我国土地年租制的发展趋势--年租制与增量土地供应

随着我国产业结构的急剧变化，城市建设用地需求量激增，与农业争地现象严重，征地、供地环节的问题日益突出。在这种环境下，实施土地年租制的重要性逐渐凸显。在肯定年租制盘活城市存量土地的有效作用的基础上，着重分析了在增量土地供应环节引入年租制，对进一步完善土地有偿使用制度，从而遏制圈地运动，协助解决征地补偿问题，以及为国家创造更多的土地收益等方面的积极作用，为我国年租制的发展方向提供理论参考和实践依据。     

对于土地使用权升值问题的探讨

基于经济和社会等方面的原因，土地所有权的价格一般会不断上涨，固定年期土地使用权价格也会随之上升。但受让土地使用权价格存在类似折旧的现象。投资人能否从地价普遍上涨中获得增值收益，取决于土地所有权增值比率、土地还原利率、剩余使用年期等多种因素。     

水务企业招商资产评估方法比较

本文通过分析各种评估方法在水务项目中的应用，认为现行市价法在国内水务项目资产评估中不具有可操作性，重置成本法在技术思路上存在明显缺陷，而收益现值法应当作为水务项目资产评估方法的首选。     

表土剥离对土地整治项目收益的影响研究

为了揭示表土剥离对土地整治项目收益的不同影响，作者采用采样分析、调查问卷、地统计分析、空间分析等方法对这种影响进行了分析。研究表明，表土剥离是土地整治工程必不可少的一步。通过土壤质量空间分布和作物投入一产出值比较分析，土地整治可有敬减少农业生产成本，而表土剥离可最大限度地保护土壤表层，通过追肥和田间管理，在2—3年时间可基本恢复耕地肥力。     

浅谈地价评估和管理中的几个问题

土地价格是土地价值和权益的具体表现，是调节土地利用的重要手段。地价管理在推进土地有偿使用、优化配置土地资源、促进土地市场建设等方面发挥着重要作用。而现行地价体系比较成熟的只有作为国有土地使用权出让标准的一种基准地价，为适应其它土地权利流转的需要，应建立以土地权利为核心的新型地价体系。     

攀枝花市城市基础设施与土地收益关联度分析

以攀枝花市为例,综合运用GIS空间分析技术和变异系数权重分析、灰色关联度等方法建立了城市基础设施与土地收益的关联度模型,定量分析城市基础设施与土地收益的关联关系,揭示两者间的关联规律和作用机理.结果表明：①城市基础与土地收益存在较大关联性;②城市基础设施与土地收益关联度在时间序列上具有明显的波动性且呈周期性变化;③城市基础设施与土地收益关联度在空间上呈分异特征.     

粮食类新型农业经营主体可持续运营的理论逻辑与现实困境

以河南省滑县和延津县为观察对象,构建新型农业经营主体运营过程的理论框架,对粮食类新型农业经营主体可持续运营的理论逻辑与现实困境进行讨论,揭示粮食类新型农业经营主体可持续运营的内在工作机理。结果表明：(1)粮食类新型农业经营主体的培育和壮大是劳动力、土地、资本和组织等多要素共同支撑下的系统演化过程,而其可持续运营则依赖于关键要素的持续供给和要素结构的不断优化。(2)由于口头契约的有限约束、“熟人交易”的选择偏好和利益联结机制的相对缺失,小农户等土地流转主体存在主动违约的道德风险,粮食类新型农业经营主体规模化运营所需的“可持续土地供给”呈现显著不确定性。(3)农村土地抵押权的“受限性”,以及农业经营资产抵押价值的低廉化和农业经营活动的高风险,引致了外部资本的主动参与意愿相对不足,粮食类新型农业经营主体普遍面临较为严峻的信贷供给约束。同时异地人才流入、本土人才回流和传统农户转型的外部激励不足,则引致了粮食类新型农业经营主体“组织化”和“法人化”运营所需“关键人才”的供给困境。     

雅安市荥经县土地生态服务价值变化分析

采用生态服务价值法，以土地利用变更数据为基础，对四川省雅安市荥经县2001--2010年土地生态服务价值的变化情况进行了具体分析。结果表明，全县的土地利用环境整体朝有利方向发展，但是各地类和各单项生态服务价值还存在着较明显差异。该结果对当地新一轮土地利用总体规划编制具有一定的指导意义。     

城镇土地市场的宏观调控

我国城镇土地市场已初步形成，对土壤资源有限而人口众多的发展中国家而论，要使土地市场健康发展，就必须对土地市场进行调控。本文分析了土地资源的基本特征和土地市场中存在的问题，提出了６条调控城镇土地市场的具体措施。     

保护土地——永恒的话题

土地，作为生存之本，生活之源，培育了人类的全部文明。土地是农业生产不可替代的最基本的生产资料和劳动对象、是工业、交通、城镇建设不可缺少的企间载体。纵观中华民族的每一进程、都与上地有着密切的关系，就是到了今天，这片仅占地球7％的上地却养活着占世界人口22％的中华儿女。然而，随着人口的逐年增加和上地的逐年减少，人地矛盾日益突出，上地已成为国人关注的重要问题。如果不迅速扭转目前的局面二它不仅会严重地影响我国的经济建设和社会发展，而且会给手孙后代留下无法弥补的后患。土地锐减国人担忧有资料表明；建国初期，我…     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。