速增长的趋势.当前此方向的研究主要以少数学者、机构为核心,大量论文发表在少数期刊上.研究热点主要体现在群落生态学、气候变化和性状进化、恢复和生存策略等方面.未来应加强研究者、研究机构之间的合作,数据共享,建立全球型的数据完善的植物功能性状数据库,同时加强数据标准化处理,解决地下性状和生理性状等难以获取及量化的问题,完善化石记录的植物性状和植物不同生长阶段的植物功能性状数据.(图5表4参60附表1)     

全球生物剽窃案例分析与中国应对措施

生物剽窃(bio-piracy)是中国和许多生物多样性丰富的发展中国家面临的严峻问题。发达国家的生物技术公司常利用不正当的方式获取发展中国家的遗传资源及相关传统知识,再通过生物技术开发和产品专利保护的形式,从提供遗传资源的发展中国家市场弁取暴利。通过文献、数据库及相关网站的查询,收集了国内外近30 a来在农业、生物制药、化妆品及其他工商行业的108个生物剽窃案例,并根据应用领域、资源对象、利用机构、资源用途、资源原产地、惠益分享情况及我国生物剽窃情况等方面对生物剽窃的特点进行了分析,针对生物剽窃问题和我国在遗传资源及相关传统知识保护方面的法律和机构体制的不足,提出制定遗传资源及相关传统知识获取与惠益分享的国家法规与制度体制,包括获取遗传资源时实施"事先知情同意程序",并以"共同商定条件"确保资源提供方与使用方之间公平公正的惠益分享,同时加强政府机构的管理能力。     

加强国家生物多样性数据管理和信息交流能力建设

我国现已收集了整理覆盖全国的各为生物多样性数据和信息,但生物多样性数据管理的技术水平和质量较低,信息交流的技术手段和机制尚不理想,数据管理和信息交流的整体能力建设还相当薄弱。在评述目前我国生物多样性数据管理和信息交流现状的基础上,提出加强我国生物多样性数据管理和信息交流的具体行为措施,即建立新型的国家生物多样性信息系统组织机构体系,建立电子网络 样性信息系统,建立信息共享机制,优先协调、完善和开发     

绿色建筑植物资源信息系统的构建及应用

在前期研究的基础上,应用计算机技术建立绿色建筑植物资源信息系统(Green Building Plant Resources Information System,GBPRIS),该系统包括植物基本特征数据库、植物生态功能数据库、植物群落数据库和评价体系数据库4个基础数据库.共收录500种植物和上海常见48个植物群落的信息,将植物的生物学特性、生态习性及各项生态功能信息规范化、数字化输入,降低了绿色建筑适生植物选择的专业性要求,并具有多途径搜索、快速查询文档和图片的功能,既能用于对现有绿化体系进行评价,有针对性地提出改进意见,也可用于对建筑室外绿化规划设计进行预评价,为绿色建筑的绿化配置提供科学参考.     

国家环境保护总局南京环境科学研究所网络中心简介

由国家环境保护总局南京环境科学研究所承担的国家“九五”科技攻关项目“环境信息共享示范”和“自然保护区与生物多样性信息共享示范”2专题于2000年11月通过科技部验收。在此基础上建设的环境信息网络中心,自1998年运行以来,受到了广泛关注。中心利用网络新技术,解决了环境信息存取与查询的关键技术难题,对可供社会公众共享的环境信息进行改造、添补,建立了环境基本数据信息系统和基本应用模型体系,设计了属性数据库集中无偿共享与分布式有偿共享并存的信息共享体系,完成了文本型数据的中文全文检索,建立了空间数据库与WebGIS的动态链接。共享数据量达1 180 M。     

《滇黔桂生物多样性相关传统知识调查与研究》简介

<正>传统知识议题已经成为《生物多样性公约》、世界知识产权组织以及世界贸易组织等国际论坛的热点。为了加强我国民族地区生物多样性相关传统知识的保护,受环境保护部的委托,中央民族大学率先在民族地区,特别是滇、黔、桂地区,开展了少数民族传统知识的调查、整理、编目和数据库建设。《滇黔桂生物多样性相关传统知识调查与研究》由薛达元主编,中国环境出版社出版。全书共5篇26个部分,72万字。     

集成化中国河流水质信息系统

中国河流水质信息系统以关系数据库管理为主控，集成地理信息系统和互联网技术，实现对河流站点属性信息、站点地理位置和水质测数据的管理、条件查询、网页查询及表达输出等。本文分析系统的研制思路和关键技术，介绍系统所处理的数据，系统结构和主要功能。     

eChemPortal及其在我国重点环境管理危险化学品环境风险评估中的应用

危害性识别是化学品环境风险评估工作的重要基础,危害性数据的质量直接影响化学品环境风险评估工作的结果与结论。通过介绍经济合作与发展组织(OECD)eChemPortal近几年来的主要变化,以上海地区涉及的30种重点环境管理危险化学品为例,比较分析我国《危险化学品分类信息表》及eChemPortal引用的按照《欧盟物质和混合物的分类、标签和包装法规》的公开分类和标签目录(ECHA CL inventory)、日本政府全球化学品统一分类和标签分类结果(GHS-J)的差异。结果表明:eChemPortal作为OECD建立的全球化学物质信息门户,加入的数据库多数经过政府机构或同行评审,准确性和可靠性相对较高,目前已有32个数据库加入到该平台,其中32个数据库支持化学物质检索,4个数据库支持化学性质检索,2个数据库支持GHS检索,并且数据库的数量和功能还在持续增加;相对于国家安全监管总局的《危险化学品分类信息表》和ECHA CL inventory,GHS-J的危害性分类结果较为完善,而且多数分类结果提供了具体的分类数据基础信息,这对于分类结果的评估十分有用。上述研究表明我国政府监管部门有必要结合eChemPortal等权威的数据信息平台发布我国重点环境管理危险化学品环境风险评估推荐数据库,从而规范重点环境管理危险化学品环境风险评估过程并推动对化学品的有效环境监管。     

Four challenges to an effective national nature assessment

Comprehensive biodiversity assessments play an essential role in strengthening global and national conservation strategies. The recently announced first U.S. National Nature Assessment (NNA) provides an unparalleled opportunity to comprehensively review status and trends of biodiversity at all levels. This broad context can help in the coordination of actions to conserve individual species and ecosystems. The scientific assessments that informed the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework adopted at the 2022 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) conference of parties provide models for synthesizing information on trends at multiple levels of biodiversity, including decline in abundance and distribution of species, loss of populations and genetic diversity, and degradation and loss of ecosystems and their services. The assessments then relate these trends to data on drivers of biodiversity loss and pathways to their mitigation. The U.S. NNA can augment such global analyses and avoid the pitfalls encountered by previous U.S. efforts by ensuring policy-relevant design, data accessibility, and inclusivity in process and product and by incorporating spatial data relevant to national and subnational audiences. Although the United States is not formally a CBD party, an effective NNA should take full advantage of the global context by including indicators adopted at the 2022 meeting and incorporating an independent review mechanism that supports periodic stocktaking and ratcheting up of ambition in response to identified shortfalls in stemming biodiversity loss. The challenges to design of an effective U.S. assessment are relevant globally as nations develop assessments and reporting to support the new global biodiversity framework's targets. By considering and incorporating the diverse ways in which society values and benefits from nature, such assessments can help bridge the gap between research and conservation practice and communicate the extent of the biodiversity crisis to the public, fostering broad-based support for transformative change in humanity's relationship to the natural world.     

我国生物多样性信息系统建设若干问题研究

在我国生物多样性信息系统现状调查研究的基础上,进行了包括逻辑结构、组织结构和网络结构的系统建设的结构设计,提出了今后工作的重点,讨论了与信息系统建设有关的资金、运作机制和数据源点建设等问题。     

A guide to representing variability and uncertainty in biodiversity indicators

Biodiversity indicators are used to inform decisions and measure progress toward global targets, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Indicators aggregate and simplify complex information, so underlying information influencing its reliability and interpretation (e.g., variability in data and uncertainty in indicator values) can be lost. Communicating uncertainty is necessary to ensure robust decisions and limit misinterpretations of trends, yet variability and uncertainty are rarely quantified in biodiversity indicators. We developed a guide to representing uncertainty and variability in biodiversity indicators. We considered the key purposes of biodiversity indicators and commonly used methods for representing uncertainty (standard error, bootstrap resampling, and jackknife resampling) and variability (quantiles, standard deviation, median absolute deviation, and mean absolute deviation) with intervals. Using 3 high-profile biodiversity indicators (Red List Index, Living Planet Index, and Ocean Health Index), we tested the use, suitability, and interpretation of each interval method based on the formulation and data types underpinning the indicators. The methods revealed vastly different information; indicator formula and data distribution affected the suitability of each interval method. Because the data underpinning each indicator were not normally distributed, methods relying on normality or symmetrical spread were unsuitable. Quantiles, bootstrapping, and jackknifing provided useful information about the underlying variability and uncertainty. We built a decision tree to inform selection of the appropriate interval method to represent uncertainty or variation in biodiversity indicators, depending on data type and objectives. Our guide supports transparent and effective communication of biodiversity indicator trends to facilitate accurate interpretation by decision makers.     

Relating characteristics of global biodiversity targets to reported progress

To inform governmental discussions on the nature of a revised Strategic Plan for Biodiversity of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), we reviewed the relevant literature and assessed the framing of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets in the current strategic plan. We asked international experts from nongovernmental organizations, academia, government agencies, international organizations, research institutes, and the CBD to score the Aichi Targets and their constituent elements against a set of specific, measurable, ambitious, realistic, unambiguous, scalable, and comprehensive criteria (SMART based, excluding time bound because all targets are bound to 2015 or 2020). We then investigated the relationship between these expert scores and reported progress toward the target elements by using the findings from 2 global progress assessments (Global Biodiversity Outlook and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). We analyzed the data with ordinal logistic regressions. We found significant positive relationships (p < 0.05) between progress and the extent to which the target elements were perceived to be measurable, realistic, unambiguous, and scalable. There was some evidence of a relationship between progress and specificity of the target elements, but no relationship between progress and ambition. We are the first to show associations between progress and the extent to which the Aichi Targets meet certain SMART criteria. As negotiations around the post-2020 biodiversity framework proceed, decision makers should strive to ensure that new or revised targets are effectively structured and clearly worded to allow the translation of targets into actionable policies that can be successfully implemented nationally, regionally, and globally.     

Improving collaboration in the implementation of global biodiversity conventions

Eight conventions make up the biodiversity cluster of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) that provide the critical international legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of nature. However, concerns about the rate of implementation of the conventions at the national level have triggered discussions about the effectiveness of these MEAs in halting the loss of biodiversity. Two main concerns have emerged: lack of capacity and resources and lack of coherence in implementing multiple conventions. We focused on the latter and considered the mechanisms by which international conventions are translated into national policy. Specifically, we examined how the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the associated Aichi Biodiversity Targets have functioned as a unifying grand plan for biodiversity conservation. This strategic plan has been used to coordinate and align targets to promote and enable more effective implementation across all biodiversity-related conventions. Results of a survey of 139 key stakeholders from 88 countries suggests streamlining across ministries and agencies, improved coordination mechanisms with all relevant stakeholders, and better knowledge sharing between conventions could improve cooperation among biodiversity-related conventions. The roadmap for improving synergies among conventions agreed to at the 13th Convention on Biological Diversity's Conference of Parties in 2016 includes actions such as mechanisms to avoid duplication in national reporting and monitoring on conventions and capacity building related to information and knowledge sharing. We suggest the scientific community can actively engage and contribute to the policy process by establishing a science-policy platform to address knowledge gaps; improving data gathering, reporting, and monitoring; developing indicators that adequately support implementation of national plans and strategies; and providing evidence-based recommendations to policy makers. The latter will be particularly important as 2020 approaches and work to develop a new biodiversity agenda for the next decade is beginning.     

Linking Indices for Biodiversity Monitoring to Extinction Risk Theory

Biodiversity indices often combine data from different species when used in monitoring programs. Heuristic properties can suggest preferred indices, but we lack objective ways to discriminate between indices with similar heuristics. Biodiversity indices can be evaluated by determining how well they reflect management objectives that a monitoring program aims to support. For example, the Convention on Biological Diversity requires reporting about extinction rates, so simple indices that reflect extinction risk would be valuable. We developed 3 biodiversity indices that are based on simple models of population viability that relate extinction risk to abundance. We based the first index on the geometric mean abundance of species and the second on a more general power mean. In a third index, we integrated the geometric mean abundance and trend. These indices require the same data as previous indices, but they also relate directly to extinction risk. Field data for butterflies and woodland plants and experimental studies of protozoan communities show that the indices correlate with local extinction rates. Applying the index based on the geometric mean to global data on changes in avian abundance suggested that the average extinction probability of birds has increased approximately 1% from 1970 to 2009. Conectando Índices para el Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad con la Teoría de Riesgo de Extinción     

中国生物多样性保护立法现状与需求

生物多样性保护依赖于健全的国际立法和国家立法。中国已颁布一系列有关生物多样性保护的法律和条例。这些法规的实施，使生物多样性保护工作取得重大进展，但还存在许多不足和空白。本文概述了中国在生物多样性保护方面的立法现状，在此基础上，针对存在问题，并根据《生物多样性公约》要求，从生态系统、物种和遗传多样性保护３个层次上阐明需要完善和加强法规建设的若干方面和需求。