矿物掺合料混凝土的性能与环境效益综合评价方法

混凝土是建筑工程和海岸工程中使用量最大、应用范围最广的建筑材料。将矿物掺合料作为辅助胶凝材料加入混凝土中,既能废物利用提高环境效益,还可以提升混凝土的部分性能。为准确评估矿物掺合料混凝土安全性、耐久性和环境友好性,提出了一种矿物掺合料混凝土综合评价方法。基于环境影响生命周期评估(LCA)理论,通过实景数据与资料调研建立了粉煤灰、粒化高炉矿渣粉、煤矸石粉、赤泥、玻璃粉5种矿物掺合料的环境影响清单和矿物掺合料混凝土对于7种环境影响指标的计算方法。采用社会支付意愿法(WTP),以环境保护税、资源税为框架,将不同环境影响指标统一货币化,并结合混凝土的强度和耐久性指标提出矿物掺合料混凝土的性能与环境效益综合评价方法,以期为发展环境友好高性能混凝土提供定量评价依据。     

Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison to ordinary portland cement

Geopolymer concrete is seen as a potential alternative to standard concrete, and an opportunity to convert a variety of waste streams into useful by-products. One key driver in geopolymer development is the desire to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the production of concrete products. This paper presents an examination of the lifecycle cost and carbon impacts of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and geopolymers in an Australian context, with an identification of some key challenges for geopolymer development. The results of the examination show that there is wide variation in the calculated financial and environmental “cost” of geopolymers, which can be beneficial or detrimental depending on the source location, the energy source and the mode of transport. Some case study geopolymer concrete mixes based on typical Australian feedstocks indicate potential for a 44–64% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions while the financial costs are 7% lower to 39% higher compared with OPC.     

钢铁渣粉对混凝土中钢筋的保护作用

钢渣和矿渣是冶炼钢、铁过程中产生的固体废物.由于其矿物组成与水泥熟料相似,具有水硬胶凝性能,所以被用作混凝土掺合料.钢铁渣粉是钢渣粉和矿渣粉接一定的比例混合而成的.试验表明,钢铁渣粉的使用能够保留钢渣粉和矿渣粉单掺时的优点,弥补单掺时的缺点,对钢筋起到很好的保护作用.     

水泥窑协同处置工业废弃物的生命周期评价

以废白土、废催化剂和污染土壤等工业废弃物为研究对象,运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对水泥窑协同处置废弃物的环境影响进行评价.通过建立生产过程输入、输出清单,从全球变暖潜值、资源消耗潜值、人体毒性潜值等方面,基于Gabi5.0软件进行建模与计算,对水泥窑常规生产工艺与协同处置工业废弃物工艺产生的环境影响进行比较.结果表明:功能单位(1 t)水泥的生产过程中,常规生产工艺和协同处置工艺的环境影响潜值分别为5.78×10~(-11)和5.61×10~(-11),协同处置工艺使得全生命周期环境影响潜值降低了2.94%;水泥生产过程最主要的环境影响是全球变暖和人体毒性,其中,协同处置工艺下这两种环境影响分别降低了0.80%和1.80%,资源消耗相比常规生产降低了11.1%;从全生命周期看,水泥生产中熟料煅烧阶段对环境的影响最大,协同处置工艺下熟料煅烧阶段的环境影响相比常规生产降低了8.0%.协同处置工艺相比常规生产工艺有更好的环境效益.     

电厂煤燃烧后元素硒的分布及对环境的贡献

对电厂煤、除尘器飞灰、渣及不同粒径的烟道飞灰中痕量元素硒进行研究.化学分析表明,硒在渣和除尘器飞灰中亏损而在细飞灰中富集,尤其在>19.0μm的飞灰中明显富集,富集系数达到5.15,造成这种现象的原因一是挥发性元素的挥发-凝结作用,二是燃烧产物在燃烧气流中停留的时间,三与飞灰颗粒形态有关,>19.0μm的飞灰中多孔颗粒可能是造成其富集的原因.逐级化学提取实验表明,煤中硒主要具有机相关性(69.7%),这也是硒挥发性高的一个主要原因;物质平衡计算显示煤中16.5%的硒随气流直接排放入大气,细飞灰中的硒只占1.1%,且大部分在>19.0μm的飞灰中,影响范围小,渣中硒对周围环境的影响更小,飞灰中的硒具有一定的迁移性,也许可以用来改善缺硒土壤.     

Detoxifying PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in fly ash from medical waste incinerators with a DC double arc plasma torch

Medical waste incinerator (MWI) fly ash is regarded as a highly toxic waste because it contains high concentrations of heavy metals anddioxins, including polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDFs). Therefore fly ash from MWI must be appropriately treated before beingdischarged into the environment. A melting process based on adirect current thermal plasma torch has beendeveloped to convert MWI fly ash into harmless slag. The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and vitrified slag were investigated using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, while the content of PCDD/Fs in the fly ashes and slags was measured using method 1613 of the US EPA. The experimental results show that thedecomposition rate of PCDD/Fs is over 99% in toxic equivalent quantity value and the leaching of heavy metals in the slag significantlydecreases after the plasma melting process. The produced slag has a compact and homogeneous microstructure withdensity of up to2.8 g/cm3 .     

Options to reduce the environmental impact by eucalyptus-based Kraft pulp industry in Thailand: model description

Kraft pulp industry contributes to several environmental problems, including global warming, acidification, eutrophication, smog, toxicity and the production of solid waste. The objective of this study is to identify options to reduce the environmental pressure caused by Kraft pulp industry in Thailand, and to describe a model that quantifies the environmental impact. The model can be used to evaluate the effects of the options on the environmental impact, and the associated costs. The model includes 14 groups of options to reduce emissions and the production of waste.     

锑矿采选固废与冶炼废渣的化学特性及重金属溶出特性

对锑矿区采选固废和冶炼废渣的化学成分及在模拟酸雨不同pH值下的溶出特性进行研究。结果表明,采矿废石、浮选尾矿渣、鼓风炉炉渣及鼓风炉燃烧残渣都含有Sb、V等重金属污染物,其中鼓风炉炉渣Sb含量最高,达1.22 g/kg,溶出率为0.355%;采矿废石中Sb的含量最低,为0.34 g/kg,溶出率最高达到10.391%,说明锑矿区废渣和冶炼固废中的重金属释放与固废的重金属含量不成正比。浸出实验表明,锑矿采矿废石浸出液Sb浓度达到3.55 mg/L,超过贵州省环境污染物Sb的排放标准(0.5 mg/L)7.11倍;锑矿鼓风炉燃烧残渣浸出液Sb浓度为3.11 mg/L,超过标准6.23倍。因此锑矿区露天堆放的固体废物,经酸雨淋溶浸泡产生的废液会污染周边水体,可能对周边生态和居民造成危害。     

Chinese life cycle impact assessment factors

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＬｉｆｅｃｙｃｌｅａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ(ＬＣＡ)ｉｓａｎｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｔｏｏｌｔｈａｔｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｅｘａｍｉｎｅａｎｄｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｍｐａｃｔｓａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅｏｆｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ(Ｊｅｎｓｅｎ,1998;Ｗｅｉｄｅｍａ,1997;Ｗｅｎｚｅｌ,1997).ＴｈｅｆｏｃｕｓｏｆＬＣＡｉｓｏｎｔｈｅｅｎｔｉｒｅｌｉｆｅｃｙｃｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ,ｉ.ｅ.ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉ…     

含钛高炉渣制光催化剂降解水中2,4-二氯酚的研究

以攀钢含钛高炉渣为原料制备了光催化剂,并将其用于降解水中2,4-二氯酚,研究了光催化剂投加量、光照强度、反应物浓度、反应时间对2,4-二氯酚降解率的影响。结果表明:高炉渣制光催化剂对2,4-二氯酚具有良好的光催化效果,在催化剂投加量为0.3g/L,光照时间为2h的条件下,浓度为50mg/L的2,4-二氯酚的降解率达到了77.1%。通过反应的动力学分析,确立出高炉渣制光催化剂对水中2,4-二氯酚的降解反应为一级反应。对2,4-二氯酚的光催化降解产物进行分析发现,苯环上的C—Cl键被光催化剂产生的羟自由基·OH氧化断裂,氯取代基成为游离Cl-存在于溶液中,2,4-二氯酚被·OH降解生成中间小分子有机产物,这些小分子有机物再进一步被光催化降解。     

宇部UM46.4SN立磨矿渣粉生产线的调试经验

介绍了利用立磨粉磨矿渣粉的工艺流程、主机设备和工艺参数,分析了调试过程中上料系统、粉磨系统和成品储存系统出现的问题,并提出了相应的解决方法,总结了立磨生产矿渣粉的经验。     

用鼓风炉渣消除铬渣毒性的研究

针对含铬废渣对环境污染大及治理难的特点,提出了以废渣治理废渣的技术,利用鼓风炉渣的还原性以及刚排出时的高温,将铬渣按一定比例与之混合,进行铬渣的解毒处理,并对铬渣的解毒机理进行了理论分析。从实验结果可以看出,当铬渣加入量低于10%时,该技术能够较彻底的将铬渣中的Cr6+进行解毒。     

聚氯乙烯生产过程生命周期评价

文章运用生命周期评价方法,对我国东南某大型石化集团聚氯乙烯生产过程的资源消耗及环境影响进行量化与估算。结果表明:生产1t聚氯乙烯的总能量消耗为6102.24MJ,环境影响负荷为0.49标准人当量。聚氯乙烯生产的主要环境影响为大气颗粒物污染、光化学臭氧合成、酸化和全球变暖。     

新标准下垃圾焚烧飞灰化学稳定技术的比选和研究

研究了新的生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB168892008)实施后,飞灰要进入生活垃圾卫生填埋场时传统的重金属稳定方法可行性,并在此基础上提出了新的复合药剂稳定法.研究结果表明,已经报道的化学药剂稳定法均有必要重新检验其对重金属的稳定效果是否满足新的填埋标准的要求.绿矾与TMT-18配合使用、绿矾用量为25%（质量分数）以下、TMT-18的用量为8‰左右时完全可以使飞灰中所有重金属浸出浓度满足新的填埋标准要求,是处理二噁英含量不高于3 ng·g-1(以TEQ计)飞灰的一种经济处理技术.对二噁英含量高于3 ng·g-1 (TEQ)的飞灰,采用绿矾辅助水热处理的方法可以稳定包括Pb、Cd在内的所有重金属和降解二噁英使之符合新填埋标准对飞灰填埋的要求.     

Bench-scale synthesis of zeolite A from subbituminous coal ashes with high crystalline silica content

In this present work, fly ash and bottom ash with high crystalline silica content were obtained from the coal-fired boilers within the paper industries in Thailand. These coal ashes were used as the basic raw materials for synthetic zeolite production. The crystal type and crystallinity, specific surface area and pore size, and textural properties of zeolite products were characterized by using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), N₂ sorption analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively. It was found that sodalite octahydrate was selectively formed via the direct conventional (one-step) synthesis, whereas through a two-step, sodium silicate preparation and consecutive zeolite A synthesis process, 94 and 72 wt.% zeolite A products could be produced from the fly ash and bottom ash, respectively. The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of fly ash and bottom ash-derived zeolite A products were closely similar to that of the commercial grade zeolite A.     

基于生命周期评价的城市固体废弃物处理模式研究进展

通过回顾2003-2010年国内外不同城市固体废弃物管理体系生命周期评价结果,列举比较了不同固体废弃物处理模式下的全球变暖潜力、酸化潜力和净能源效用等影响评价因子的大小,得出城市固体废弃物处理模式环境影响等级:填埋的环境影响潜值最大,焚烧的环境影响潜值小于填埋,而结合堆肥后环境影响潜值降低;此外,将固体废弃物资源化引入到处理模式后,特别是垃圾源头分类回收后,环境影响潜值大大降低。结合我国城市固体废弃物处理现状,提出单一的处理模式应转变为综合处理模式,多种生活垃圾处理方式适当的有机结合,因地制宜地开展固体废弃物资源化管理,以及餐厨垃圾源头分类收集处理等建议,为政府能有效利用城市固体废弃物处理设施的能力提供参考。     

中国危险废物和医疗废物焚烧处置行业二（口恶）排放水平研究

通过调研全国危险废物和医疗废物焚烧处置设施,对包含二噁英排放水平的设施按处置对象、炉型和处理量分类,并作系统分析和研究.结果表明现有危险废物焚烧设施烟气中二噁英的浓度比医疗废物低,达标率为74.19%;危险废物选用回转窑处置效果较好,达标率为66.67%;而医疗废物选用回转窑或热解炉,要综合考虑处置规模、生产成本和二英排放总量等因素;危险废物介于10~30 t·d-1和医疗废物介于10~20 t·d-1的处置设施要尤其注意二噁英的排放问题;医疗废物焚烧飞灰中二噁英的均值浓度为危险废物6倍以上,仅有16.67%满足填埋要求.二者烟气中二英的浓度分布以1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF、2,3,7,8-TCDF和OCDD为主.     

垃圾焚烧灰性质分析及控制方法

随着焚烧技术在垃圾处理方式中普遍采用,焚烧产生的灰渣数量也日益增加。灰渣与飞灰中有毒的重金属及有机物质会污染土壤与地下水,对人类健康造成极大的影响。本文对各类垃圾焚烧灰渣的物理化学性质及重金属浸出特性进行了详细的阐述,介绍了灰渣的毒性分析与控制方法。通过分析可知:为了避免灰渣二次污染应该重点控制铬、镉、铍、铅等重金属和二恶英、呋喃等有机物的污染;处置后的灰渣有害离子浸出能力降低,根据灰渣物理和工程性质,可以成为再生资源充当填充材料和混凝土与沥青路面骨料等。     

Stabilization effects of surplus soft clay with cement and GBF slag

Utilization of industrial waste and surplus construction soft clay as construction material was recommended, and many attempts at geotechnical waste utilization were undertaken. This study aimed at the application of cement and a kind of industrial wastes, i.e. granulated blast furnace slag, on stabilization of surplus soft clay. The results showed that the cement and slag can successfully stabilize Ariake clays even though this high organic clay fails to be stabilized by lime and cement. Addition of slag in cement for stabilization induces higher strength than cement alone for longer curing time. The application of the cement with slag is more suitable than cement alone for stabilization because of economical consideration.     

废皮革水泥窑共处置生命周期评价

以废皮革为典型固体废物开展水泥窑共处置试烧试验.以生命周期评价方法(LCA)为研究手段,对水泥窑共处置技术的环境影响进行评价,并与常规水泥生产过程作比较.结果表明:常规水泥生产过程的综合环境负荷为7.028×10-12 a-1,其中最大的环境负荷为全球变暖,达3.368×10-12 a-1.当废皮革作为替代燃料在水泥窑中共处置时,可减少燃煤的使用量,同时降低CO₂的排放,降低了能源消耗、人体健康损害等方面的环境压力;其综合环境负荷为6.618×10-12 a-1,比常规水泥生产降低了5.83%.