药用蕨类植物资源研究及其开发利用

对近年来我国部分省、市、地区药用蕨类植物的研究状况作了简要阐述，并根据目前的开发利用现状提出了加强基础研究工作、制定开发战略、加强资源保护和引种栽培的建议，希望它们能够对我国药用蕨类植物的研究及其开发利用提供帮助。     

闽西梅花山自然保护区药用蕨类植物资源及其开发利用

对闽西梅花山自然保护区药用蕨类植物资源的进一步调查结果表明,该区药用蕨类植物共有30科53属76种,优势科有水龙骨科(13种)、凤尾蕨科(5种)、铁角蕨科(5种)、卷柏科(5种),优势属有卷柏属(5种)、铁角蕨属(5种)、凤尾蕨属(5种),开发利用价值较大的种类有蛇足石杉、金毛狗、福建莲座蕨、阔鳞鳞毛蕨、紫萁、江南星蕨、剑叶凤尾蕨、海金沙、乌蕨等.列出了每种药用蕨类植物的中文名、科名、学名、药用部位、药用功效、采收时期与采后处理方法,并对合理开发利用提出了建议.     

南川金佛山蕨类植物的开发利用

根据蕨类植物的性质和用途,从资源保护和可持续利用的原则出发,对金佛山蕨类植物的价值从食用、药用、绿化观赏和工业用途等方面进行了初步分析,提出了相关的建议,为金佛山蕨类植物的深入研究、保护、开发和利用提供了理论依据和参考资料。     

鼎湖山药用蕨类植物资源与分布

鼎湖山蕨类植物资源十分丰富，共有４０科７８属１３４种，本文调查了鼎湖山境内现有分布的可药用蕨类植物有３４科５９属９０种，并对其生境分布，药用功效，化学成分作了阐述，它们在鼎湖山植物被的种类成分上占有一定地位，许多常用的民间单，验方中有新用途的药物未开发在科学系统地调查研究的基础上制定出可行的开发利用计划。     

九阜山蕨类植物资源及其开发利用

为合理开发与利用蕨类植物资源,对福建省尤溪县九阜山的蕨类植物资源进行了调查研究.结果表明,该区蕨类植物共有35科58属114种,种数在6种以上的科有鳞毛蕨科、金星蕨科、水龙骨科、蹄盖蕨科、凤尾蕨科、碗蕨科,种数在5种以上的属有复叶耳蕨属、鳞毛蕨属、凤尾蕨属、卷柏属、铁角蕨属和毛蕨属,其中有国家二级重点保护蕨类金毛狗和粗齿桫椤2种.从水平、垂直与生态分布分析了该区的蕨类植物资源分布规律.按其用途、生物学习性及资源特点将该区蕨类植物划分为药用、观赏、食用、指示、化工原料、编织和包装、饲料和绿肥、农药及珍稀濒危与珍贵保护蕨类植物9种类型,并提出合理开发利用建议.     

药用植物资源的开发利用

我国拥有世界上最丰富的中草药资源,已查明可供药用的植物、动物、矿物药达8000多种,其中药用植物的种数已超过7000种。据1992年全国中药大规模调查,发现有7295种植物药在各地不同程度地使用。其中藻类植物281种,苔藓植物39种,蕨类植物433种,裸子植物73种,被子植物6469种(其中双子叶植物5499种,单子叶植物970种)。     

重庆华蓥山山脉药用植物资源调查研究

通过野外考察、标本采集、资料查阅整理及标本鉴定,对重庆华蓥山山山脉药用植物资源进行了调查.结果表明,重庆华蓥山共有药用植物240科1017属2251种(含变种和亚种),其中地衣植物5科8属11种、苔藓植物23科30属36种、蕨类植物40科82属190种、裸子植物9科17属25种、被子植物163科880属1989种.对其种类组成、分布、药用部位、疗效等进行了统计分析,对民间习用药物做了简要介绍,并对其开发利用提出了建议.     

大娄山山脉药用植物资源调查研究

通过野外考察、标本采集、资料查阅整理及标本鉴定，对大娄山山脉药用植物资源进行了调查。结果表明，大娄山共有药用植物288科1492属5229种（含变种和亚种），其中地衣植物9科12属27种、苔藓植物46科99属206种、蕨类植物47科113属506种、裸子植物9科27属50种、被子植物177科1241属4440种。对其种类组成、分布、药用部位、疗效等进行了统计分析，对珍稀药用植物和民间习用药物进行了简要介绍，并对其开发利用提出了建议。     

乌蒙山山脉药用植物资源调查研究

通过野外考察、标本采集、资料查阅整理及标本鉴定,对乌蒙山山脉药用植物资源进行了调查。结果表明,乌蒙山山脉共有药用植物272科1189属3184种（含变种和亚种）,其中地衣植物8科9属13种、苔藓植物40科74属116种、蕨类植物45科108属358种、裸子植物10科22属37种、被子植物169科976属2660种。对其物种组成、生态类型、分布、优势科属、药用部位、功效等进行了统计分析,对常用中药、国家重点保护野生药材、民间习用药物进行了简要介绍,并对其开发利用提出了建议。     

四川彭县中草药资源概况

据统计,彭县有药用植物630余种,隶属150科。其中药用低等植物10种,主要为蝉花、长松萝,节松萝、雪茶等。药用蕨类植物40种,主要有石松、木贼、海金沙、单芽狗脊蕨、槲蕨、石苇等。药用种子植物580余种,其中裸子植物有银杏、侧柏等5种、双子叶植物460余种,单子叶植物93种,主要有首乌、药用大黄、川牛膝、连、黄连、三叶木通,牡丹、厚朴、杜仲、贴梗海棠、杏、橘,吴茱萸、黄皮树、楝、酸枣、紫花地丁、羽叶三七、川芎、蒿本,重齿毛当归、防风、北柴胡、紫花前胡、益母草、薄荷、玄参、双边瓜蒌、忍冬、党参、桔梗、牛蒡、白术、云木香、红花、泽泻、天南星、天门冬、米贝母、玉竹、土茯苓、藜芦、射干、姜、白芨、天麻等。药用动物有40余种,分属33科,主要有地龙、蝉蜕、九香虫、僵蚕、虻虫、蜂蜜、蜂蜡、羌活鱼、龟板、鳖甲、乌梢蛇、鸡内金、夜明砂、狗肾、豹骨、穿山甲,牛黄、猴骨等.矿物药有空青石、绿矾、滑石、禹余粮、硫磺,自然铜和种乳石等7种.目前彭县中草药已正式收入中国药典1985年版的     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题,生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑,本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法,并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

Status and trends in EFlows in southern Africa

Environmental Flows (EFlows) are defined as the quantity, timing and quality of the flow of water, sediment and biota necessary to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems. As such they are a vital component of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). A recent survey found that, in general, Africa lags behind schedule with respect to the global SDG Target 6.5 to implement IWRM at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate. This web-based review explores progress made in EFlows Assessments and implementing their outcomes in southern Africa. It outlines the apparent impetus to the uptake of EFlows provided by legislation, common funding mechanisms for EFlows assessment and evolving trends in EFlows assessment. It also highlights instances of implementation of EFlows in both in-country and transboundary settings.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。