宽叶香蒲表面流人工湿地脱氮除磷效果研究

以运行A/O工艺的生化反应器出水为处理对象,在中试规模上研究了宽叶香蒲表面流人工湿地的脱氮除磷效果及影响因素.结果表明,在工况Ⅰ条件下,COD去除率为43.2%,COD面积负荷去除率为4.79 g/(m2·d),COD面积负荷去除率常数为0.18 m/d,SS、NH4+-N和NO-3-N的去除率分别为41.2%、9.4%、3.4%,TN去除率为11.8%,TN面积负荷去除率为1.36g/(m2·d),TN面积负荷去除率常数为0.04 m/d,TP去除率为30.1%,TP面积负荷去除率为0.29 g/(m2·d),TP面积负荷去除率常数为0.13 m/d;在工况Ⅱ条件下,COD去除率为18.7%,COD面积负荷去除率为1.19 g/(m2·d),COD面积负荷去除率常数为0.06 m/d,SS、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N的去除率分别为31.6%、29.8%、65.0%,29.2%.TN去除率为31.4%,TN面积负荷去除率为2.33 g/(m2·d),TN面积负荷去除率常数为0.12 m/d,TP去除率为29.4%,TP面积负荷去除率为0.22 g/(m2·d),TP面积负荷去除率常数为0.11 m/d.在COD面积负荷去除率,TN面积负荷去除率、TP面积负荷去除率分别为4.90～9.80、2.76～8.83、0.57～1.39 g/(m2·d),水力停留时间(HRT)为0.4～1.1 d条件下,随HRT,水温、(NO2+-N+NO3--N)/TN的增加,表面流人工湿地的TN面积负荷去除率线性增加.     

冬季组合工艺处理灌溉尾水的运行效果

采用水耕蔬菜人工湿地与垂直流人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水灌溉尾水,针对冬季灌溉尾水量大,而系统处理效果下降问题,对组合工艺进行了运行效果及水力负荷等工艺参数的优化研究。大棚对系统能起到一定的保温效果,系统进出水水温均高出未采取保温强化措施系统2℃左右。在冬季水耕蔬菜人工湿地与垂直流人工湿地受温度影响,污染物去除效能显著下降,随着水力负荷的增大,水耕蔬菜人工湿地对COD、TN及TP的平均去除率和去除负荷呈先增加后减小趋势,其对COD、TP的平均去除率均在0.3 m~3/(m~2·d)附近达到最大,分别为33.4%和11.5%,TN的平均去除率在0.4 m3/(m~2·d)附近达到最大,为8.5%;垂直流人工湿地随着水力负荷的增大,对COD、TN、NH_4~+-N和TP的平均去除率的变化趋势与水耕蔬菜人工湿地相似,在0.2 m~3/(m~2·d)处达到最大,分别为56.3%、29.3%、23.8%和31.3%。上述结果与人工湿地在其他温度较高季节去除率一般随水力负荷降低而呈上升趋势的结果显著不同,表明在冬季依靠一味降低水力负荷无法达到提高系统去除效能的目的。     

水力负荷对改良型垂直流人工湿地降解模拟污水厂尾水效果的影响

为确定改良型垂直流人工湿地降解模拟污水厂尾水的最佳水力负荷,采用生物炭和活性炭改良、微生物强化以及同时添加生物炭、活性炭和微生物改良强化的3套垂直流人工湿地系统,研究了其在3种水力负荷条件下(0.25、0.5和1 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1)),对模拟污水厂尾水中污染物的去除效果。结果表明,3套垂直流人工湿地系统均在低水力负荷(0.25 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1))时对模拟污水厂尾水中NH_4~+-N、TN、TP和COD的去除率较高,但随着水力负荷的增大其去除率逐渐降低。3套垂直流人工湿地系统对NO_3~--N的去除率均在高水力负荷(1 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1))时较高,且随着水力负荷的变大,其去除率逐渐升高,但去除率的增长幅度变缓;实验证明,生物炭和活性炭改良基质能够提高湿地系统对NH_4~+-N、TN、TP和COD的去除效果,并且在低水力负荷时对NH_4~+-N、TN和COD的去除拥有更好的改良效果,而对TP去除的改良则在高水力负荷时优于在低水力负荷时。厌氧-异养反硝化菌能够提高湿地系统对NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TN的去除效果,并且在高水力负荷时对NO_3~--N的改良效果优于低水力负荷,而在低水力负荷时对NH_4~+-N和TN具有更好的改良效果。综合考虑多种污染物的去除效果,确定3套改良型垂直流人工湿地系统的最佳水力负荷为0.5 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1)。     

复合垂直流人工湿地除磷正交试验研究

为了确定复合垂直流人工湿地的流程、水力负荷、pH、COD对TP去除率的影响和提高除磷效果,选择了美人蕉和风车草构建的复合垂直流人工湿地试验系统,开展除磷的正交试验研究。采用SPSS13.0软件对正交试验结果进行方差分析,确定各因素显著性及优选条件。结果表明,复合垂直流人工湿地流程、水力负荷、pH、COD对除磷效果均有影响,其中流程对TP去除率影响显著,COD对TP去除率影响不显著。各因素对TP去除率的影响程度依次为:流程水力负荷pHCOD。除磷优选条件:COD为225mg/L,pH为8,流程为1100mm,水力负荷为181.25L/(m2.d)。     

水力负荷对人工湿地修复富营养化景观水体效果的影响

水力负荷对湿地的去污效果有直接影响,但目前的研究一般限于去除率方面,缺少对污染物去除总量影响的研究。为综合考察水力负荷对人工湿地修复富营养化景观水体效果的影响,以某会议中心富营养化景观水体生态修复工程中的2#人工湿地为研究对象,研究了其在水力负荷分别为1.03、1.37m/d时的水质净化效果。结果表明:当水力负荷由1.03m/d提高到1.37m/d时,2#人工湿地仍具有较好的COD、TN和TP去除效果;COD和TN的总平均去除率略有下降,但水力负荷为1.37m/d时的COD和TN总平均去除量比水力负荷为1.03m/d时总平均去除量分别高28.29%和20.96%,对COD和TN总量的控制效果显著;TP的去除受水力负荷的影响较小,在两种水力负荷条件下均具有较高的去除率。     

出水口位置对垂直潜流人工湿地净化的影响

研究出水口位置对垂直潜流人工湿地净化的影响。垂直潜流人工湿地以间歇进水方式运行,进水水力负荷为0.125m3/(m2.d),进水来自南宁市琅东污水处理厂初沉池出水。研究结果表明,出水口位置对垂直潜流人工湿地净化有显著影响。与底部出水相比,中部出水的TN、SS和COD去除率分别提高了8.01%、8.48%、7.99%,出水NO-3-N质量浓度降低了9.38 mg/L;但NH+4-N去除率则降低了26.25%,TP去除率降低了21.21%。     

新型阶梯式人工湿地处理生活污水的研究

采用一种新型阶梯式人工湿地处理生活污水,考察了该工艺对COD、BOD5、NH3-N、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)的去除效果,实验结果表明,当水力负荷约为0.44 m3/(m2.d),水力停留时间为3 d时,湿地对COD、BOD5、NH3-N、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)的去除效果较好,平均去除率分别达到90.6%、87.9%、66.7%、63.4%和92.6%,出水COD约为14.1～30.8 mg/L,BOD5约为8.2～13.1 mg/L,NH3-N约为9.9～19.6 mg/L,TN约为17.3～28.7 mg/L,TP小于1.2 mg/L,出水水质优于农田灌溉水质标准(GB5084-2005)。植物种植长状况、温度变化及进水污染物浓度等因素对湿地处理效率有较大影响,总体上来讲,温度大于24℃、植物种植密度越大、进水污染物浓度越低处理效果越好。     

阶段曝气和植物对人工湿地处理城镇污水厂尾水的影响

采用人工配水模拟城镇污水处理厂尾水水质,利用3套阶段曝气垂直潜流人工湿地(VSFCW)对其进行处理。结果表明:当水力负荷分别为30、90和180 cm·d-1时,3套人工湿地对COD具有较好的去除效果,其去除率都大于66.7%;在处理总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)方面,VSFCW-1(无植物-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)去除效果远远低于VSFCW-2(芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)和VSFCW-3(芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地),VSFCW-2(芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)和VSFCW-3(芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)对TP和TN的去除率分别在80.0%和75.0%以上且具有较强的抗水力负荷冲击能力。VSFCW-2(芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)和VSFCW-3(芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)对COD、TP的去除主要是集中在沿程的前1/4段(0~24 cm),后3/4段(24~115 cm)保证了出水水质的稳定。     

四种植物潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷的研究

分别以薏苡、风车草、茭白和美人蕉为植被构建潜流人工湿地(植物床),研究其对生活污水氮磷的净化功能及其去除率与水力停留时间(HRT)的变化规律.研究结果表明,各种植物床对TN、TP的去除率随HRT的延长而增加,不同植物床的脱氮除磷效果是不同的.美人蕉植物床对TN的去除效果最好,HRT为3 d时,TN去除率为56%;HRT为6 d时,TN去除率达76%.茭白植物床对TP的去除效果最好,HRT为3 d时,TP去除率达76%;HRT为6 d时,TP去除率达93%.其他植物床也有较好的脱氮除磷效果.各种植物床处理后出水TN、TP均较低, HRT为2 d时,出水TN均低于<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)一级标准A标准;HRT为5 d时,出水TP均低于二级标准,其中茭白、美人蕉植物床处理后出水TP低于一级标准B标准.4种植物构建的潜流人工湿地对TN、TP的去除均满足一级反应动力学方程,且相关性显著.     

水力负荷对污水地下渗滤系统处理效果的影响

采用人工模拟的方法,研究了0.04、0.06、0.10、0.14和0.18 m3/(m2·d)5个水力负荷下污水地下渗滤系统对生活污水处理效果的影响。实验期间,SS、BOD5、COD、TN、NH+4-N和TP的进水浓度分别处于69.74~79.62、40.75~64.81、211.56~250.72、48.94~87.36、31.25~59.04和2.88~4.05 mg/L之间,出水平均浓度分别为13.63、9.66、31.53、21.08、1.90和0.10 mg/L。结果表明,地下渗滤系统对生活污水具有良好的处理效果,除TN外,其余各项指标均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB/18918-2002)一级处理要求;当水力负荷为0.14和0.18 m3/(m2·d)时,BOD5与TN去除率降低,出水浓度升高,受水力负荷影响明显;水力负荷对SS与COD影响作用微弱,去除率降幅较小;NH+4-N与TP则基本不受水力负荷变化影响。综合考虑渗滤系统的出水水质与日处理能力,推荐适宜水力负荷为0.10~0.14 m3/(m2·d)。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.