湖北省饮用水源保护和可持续利用的立法思考

本文在对湖北省饮用水源保护的现状和法律调控的不足进行分析的基础上，提出完善湖北省饮用水源保护法律调控的必要性；分析了完善湖北省饮用水潭保护法律调控应遵循的指导思想和基本原则，并创新相应的法律制度，对湖北省饮用水源法制建设进行了探索。     

我国流域水污染研究综述

本文阐述了现阶段我国流域水污染防治的研究成果,即学者根据不同流域的污染特点提出了不同的治理对策,主要是法律制度和法律理念方面的创新;流域立法的呼声日益高涨,提出了水污染防治立法应尊重流域特性,采取统一立法的模式.流域水污染问题的研究具有多元化、多样性的特点,今后的主要研究方向为构建流域管理体系、流域水权制度和生态补偿制度.     

生态系统服务市场化应确立的法律原则

政府补偿模式和市场补偿模式本身都存在弊端,而生态系统服务市场的出现,正是对传统市场的突破和创新,其实质是在政府配额与市场机制的双重作用下,将生态补偿市场化的过程。实现生态补偿市场化,设计出科学合理的生态补偿市场化的法律制度,离不开对相关法律原则的探究。生态系统服务市场化法律原则的确立,是建立与完善相关法律规范的逻辑起点,因此,结合我国生态补偿模式的基本情况和美国缓解银行制度的成功经验对生态系统服务市场化应确立的整体性原则、意思自治原则、受益者付费原则等五大法律原则进行了分析。     

应对城市水资源紧缺的制度安排与地方立法

文章分析了城市水资源紧缺与地方立法的现状,指出化解城市水危机主要依靠各个城市根据自身的具体情况和权限,科学地制定地方立法并作出制度安排,通过建立对城市水资源的节约利用、保持维护和开发创新的法律(制度)体系,实现城市水资源的可持续供给乃至发展.     

风电场水土流失防治法律制度的失灵与矫正

可再生能源的法制保障和法治水平关系其持续健康发展。风力发电（以下简称风电）虽然提供了可再生能源，但在建设时期容易造成水土流失、植被破坏等生态环境影响。《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》宣示了保护环境的立法目的，但缺乏配套的法律制度。《中华人民共和国能源法（征求意见稿）》侧重能源开发利用，但缺乏环境规制治理保障能源安全的法律制度。《中华人民共和国水土保持法》颁布实施的时间较早，防治水土流失的相关法律制度已不适应风能的开发利用。本文通过典型案例，发现风电场环境治理存在环境影响评价制度治理低效化、水土保持设施“三同时”制度法律监管不足、水土保持与环境影响评价“并联审批”设计缺陷等法律制度失灵症状，大量水土流失造成的生态环境损害尚未得到法律救济，为此提出了防治水土流失的法律矫正措施。     

可持续发展视角下清洁生产法律制度的重新审视

可持续发展是我国现代化建设中的重要发展战略。清洁生产体现了可持续发展的内核,是实现生态文明,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的有效途径。清洁生产法律制度尚未成为环境保护法基本法律制度之要义,相关法律规范呈现倡导性法律规范特质,强制性不足,清洁生产较难落实。宜将该制度上升至环境保护法基本法律制度之高度,将清洁生产规范调整为强制性规范,完善强制审核规范,强化政府和企业法律责任。     

我国南海海域渔业环境保护法律问题与对策

我国南海渔业活动及其以外的人类活动产生的环境问题,严重污染了南海海域的水质,威胁着南海渔业资源的可持续发展。我国南海海域渔业环境保护法律体系已形成,提供了较为合理的制度安排。但仍存在一些法律问题,其中以环境影响评价制度、海洋环境监测制度和海水养殖污染防治制度等方面的问题较为突出。因此本文提出以下法律对策:明确渔业部门在环境影响评价制度中的法律地位,加强渔业海域环境监测的协调机制和完善海水养殖污染防治制度,以期依靠法治的力量保护南海渔业资源的可持续发展。     

浅论中国资源环境产权制度

政府是资源环境的供给者,厂商是资源环境的生产者,产权交易是厂商显示意愿的动力源泉。中国资源环境的改善最终取决于资源环境产权制度的创新,为此,现行的资源环境法律制度必须作出抉择。     

举证责任的转移问题

举证责任制度是环保法诉讼程序制度中的一个重要组成部分。所谓举证责任,也叫证明责任,是指谁负有提出证据证明案件有关事实的义务。目前,我国环保法对举证责任制度并没有加以明确规定。在司法实践中,由于环保法律体系是一个既包括环保法律规范,又包括民事、刑事和行政等法律规范的综合性的法律体系,所以,也分别适用了民诉、刑诉等法律有关举证责任的规定和制度。根据环保法的特点及其司法实践的需要,我们认为,我国环保法也应明确规定采用转移举证责任的制度。所谓转移举证责任,     

生态补偿法律制度研究

国务院2006年《政府工作报告》指出,要尽快建立生态补偿制度。生态补偿法律制度是指调整生态补偿关系的一系列法律规范所组成的规则系统。生态补偿法律制度按照其运行机制的差异,可以分为生态补偿经济平衡制度、生态补偿市场平衡制度和生态补偿区域平衡制度。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。