A methodology for the design of efficient resource conservation networks using adaptive swarm intelligence

The implementation of resource conservation schemes in industry can be enhanced through the application of systematic design methodologies. In particular, process integration methods allow resource consumption and waste generation in industrial plants to be reduced through the identification of efficient material reuse/recycle schemes. Various approaches, ranging from graphical pinch analysis to mathematical programming, have been developed by different researchers. Mathematical programming techniques provide considerable flexibility in the representation of network design problems, although in many cases, these approaches result in mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) models which are difficult to solve. This paper presents a simplified approach using a zero–one programming or “knapsack” formulation for the design of industrial material reuse/recycle networks. It is possible to solve the resulting model using an efficient heuristic algorithm based on adaptive particle swarm optimization. Two sample applications are provided to illustrate the methodology. The first case shows the application of the methodology to the implementation of industrial water conservation and the second case demonstrates its use in the design of a hydrogen gas reuse/recycle scheme in a refinery.     

基于IWCPA模型的工业节水关键技术选择

通过建立工业节水潜力分析和技术综合评价模型(IWCPA模型),筛选了影响高耗水行业用水的关键技术.选定2002年为基准年,在2010年和2020年高耗水行业取水零增长的情景设定下,进行了分行业和行业耦合的技术综合评价及技术选择,确定了重要工业用水技术实施的优先序,建立了高耗水行业重要用水技术的优选清单.结果表明,未来15a内是否能够在若干工业用水关键技术的研究、应用和推广方面取得突破,是挖掘工业节水潜力、提高工业用水效率的关键.     

Clean technology for the tapioca starch industry in Thailand

The tapioca processing industry is considered to be one of the largest food processing industrial sectors in Thailand. However, the growth of the tapioca starch industry has resulted in heavy water pollution as it generates large amount of solid waste and wastewater with high organic content. This study explores the applicability of clean technology options to improve the environmental performance of tapioca starch-processing plants in Thailand. Eight Tapioca starch plants were selected for an exclusive analysis of the dynamics of clean technology development and adoption. Proposed options mainly involve water reduction and energy conservation. These include reuse and recycling of water, technology modification in the production process, and use of biogas to substitute fuel oil for burners. Implementation of these proposed alternatives to real companies shows that the reduction of starch loss, and water and fuel cost savings can be achieved.     

工业用水价格杠杆的有效性——基于联立方程模型

对于工业用水而言,价格杠杆的有效性以及用水价格上涨能否提升工业用水重复利用率,对推进工业节水以及工业转型发展具有重要意义。基于2016年中国地级以上城市的216个数据,利用联立方程处理内生性问题,其三阶段回归结果估计所得工业用水价格弹性为-3.423,即价格每上涨1%,工业用水需求量将减少3.42%,这一结果高于农业、居民生活用水价格弹性。另外,进一步从工业用水特征出发,研究讨论价格杠杆能否提高工业用水重复利用率。分别运用普通最小二乘法和加权最小二乘法探讨水价对工业用水重复利用率的影响,结果表明：水价与工业用水重复利用率显著正相关。因此,提高工业水价能促进工业循环用水,进而实现节约用水。     

Material flow analysis adapted to an industrial area

Material flow analysis (MFA) has become a useful tool for industrial ecology (IE) to analyze the metabolism of social systems, such as countries and regions. This paper proposes to use the indicators derived from MFA, complemented with water and energy indicators, to analyze the efficiency and the materialization ranks of industrial areas. The methodology is applied to a case study of an industrial area located in Catalonia (Spain). Despite the heterogeneity of the area, by using simple data the indicators detect companies with high consumption or inefficiency. These companies have many opportunities to improve on these aspects and the indicators can measure and reflect their evolution. In addition, the results show the importance that some flows such as water inputs (1.5 times higher than material inputs) and indirect flows associated with imports, which often are omitted, can have in some study cases.     

Integrated water resource management model for process industry in Lithuania

Water resource management has become an important operational and environmental issue. The increasing costs of dependable water supplies and wastewater disposal have increased the economic incentive for implementing technologies that are more environmentally friendly, and that can ensure efficient use of natural resources. A structured “integrated water resources management,” (IWRM) model for water management is presented as a useful tool for research into complex water using production systems in industrial companies. The step-by-step procedure and the consistent relationships between the diagram types allow straightforward implementation of water saving projects. By performing various case studies, it became clear that the IWRM model is applicable to various types of water using industrial companies. Therefore, wastewater reclamation and reuse are effective procedures for more sustainable industrial development programs.     

Utilization of publicly owned treatment works to promote pollution prevention

Industrial production processes contribute the most diverse group of emissions to air, water, and land pollution. These forms of pollution were the initial focus of environmental regulations requiring control efforts. Under optimum conditions, industrial waste streams pass through some type of treatment to minimize toxicity prior to being released into the environment. Business, government, and interest groups have previously assumed that industrial productivity and environmental quality were diametrically opposed. In other words, enhanced industrial productivity resulted in environmental damage and, conversely, environmental protection resulted in costs to business. However, companies that have implemented pollution prevention (P2) strategies to address their environmental problems have usually found that their facility's productivity can improve, while at the same time waste and pollution can be reduced. Where previous environmental strategies focused on end-of-pipe control efforts, P2 strategies are implemented at the design or process phase. While there are many examples of individual companies successfully implementing P2, consensus shows P2 adoption by the business community advancing at a rate far slower than expected. Most government agencies that currently promote P2 are not typically viewed as credible sources of innovation by industry. Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs), however, may be able to capitalize on their dual status as respected members of the local community as well as experts in waste management thus serving as credible proponents of P2. The paper discusses how POTWs are working with industrial users to promote P2, as well as their interest in doing so and their requirements for technical assistance. Survey results are provided that describe how POTW personnel in the State of Illinois believe they could best promote P2.     

关于钢铁工业海水直接利用的技术探讨

在工业领域中钢铁工业是用水大户,临海建厂是未来中国钢铁产业布局的方向。向海洋要淡水,取之不尽、用之不竭。将海水直接利用于生产,可减少海水淡化成本、节约能源、降低钢铁企业生产成本。就钢铁企业的海水直接利用技术进行了初步的分析和探讨,可作为实际工程的参考。     

Framing the private land conservation conversation: Strategic framing of the benefits of conservation participation could increase landholder engagement

How conservation messages are framed will impact the success of our efforts to engage people in conservation action. This is highly relevant in the private land conservation (PLC) sector given the low participation rates of landholders. Using a case study of PLC schemes targeted at Australian landholders, we present the first systematic analysis of communication strategies used by organisations and government departments delivering those schemes to engage the public. We develop a novel approach for analysing the framing of conservation messages that codes the stated benefits of schemes according to value orientation. We categorised the benefits as flowing to either the landholder, to society, or to the environment, corresponding to the egoistic, altruistic and biospheric value orientations that have been shown to influence human behaviour. We find that messages are biased towards environmental benefits. Surprisingly, this is the case even for market-based schemes that have the explicit objective of appealing to production-focussed landholders and those who are not already involved in conservation. The risk is that PLC schemes framed in this way will fail to engage more egoistically oriented landholders and are only likely to appeal to those likely to already be conservation-minded. By understanding the frame in which PLC benefits are communicated, we can begin to understand the types of people who may be engaged by these messages, and who may not be. Results suggest that the framing of the communications for many schemes could be broadened to appeal to a more diverse group (and thus ultimately to a larger group) of landholders.     

印染集中区水网络优化研究

耗水量大、水环境污染严重是印染集中区的一个突出问题.本文建立水网络数学模型,对印染集中区用水排水网络进行系统规划,该模型以集中区总成本最低为目标函数,模拟了以多级组合工艺为特点的污水处理设施数学模型.运用该模型对东北某印染集中区水网络进行设计和优化改进,在保证废水达标排放、成本最低的条件下,构建了企业内及企业间最佳回用网络,确定了污水处理设施工艺最优方案,并明确各级处理工艺中不同品质的处理水回用集中区企业的最优途径,为集中区内污水处理设施提标改造计划提供参考.研究结果表明：该模型在工业集中区或工业园用水规划及废水减量方面具有实用价值和较好的应用前景.     

Threatened species listing as a trigger for conservation action

Legislative listing schemes, under which the listing of a species as threatened automatically triggers command regulation and/or recovery planning, raise significant issues for policy makers. In this paper, we explore strategies for factoring considerations beyond the empirical assessment of a species’ conservation status into the resource allocation decisions that flow from listing. Even in threatened species legislation that appears to prioritise species conservation over socio-economic considerations by creating an automatic nexus between listing and conservation response, there are significant pressure valves that allow the latter to exercise a significant influence on decisions in practice. We critically examine two other techniques currently used in legislation that allow a broader range of considerations to be factored into resource allocation decisions: abandoning the automatic triggering of resource allocation by listing; and taking into account a broader range of considerations in the listing decision itself. We conclude by outlining the framework for a strategic approach to the allocation of conservation resources. This has three limbs to it: recovery plans that identify what needs to be done to bring about recovery, in addition to what available resources will allow us to do; a system for prioritising between the implementation of recovery plans; and the integration of threatened species conservation into strategic land use planning processes.     

火电厂节水及废水“零排放”系统综述

随着水资源日益紧缺和环保要求的严格,为保证电力工业快速和健康发展,节水势在必行。作为工业行业的耗水大户-火电厂,必须提高水资源的重复使用率和节约用水,才能有效地实施火电厂废水“零排放”。本文介绍了火电厂废水“零排放”应用现状,概述了火电厂废水“零排放”实现的措施以及确保火电厂废水“零排放”的有效方法。     

Using chemical process simulation to design industrial ecosystems

Chemical process simulation (CPS) software has been widely used by chemical (process) engineers to design, test, optimise, and integrate process plants. It is expected that industrial ecologists to bring these same problem-solving benefits to the design and operation of industrial ecosystems can use CPS. This paper provides industrial ecology researchers and practitioners with an introduction to CPS and an overview of chemical engineering design principles. The paper highlights recent research showing that CPS can be used to model industrial ecosystems, and discusses the benefits of using CPS to address some of the technical challenges facing companies participating in an industrial ecosystem. CPS can be used to (i) quantitatively evaluate and compare the potential environmental and financial benefits of material and energy linkages; (ii) solve general design, retrofit, or operational problems; (iii) help to identify complex and often counter-intuitive solutions; and (iv) evaluate what-if scenarios. CPS should be a useful addition to the industrial ecology toolbox.     

环境规制和产业集聚对能源效率的影响与作用机制：基于空间效应的视角

在中国向高质量发展转型下,探究环境规制、产业集聚对能源效率的作用,对实现“双碳目标”具有重要的现实意义。系统梳理了三者间的作用机制,并基于中国2006—2018年的数据,运用多种“近邻”权重下的空间杜宾模型,检验环境规制、产业集聚以及二者的融合发展对能源效率的溢出效应及其区域差异。研究发现：（1）环境规制和能源效率二者间存在“波特假说”,但这种效应却具有“度”的限制;产业集聚（专业化、多样化）能够有效地助推自身以及与之“相邻”（地理邻近、经济互动）地区能源效率的提升。（2）环境规制对能源效率的作用表现出明显的区域差异,且在中国东、中以及西部三区域间也具有显著的经济地理关联性;产业集聚对能源效率的影响也表现出明显的区域差异,东部来源于多样化集聚,而中西部来源于专业化与多样化集聚。（3）在效应分解方面,无论是全样本还是分区域样本中,环境规制、产业集聚对能源效率的空间溢出效应并不单单是由于地理“相邻”造成的,更多是地区间地理邻近与经济互动协同的结果。（4）环境规制与专业化集聚的融合发展,抑制了专业化带来的正效应,而其与多样化集聚的融合发展对推动能源效率提升具有更强效果。     

工业废水污染治理途径与技术研究发展需求

根据工业废水的特点,构建科学合理的废水处理模式,不断完善和发展废水处理技术及水质安全评价与管理技术是水环境污染防治领域的重要课题. 在分析工业废水特点和阐述废水污染治理基本策略与途径的基础上,重点介绍了工业废水处理特性评价、工艺优选方法、水质安全管理等方面的研究进展,并探讨了废水污染治理思路和技术的发展方向. 指出工业废水污染治理应实现以下5个方面的转变和发展,即处理模式从不同种类废水混合收集集中处理向分类收集分别处理优先转变;研究开发从重视废水处理单一技术研发向同时重视废水处理技术集成与处理工艺优化方法研究转变;水质有机污染评价从重视综合浓度指标向同时关注和重视“有机物特征指标”转变;废水排放控制指标从重视常规指标向同时关注和重视水质安全和综合生物毒性指标转变;工艺设计理念从“处理工艺”向“生产工艺”转变.      

城市污水处理厂二级出水深度处理回用的设计与运行

将城市污水作为工业循环冷却补充水的水源已成为世界各国解决缺水问题的主要方案之一,但二级出水水质不符合循环冷却水对CODCr、硬度、氮、磷等指标要求,必须对其进行深度处理才能回用。本设计采用生物接触氧化+絮凝沉淀+机械搅拌澄清+连续动态过滤+消毒工艺,其出水补充至电厂循环冷却水系统。运行实践表明,该工艺处理效率高,动力消耗少,出水水质达到循环冷却水水质标准,且经过对工艺的改进完善,使操作更加简便,设备运行更加稳定。     

Water conservation through energy management

The objective of this paper is the simultaneous management of two important industrial resources – energy and water. A class of industrial processes where heat transfer is accompanied by mass transfer (water evaporation and condensation) are concerned, and special attention is given to them where the transfer of heat is a limiting stage. These processes are considered not in isolation but in integration with all related processes and subsystems. More specifically, the set of processes and subsystems include cooling systems, systems of contact economizers for flue gas energy recovery, scrubbers, direct steam heaters, driers, related systems of coolers and the heat exchanger networks. The proposed preliminary design procedure is based on concepts and tools related to Pinch technology especially modified for consideration of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The manipulated parameters include process' latent and sensible heat loads and systems' structural changes with efficiency criteria allowing sacrifice of quantity for quality of performance. Two specific procedures allow targeting of maximum flue gas energy recovery and minimum temperature of cooling water providing guidance to structural design and system operation. The application of the proposed methodology is designed to achieve water conservation through minimization of water evaporation losses. Its significance is demonstrated through three popular industrial applications (a power station, a brewery and a tissue factory).     

淮河下游小流域空间开发功能分区研究-以江苏沿海地区为例

基于区域开发与水环境保护的相互作用关系,以江苏沿海地区某小流域为研究对象,在流域层面上,建立定性与定量相结合,环境、经济、社会紧密结合的区域分析方法。选取水体使用功能、水质目标、清水通道、水体通达性、现状水质达标情况5项指标,将流域分为强约束区、较强约束区、中等约束区、弱约束区4类空间开发功能区。以此为依据,对各分区针对性提出了空间开发和产业发展的导向。其中水环境约束较弱的地区可以适当布局酿造、造纸、化工等水污染物排放量相对较大的产业;水环境约束较强的地区需要严格控制乃至禁止水污染物排放量大的产业,而适度发展编织品制造等不排水的农副产品加工业,或清洁生产水平先进、中水回用率高、排水量小的家具制造、木材加工等。     

The role of environmental management system on introduction of new technologies in the metal and chemical/paper/plastics industries

Pollution prevention with the use of modern cleaner technologies in industrial sectors is the cornerstone of successful environmental policy certified according to the requirements of the international standard ISO 14001. The analyses were performed with the objective of assessing general aspects of technology modernisation as a result of the ISO 14001 certification in industrial enterprises in order to develop a better understanding whether the ISO 14001 certification can accelerate initiatives for the adoption of new and cleaner technologies within the certified firms on one hand, and, on the other hand, to find out to what extent it helped to upgrade their environmental performance. The research was performed within Slovene metal and chemical (including pharmaceuticals, paper and plastics) manufacturing companies with an additional emphasis on firms which are committed to implementing the IPPC directive. In general, certified enterprises consider ISO 14001 as a very useful tool in promoting and adopting new cleaner technologies. ISO 14001 seems to be particularly important to create better conditions for the technology changes in companies which are committed to the IPPC Directive. Companies in chemical and related industries, to a much higher extent, used predominantly modified technologies to diminish their environmental impacts, while companies in metal industries, to a higher extent, used a combination of existing and new technologies after ISO 14001 certification. It seems that better environmental performance is associated with higher productivity in ISO 14001 certified firms.     

大辽河水作为低质工业用水水源的可行性初步分析

本文就大辽河水是否适合作为营口市低质工业用水（主要是冷却水和洗涤水）水源的可行性进行了初步分析．首先，对大辽河营口段的水质类别进行了分析，并讨论了对其全部或部分进行水质处理的可能性．其次，就低质工业用水的用途及使用方式、水质处理要达到的标准及工艺路线，以及投资及运转费用也做了简要的分析．最后，提出了应在大辽河营口市境内适当河段附近建立一定规模的低质工业用水净水厂的结论，并建议对处理方案、规模做进一步论证，进面进行初步设计．