南京和宜兴市土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向分布

采集了江苏省南京和宜兴市的土壤剖面样品,用高效液相色谱分析了16种PAHs在土壤样品中的含量,研究了PAHs在土壤剖面中的纵向分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,在采样点土壤0～10cm的表土中16种PAHs总量最高,为280.8～717.1μg/kg,随着土壤剖面的加深PAHs总量减少,在70～80cm土层中为8.7～97.5μg/kg。不同PAHs组分在土壤中分布的特点不同,低环的PAHs(≤3环)含量在0～80cm土层中都有分布且随土壤深度加深而减少,而高环的PAHs(≥4环)主要分布在0～30cm土层中,30cm以下土层中含量较少甚至检测不到。相关分析表明,在每个土壤剖面中PAHs总量与其土壤有机碳含量显著相关,PAHs在农田土壤剖面中的纵向分布与土壤有机碳含量、PAHs的理化性质有很大的关系。     

快速溶剂萃取GC/MS-SIM法测定土壤中15种多环芳烃

文章采用全自动快速溶剂萃取仪,对土壤实际样品中多环芳烃进行萃取,将萃取液进一步浓缩、脱水、净化、定容,最后通过GC/MS-SIM法对其中15种多环芳烃浓度进行检测。该方法测定的15种多环芳烃在5.00～800.00μg/L曲线浓度范围内平均相对相应因子小于20%,方法检出限为0.02～0.17μg/kg,测定下限为0.07～0.69μg/kg,目标物相对标准偏差分别为2.7%～7.9%,土壤实际样品加标回收率为42%～128%。该方法相对国家标准检测方法检出限低,灵敏度和回收率高,准确、快速、便捷,适合于大批量土壤检测工作。     

磷肥中镉的环境风险及生物有效性分析

通过对159个市售磷肥样品中重金属Cd总量和有效态含量的检测,分析了其环境风险和生物有效性。结果表明,磷肥中重金属Cd总量和有效态含量的平均值分别为0.77和0.14 mg/kg肥料;以P_2O_5为基础计算,Cd总量和有效态含量的平均值分别为4.48和0.89 mg/kg P_2O_5。根据肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞生态指标标准限值(GB/T 23349-2009),只有1个磷酸二铵样品中Cd含量超过限值10mg/kg肥料。小麦盆栽试验结果表明,磷肥中Cd的生物有效性要显著低于无机盐中的Cd,无机Cd盐处理的小麦植物体内Cd的含量为磷肥处理的1.59~7.91倍。此外,以每年土壤中磷肥(以P2O5计)施用量为80 kg/hm2计算,以50%分位值分析,每年随磷肥施用带入耕层土壤中Cd的累积速率为0.052μg/(kg·a),50年后会使土壤中Cd的浓度增加2.57μg/kg,100年增加5.15μg/kg。     

缙云山不同林分下土壤有机碳及矿化特征

土壤有机碳库是陆地最大的有机碳储存库,其微弱的变化就能影响大气CO2浓度的显著变化,其中森林土壤碳库约占全球土壤碳库的70%,因此如何实现森林生态系统土壤有机碳库的高效管理成为目前的研究热点.本研究以缙云山5种典型林分:阔叶林、针叶林、针阔叶混交林、竹林及研究区内弃耕15 a的荒草地(对照土壤)为对象,采用矿化培养实验,分析了不同林分的土壤在不同土层(0～20、20～40、40～60、60～100 cm)中的有机碳矿化特征.结果表明,林分类型、培养时长和土层深度均对土壤有机碳矿化速率有显著影响.不同林分土壤有机碳矿化速率均随着土层加深而降低,其中0～20 cm土层的矿化速率[11. 97～25. 12 mg·(kg·d)-1]均显著高于其他土层(P 0. 05),其他土层间矿化速率[4. 79～6. 51mg·(kg·d)-1]无显著性差异. 5种林分的土壤有机碳累积矿化量均随着土层加深而降低,0～20 cm土层中竹林和阔叶林土壤有机碳累积矿化量最高,分别为177. 66 mg·kg~(-1)和120. 38 mg·kg~(-1),随着土层加深在60～100 cm土层中,针叶林累计矿化量最高达到了46. 96 mg·kg~(-1).双库一级动力学方程可以较好地拟合缙云山不同林分下土壤有机碳矿化过程,不同林分下土壤易分解有机碳含量均随土层加深而降低,针叶林土壤矿化能力较强,对难分解有机碳库的利用程度较高,而竹林和阔叶林土壤微生物活性较高,可以有效促进碳循环,提高土壤固碳能力.     

典型磺胺类抗生素在土柱中的淋溶规律研究

通过室内土柱淋溶试验,对2种磺胺类抗生素——磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲基异噁唑在土壤中的淋溶行为,及其受到淋溶流速、淋溶浓度和不同剖面土壤理化性质的影响进行了研究.结果表明,随着剖面土层深度增加磺胺类抗生素的淋出速率变快且在土柱中的残留量减少,磺胺甲基异噁唑在0~20 cm土层土柱中的残留含量是其在40~60 cm土层土柱中的2倍.淋溶流速越快,淋出液中磺胺类抗生素浓度越大且在土柱中的残留含量越低.用浓度为500μg·L-1淋溶液以2 mL·min-1的速度淋溶时,淋出液中磺胺类抗生素的浓度接近500μg·L-1,而以1 mL·min-1和1.5 mL·min-1速度淋溶时,其浓度仅为100~200μg·L-1.随淋溶液浓度升高,磺胺类抗生素淋溶性增强,其在土柱中的残留含量也明显增高.用浓度为250μg·L-1和125μg·L-1淋溶液以2 mL·min-1进行淋溶时,磺胺甲基异噁唑在淋出液中仅有少量检出,而用浓度为500μg·L-1淋溶液淋洗时,其在淋出液中的浓度接近500μg·L-1,其在土柱中的残留含量是低浓度淋溶液淋溶时的2~3倍.本研究结论可为管理含磺胺类抗生素的水源灌溉方式提供理论依据.     

缙云山不同林分下土壤有机碳及矿化特征

土壤有机碳库是陆地最大的有机碳储存库,其微弱的变化就能影响大气CO2浓度的显著变化,其中森林土壤碳库约占全球土壤碳库的70%,因此如何实现森林生态系统土壤有机碳库的高效管理成为目前的研究热点。本研究以缙云山5种典型林分:阔叶林、针叶林、针阔叶混交林、竹林及研究区内弃耕15 a的荒草地(对照土壤)为对象,采用矿化培养试验,分析了不同林分的土壤在不同土层(0~20、20~40、40~60、60~100 cm)中的有机碳矿化特征。结果表明,林分类型、培养时长和土层深度均对土壤有机碳矿化速率有显著影响。不同林分土壤有机碳矿化速率均随着土层加深而降低,其中0~20 cm土层的矿化速率[11.97~25.12 mg·(kg·d)-1]均显著高于其他土层(P0.05),其他土层间矿化速率[4.79~6.51mg·(kg·d)-1]无显著性差异。5种林分的土壤有机碳累积矿化量均随着土层加深而降低,0~20cm土层中竹林和阔叶林土壤有机碳累积矿化量最高,分别为177.66 mg·kg-1和120.38 mg·kg-1,随着土层加深在60~100 cm土层中,针叶林累计矿化量最高达到了46.96 mg·kg-1。双库一级动力学方程可以较好的拟合缙云山不同林分下土壤有机碳矿化过程,不同林分下土壤易分解有机碳含量均随土层加深而降低,针叶林土壤矿化能力较强,对难分解有机碳库的利用程度较高,而竹林和阔叶林土壤微生物活性较高,可以有效促进碳循环,提高土壤固碳能力。     

地膜覆盖对蔬菜地甲烷排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,通过1 a的田间原位观测,研究地膜覆盖对菜地生态系统土壤的水热条件、CH_4排放通量及各土层CH_4剖面浓度的影响.结果表明,地膜覆盖能显著提高春夏辣椒种植季的土壤温度(P0.01),而在秋冬萝卜种植季则改变不明显(P0.05);覆膜种植土壤含水率在萝卜季显著高于常规种植(P0.05),而在辣椒季则差异不显著(P0.05);在整个观测周期内,覆膜和常规种植条件下,土壤CH_4的排放通量均无明显变化规律,CH_4排放通量的均值分别为-7.64μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和-9.00μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),整个观测期CH_4净吸收量分别为0.54 kg·hm~(-2)和0.64 kg·hm~(-2),表明地膜覆盖在一定程度上能削弱土壤作为CH_4汇的能力.在各土层CH_4浓度观测方面,发现两种种植方式在整个观测周期内各土层CH_4浓度变化趋势大致相同,表现为:10 cm20 cm30 cm,覆膜土壤CH_4浓度在20 cm、30 cm深土层显著低于常规种植(P0.05),而在10 cm土层差异不显著(P0.05).相关性分析结果表明,覆膜种植土壤CH_4的排放通量与5 cm地温显著正相关(P0.05),与土壤含水率之间显著负相关(P0.05),而在常规种植条件下,CH_4排放通量与地表温度、5 cm地温及土壤含水率均无相关性;两处理10 cm、20 cm土层CH_4浓度均与地表CH_4浓度呈显著正相关(P0.01),30 cm土层CH_4浓度与地表温度及5 cm地温均呈显著正相关,各土层CH_4浓度与土壤含水率无显著相关关系.     

猪粪还田对土壤硝态氮淋失的影响研究——以黄灌区稻旱轮作制为例

宁夏引黄灌区是水污染严重地区之一,大部分排水沟水质属于劣五类,主要污染物是硝态氮与铵态氮.猪粪还田试验共有3个处理:传统施肥+空白(CK)、传统施肥+猪粪还田4500 kg/hm²(T1)和传统施肥+猪粪还田9000 kg/hm²(T2).采用树脂芯法测定了30,60,90cm土层的硝态氮淋失量.结果表明,30cm土层处,猪粪还田没有明显增加土壤硝态氮淋失.与对照(15.96±0.41) kg/hm²相比,T1(16.85±0.40) kg/hm²与T2(17.01±0.46) kg/hm²没有达到显著差异(P>0.05);60cm土层处理与对照也没有达到显著差异;90cm土层处的猪粪处理与对照达到显著差异,处理之间没有差异.猪粪还田有利于土壤有机质和总氮提高,30cm土层,与对照相比,T1和T2的有机质增加0.95g/kg和1.41g/kg,分别提高7.50%和11.13%;总氮增加0.06和0.16g/kg,分别提高7.72%和22.04%.猪粪还田提高了作物产量,水稻增产12.26%~11.56%,冬小麦产量提高9.32%~12.52%.     

岷沱江流域高氯酸盐污染分布特征及风险评估

高氯酸盐能够干扰甲状腺对碘的吸收，抑制人体甲状腺激素的分泌而导致碘的缺乏，近年来引起了国内外研究学者的广泛关注。为了探究岷沱江流域高氯酸盐的水污染分布特征、生态风险和人体暴露风险状况，采用离子色谱-串联质谱法对岷沱江流域内采集的38个地表水和41份大米样品进行测定。结果表明：（1）高氯酸盐在采集的岷沱江流域地表水中检出率为100%，在岷江流域和沱江流域中的浓度范围分别为0.608～328.6μg/L和3.39～19.60μg/L，平均值分别为50.2μg/L和6.39μg/L，其中岷江支流青衣江以及沱江干流中人口和工业更为集中的成都段地表水中高氯酸盐浓度更高。（2）岷沱江流域大米中高氯酸盐的检出率分别为76.5%和91.7%，浓度范围分别为N.D.（低于检出限）～55.0μg/kg和N.D.～265.7μg/kg，沱江流域大米中高氯酸盐浓度均值高于岷江流域，岷江流域地表水和大米中高氯酸盐的含量呈显著正相关性。（3）对于岷沱江干流中的高氯酸盐，其水生态风险总体处于中低水平，但青衣江呈现高风险。（4）岷沱江流域居民摄入高氯酸盐的主要途径为饮用水，在平均暴露模式下，岷沱江流域内居民通过大米暴...     

渤海江豚体内有机氯的研究

1990年采于辽东湾的10头江豚标本,分别测定体脂、肌肉夏肝脏中的有机氯农药,DDT的平均求度分别为2.015、0.231及0.409μg/wet g,BBC的平均浓度分别为0.696、0.090及0.184μg/wet g,DDT的浓度变化范围分别为0.365～2.732、0.024～0.509及0.054～1.112μg/wet g,BHC的浓度变化范围分别为0.190～0.917、0.014-0.191及0.027～0.484μg/wet g。在雌性中,体脂中DDT和BHG的浓度随年龄增加到4龄左右,然后随年龄增加而降低。勃海江琢体脂中DDT和BHC的浓度比黄海江豚体脂中的低。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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