1株耐冷兼性嗜碱好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及反硝化特性

以传统微生物富集分离方法,从垃圾渗滤液活性污泥中筛选到1株高效好氧反硝化菌,通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,对菌株进行了鉴定,同时对其好氧反硝化特性和异养硝化功能进行了研究.结果表明,筛选到的好氧反硝化菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),命名为GL19,GenBank登录号为(KC710974).碳源、C/N、pH及温度对菌株反硝化活性影响较大.在柠檬酸钠为碳源、C/N不低于15、pH 6~10、溶解氧(DO)4.8~7.7 mg·L-1及温度为15~34℃,硝酸盐氮负荷为140 mg·L-1的条件下,硝酸盐去除率均达100%,总氮(TN)平均去除率为96.5%,最终无亚硝酸盐积累;菌株能以亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮为底物进行高效脱氮,20 h内可将140 mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮完全去除,28 h内可将280 mg·L-1的氨氮降至3.11 mg·L-1,氨氮去除率达98.9%.显示该菌具有耐冷、高效脱氮特性,可实现同步硝化反硝化,这对南方地区冬季废水处理具有潜在应用价值.     

同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷工艺的快速启动及其运行特征

以低COD/N生活污水(C/N为3∶1~4∶1)为进水基质,在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),通过逐步降低溶解氧(DO)浓度的方式快速实现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷.反应器运行20 d后(DO浓度为0.50~1.0mg·L-1),系统出现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷的现象.在随后运行的40 d里,反应器对废水COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为84.84%、93.51%、77.06%和85.69%;出水NO-3-N和NO-2-N平均浓度分别为4.01 mg·L-1和3.17 mg·L-1.反应器启动运行后期,污泥体积指数(SVI)为55.22 m L·g-1,沉降性能良好,颗粒结构较完整.不同氮源的周期曝气阶段结果表明,对TN的去除率为NH+4-NNO-2-NNO-3-N;对TP的去除率为NO-3-NNO-2-NNH+4-N,反应器主要以同步硝化反硝化脱氮和反硝化方式除磷.     

耐冷嗜碱蒙氏假单胞菌H97的鉴定及其好氧反硝化特性

结合形态、磷脂脂肪酸及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定了分离自贵州冬水田的好氧反硝化菌株H97,采用模拟废水探讨了不同温度、接菌量、C/N、初始p H和碳源种类对菌株H97反硝化能力的影响.结果表明,菌株H97为蒙氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas monteilii),目前国内外尚无蒙氏假单胞菌具有耐冷嗜碱好氧反硝化作用的研究报道,是对好氧反硝化菌的补充;该菌的最适脱氮条件为15℃、p H 9.0、C/N 15、接种量1.5×106CFU·(100 m L)-1,碳源丁二酸钠.此外,菌株H97在p H为7.0~11.0时,均表现出良好的脱氮能力,对硝酸盐氮和总氮的去除率分别可达91.21%和79.10%以上,初始p H为12.0时,对硝酸盐氮和总氮的去除率仍分别达64.75%和36.78%,表现出了较强耐碱能力.在初始硝酸盐氮浓度为50.0 mg·L-1和最适脱氮条件下,菌株H97在48 h内对硝酸盐氮和总氮的去除率可达97.69%和96.32%.同时,H97对温度适应范围广,在15~40℃均具有较强好氧反硝化能力,是1株耐冷嗜碱好氧反硝化细菌,在碱性氮污染水体处理中具有较好的应用潜力.     

湖库沉积物好氧反硝化菌群脱氮特性及种群结构

好氧反硝化菌是水环境生物修复的热点研究领域,本研究从西安市金盆水库、兴庆公园和长乐公园采集沉积物,在运用传统的间歇曝气富集和选择培养基筛选好氧反硝化菌的基础上,引入超声波预处理沉积物-水悬液,成功筛选出3组高效好氧反硝化菌群H-30、X-10和C-30,并对其反硝化能力进行研究.结果表明,该3组混合好氧反硝化菌群具有高效的脱氮能力,在溶解氧为(7.2±0.6)mg·L-1的培养基中,好氧反硝化菌群H-30、X-10和C-30总氮(TN)去除率分别达到83.04%,83.40%和82.68%,仅有少量亚硝氮(NO-2-N)积累.Illumina高通量DNA测序结果表明,3组nir S型好氧反硝化优势混合菌群种群结构差异显著,H-30,X-10和C-30菌群的优势菌种分别是枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),Paracoccus pantotrophus和斯氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri),其中斯氏假单胞菌(P.stutzeri)在H-30、X-10菌群中所占比例差异不显著,Pseudomonas xiamenensis仅存在于H-30.本研究筛选的3组高效好氧反硝化菌群将为城市内湖污染水体的微生物修复工程提供菌源保障.     

1株异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌DK1的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从某反应器活性污泥中分离筛选出1株假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)细菌,命名为DK1,并对该菌进行脱氮特性研究.在以葡萄糖为碳源,C/N量比为5时,分别以NaNO_3和NaNO_2为氮源,二者的好氧反硝化速率为4.09 mg·(L·h)-1和4.43mg·(L·h)~(-1).以二者同时为氮源脱氮率为100%;此外,菌株DK1具有异养硝化性能,NH_4~+-N平均去除速率为2.32mg·(L·h)-1.缺氧时以NO_2~--N为氮源菌株DK1可将一系列梯度浓度NO_2~--N(约100~300 mg·L-1)在36 h内降为0.当NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N同时存在时,菌株DK1会优先利用NO_3~--N进行反硝化.同时该菌株还具有同步硝化反硝化(SND)性能,可同时去除NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N或NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N,30 h内脱氮率分别达95.06%和94.69%.相同时间内在NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N三者均存在时,脱氮效果最佳,达100%.菌株DK1的高效SND及反硝化性能表明其在处理含氮废水方面有一定的潜力和应用价值.     

高温好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其反硝化性能研究

通过高温筛选,从燃煤电厂生物滴滤系统填料的生物膜上分离出1株高效好氧反硝化细菌TAD1.该菌株革兰氏染色呈阴性,短杆状,大小为(0.67～0.89)μm×(1.03～1.41)μm;经生理生化特性和基于16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus 8p.).对菌株TAD1的反硝化性能进...     

PN-ANAMMOX一体化反应器处理电子行业PCB废水

利用已经启动成功并达到稳定脱氮效能的部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化反应器,研究碱性印制电路板(PCB)废水自养生物脱氮的可行性及运行特性.结果表明,将进水NH+4-N浓度维持在220 mg·L-1时,经过80 d的运行,一体化反应器出水NH+4-N、NO-2-N浓度降低并稳定在4.0 mg·L-1和9.8 mg·L-1左右,脱氮效能最高达到1.29 kg·(m3·d)-1.同时出水总氮小于50 mg·L-1,满足接管排放标准.一体化反应器内好氧区NO-2-N产生速率最高为2.05 kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区的厌氧氨氧化菌最高脱氮效能为2.91 kg·(m3·d)-1,说明各功能菌在相应区域得到稳定地增长.一体化反应器适用于无机含氨的碱性PCB废液自养生物脱氮处理.     

耐汞好氧反硝化菌的鉴定及适应汞离子的特性研究

从实验室保存的高效好氧反硝化菌种中筛选得到一株抗汞细菌并命名为X1,经生理生化特性和16SrRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonasputida).对菌株X1进行Hg2适应特性研究,结果表明,对于Hg2浓度为2、67++4、、mg·L-1的实验组,菌体分别需要被延滞12、284018、、h后进入对数期,而8mg·L-1实验组则不能进入对数期;在好氧反硝化过程中,Hg2浓度在7mg·L+-1范围内各实验组的好氧反硝化过程中NO3-N浓度变化速率、NO2-N累积峰值、pH特征点出现时刻随着Hg2浓度的增大而增大(延迟),而Hg2浓度呈现出同硝氮一致的下降趋势,并且在对数期内除汞率能达到100%.研究表明,菌株X1对Hg2最大适宜耐受浓度为7mg·L+-1,相应适应时间约为40h.在最大耐受浓度范围内,菌株X1的生长和好氧反硝化过程呈现出"被抑制-适应-受刺激"的变化规律,其中,被抑制的时间和受刺激的程度都随着Hg2浓度的增大而增大,主要表现为延滞期的延长和对数期的缩短.此外,在对数期,菌株X1的生长速率、达到稳定期的浓度和好+氧反硝化速率也都随着Hg2浓度的增大而增大,且大于无Hg2菌组.++     

耐高氨氮异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌TN-14的鉴定及其脱氮性能

从环境中筛选出1株耐高氨氮、具有产絮、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的新菌株TN-14,对其进行生理生化特征及分子鉴定、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力以及产絮性能的考察,并研究其与耐氨氮能力以及对高氨氮猪场废水的除污性能.根据菌株生理生化特征以及分子鉴定结果,可初步确定菌株TN-14为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp..异养硝化反应体系中,24 h内菌株TN-14对氨氮、总氮的去除率分别达到97.13%和93.53%;硝酸盐反硝化体系中,24 h内硝态氮从94.24 mg·L-1降到39.32mg·L-1,硝态氮的去除率达到58.28%,反硝化速率为2.28 mg·(L·h)-1;亚硝酸盐反硝化体系中,亚硝态氮从反应初始浓度97.78 mg·L-1下降到21.30 mg·L-1,亚硝态氮去除率达78.22%,反硝化速率为2.55 mg·(L·h)-1.菌株TN-14具有良好的产絮特性,其培养液对0.4%的高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达94.74%;菌株TN-14能够在氨氮高达1200 mg·L-1的环境下生长.菌株TN-14对实际猪场废水中的COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到85.30%、65.72%、64.86%和79.41%,在实际高氨废水生物处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

污水厂尾水MBBR反硝化深度脱氮填料比较

针对污水处理厂尾水中NO-3-N含量高的特点,采用移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)对其进行反硝化深度脱氮,并对填料效能进行比较.结果表明:在p H值为7.2~8.0、温度为24~26℃、HRT为12 h、甲醇投加量为25.5 mg·L-1、填料填充率为30%、进水TN浓度为7.5~13.3 mg·L-1、NO-3-N浓度为2.2~12.4 mg·L-1的条件下,MBBR采用聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氨酯泡沫体和陶粒4种填料,均有较好的脱氮效能,其中,聚丙烯填料MBBR的脱氮效能最优,其TN、NO-3-N平均去除率分别达45.3%和76.3%,出水TN、NO-3-N最低为2.4 mg·L-1和0.2 mg·L-1,最大反硝化速率可达10.6 g·m-2·d-1(以NO-3-N计).三维荧光图谱分析表明,各填料MBBR进水和出水中均含有SMP和BOD5,陶粒和聚丙烯填料MBBR对其去除效能较优.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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