脉冲电晕等离子法烟气脱硫脱硝的研究

本文探讨了脉冲电晕等离子法脱硫脱硝的基本原理，较系统地研究了影响脉冲电晕等离子烟气脱硫脱硝的主要因素，进行了加ＮＨ３脱硝的探索试验。实验表明：该法能有效地去除烟气中的ＳＯ２，但脱硝效果不明显，加ＮＨ３后可大量提高脱硝的效率；湿度对脱硫影响较大，湿度越高，脱硫效率也越高，当相对湿度达８０％时，脱硫率基本达到最大，而湿度对脱硝的影响不如脱硫明显；脉冲电压越高，功率越大，脱硫脱硝效率越高；增加放电极长度     

烧结烟气脱硫净化工程的最适宜技术选择

对冶金企业带式烧结机烟气净化工程所采用的技术路线进行了全面论述。根据烧结烟气有别于锅炉烟气的特点,强调贯彻"一机多效,协同减排"的原则,不可能照搬火电厂传统湿式脱硫和干式脱硝工艺,从当前的技术和经济发展水平出发,烧结烟气净化工程的最适用技术应当首选新型干法和半干法流程,如CFB(循环流化床法)、SDA(旋喷干燥法)和NID(新型一体化),此外,AC(活性炭/焦吸附法)和EBA(电子束-氨法)工艺也值得重视。对于大型带式烧结机,有必要采用烟气分割技术,有选择地实施部分烟气净化处理,既经济高效又可实现协同净化。     

影响电子束氨法烟气脱硫效率与脱硝率主要因素的分析

介绍了在某处电子束氨法烟气脱硫脱硝(简称EA-FGD)工业试验装置上的试验结果,并对影响二氧化硫和氮氧化物脱除效率的主要因素进行了分析,指出了提高脱除效率,降低能耗的方向.     

炉排型垃圾焚烧炉烟气净化工艺优化

介绍了垃圾焚烧过程中烟气污染物的构成成分及来源,论述了国内垃圾焚烧发电厂污染物减排净化技术的应用及研究现状。通过对比分析不同烟气净化工艺的特点,选择合适的烟气净化处理系统、设备,实现垃圾焚烧烟气污染物的排放要求,为垃圾焚烧发电项目的烟气净化工艺系统设计提供参考。经对比国内烟气净化工艺的现状,优化选择出适合北京某垃圾焚烧发电厂的烟气净化工艺,以及烟气净化系统中脱硫、脱硝、袋式除尘等系统的技术参数。     

玻璃熔窑烟气脱硝技术现状及研究进展

对烟气脱硝技术在玻璃熔窑的应用现状及研究情况进行分析与讨论。SCR烟气脱硝技术具有脱硝效率高、技术成熟的优点,在玻璃熔窑得到广泛应用。但是该技术存在工程投资高、催化剂活性易受烟气影响等缺点。目前国内正在研发的玻璃熔窑烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术,具有设备精简、工程投资少等优点,但还存在一些问题及不足。随着技术的发展,以NaClO氧化法为代表的同时脱硫脱硝新技术与现有技术的联合应用,将成为玻璃熔窑烟气脱硝技术的发展方向。     

低温条件下烟气脱硫脱硝技术的研究与应用

摘 要:分析了我国工业锅炉、水泥玻璃窑炉、化工厂和酸洗设备面临的烟气脱硫脱硝难题,针对低温SCR催化剂开发情况和应用实例,介绍了我国低温SCR技术的发展;综述了活性焦法低温烟气脱硫脱硝工艺和湿法有机催化氧化烟气脱硫脱硝技术的工艺原理、流程和技术特点,并通过工程案例进行了运行经济评估。     

氨肥法烟气脱硫技术

由江苏新世纪江南环保有限公司开发的氨肥法烟气脱硫技术,适用于烟气脱硫净化处理。主要技术内容一、基本原理氨肥法烟气脱硫是指以氨基物质（液氨、氨水、碳铵、尿素等）作吸收剂,脱除烟气中的SO2并回收副产物硫酸铵化肥的烟气脱硫工艺。原料来自化工企业     

烟道气脱硫脱硝一体化技术进展＊

烟道气中SO2、NOx往往同时存在,但是实际中脱SO2、脱NOx两个过程相互影响,妨碍了两种污染物质的脱除。联合脱硫脱硝技术是烟气治理的发展方向。系统介绍了利用催化剂、类水滑石复合氧化物、活性炭、固体废物、电子束、脉冲电晕等脱硫脱硝的一体化技术,分析了其脱除过程及相关反应原理。比较探讨了各种方法的特点、应用情况,并对各类技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

焦化厂焦炉烟气脱硫脱硝工艺技术改造

为使某焦化企业的焦炉烟气污染物排放数值符合GB 16171—2012中特别排放值要求,在烟气外排前新建一套"选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝+氨法脱硫"系统。针对企业情况,确定了"脱硝—换热—脱硫"的基本方案及具体工艺流程。改造后运行数据表明,利用该系统进行烟气脱硫脱硝后,烟气中SO2、NOx及颗粒物排放达标,SO2、NOx减排率可达90%以上。     

石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫效率影响因素

从石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫工艺的流程、基本原理,研究了脱硫效率的影响因素:石灰石浆液pH值、钙硫比、液气比、吸收塔进口粉尘含量、烟气中SO_2浓度、烟气含氧量等烟气脱硫工艺条件对脱硫效率的影响。根据上述研究结果,从工艺及设备运行角度探讨如何控制适宜的工艺条件,优化提高石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫工艺的脱硫效率,使烟气中SO_2排放浓度控制在25 mg/m~3左右,达到GB 13223—2011《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》中SO_2小于200 mg/m~3的排放标准。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.