核桃青皮提取物的抗菌和抗氧化活性

用不同极性的试剂提取核桃青皮成分,用牛津杯法测定各成分抗菌能力,并从总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、还原能力3个方面测定抗氧化能力.结果显示,核桃青皮不同提取物对不同病源菌有不同的抗菌活性,其中乙酸乙酯提取相和氯仿相对试验细菌的抗菌活性较强,乙酸乙酯相和氯仿相对大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用MIC分别为6.25/6.25、6.25/1.56、3.13/3.13、6.25/3.13 mg/mL;极性较小的石油醚相对试验真菌有明显抗菌活性,石油醚相对青霉菌、绿霉菌、白色念珠菌的抗菌作用MIC分别为3.13、6.25、6.25 mg/mL;同时,核桃青皮各提取相也有不同程度的抗氧化能力,乙酸乙酯相和氯仿相总酚含量(以没食子酸的相当值GAE表示)、清除自由基能力EC50、还原能力EC50分别为193.52/174.64 mg/g、14.05/26.11μg/mL、34.70/44.60μg/mL,乙酸乙酯相和氯仿相抗氧化能力远远高于其他各相.研究证明核桃青皮提取物有着较好的抗菌和抗氧化活性,具有资源化利用前景.     

蚯蚓抗菌肽EABP-1的分离纯化及部分性质

经硫酸铵沉淀、超滤和阳离子交换分离 ,得到了一蚯蚓抗菌肽EABP 1,该肽的最大紫外吸收在 2 77.16nm ,SDS PAGE结果表明其Mr≈ 2 0× 10 3,精确的分子量没有确定 .最小抑菌浓度 (ρMIC)实验表明 ,EABP 1对鹑鸡肠球菌(Enterococcusgallinarum)、绿脓杆菌 (Pseudomonaspyocyanea)、鲍氏不动 (Acinetobacterbaumanii)、土生克雷伯 (Kleb siellaterrigena)的 ρMIC为 11.4μg/mL ,对粪肠球菌 (Enterococcusfaecalis)的 ρMIC为 2 2 .8μg/mL ,对真菌白色念株菌(Candidaalbicans)没有表现为完全的抑制作用 .图 1表 1参 10     

气相色谱法检测水产养殖底泥中10种羟基多氯联苯

该研究建立了气相色谱(GC-μECD)检测水产养殖底泥中10种羟基多氯联苯的方法.底泥样品经HCl(6 mol·L~(-1))调节p H值至3.0,以正己烷为提取溶剂,提取液采用固相萃取硅胶柱净化,确定了淋洗液比例及用量等参数,硅胶柱经淋洗后,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯(1∶1,V/V)洗脱,收集洗脱液经氮气吹干后进行硅烷化衍生,气相色谱法检测.研究确定淋洗液为正己烷/乙酸乙酯(98∶2,V/V),用量5 mL;方法检出限4.00μg·kg~(-1),定量限8.00μg·kg~(-1);在4.00、8.00、20.0μg·kg~(-1)的添加水平下,10种羟基多氯联苯的平均回收率为72.4%—94.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.7%—9.9%,并用于太湖水域实际水产养殖底泥中10种羟基多氯联苯检测分析.结论显示,该方法可用于水产养殖底泥中痕量羟基多氯联苯的检测.     

链霉菌S227抗耐药性物质的分离及其活性研究

在抗耐药性活性筛选过程中,发现分离自四川峨嵋山森林土壤的一株链霉菌S227(Streptomyces sp.)的发酵液具有抗细菌抗生素耐药性生物活性.利用已建立的抗耐药性的活性检测方法(专利号:ZL01128969.4)[1]为跟踪手段,采用有机溶剂萃取、硅胶柱层析以及薄层层析等方法,对该菌发酵液中抗耐药性活性物质进行分离纯化,得到了具有抗耐药性的活性单体S227-4,初步鉴定为四聚糖.利用MIC法对该样品的抗耐药活性进行研究:在证明该样品本身不具有抗菌活性的基础上,以临床分离的耐药菌株为指示菌,考察了该样品与抗生素联合使用时对耐药菌抗生素MIC(最小抑菌浓度)值的影响,结果表明,S227-4在不影响耐药菌生长的浓度下与不同的抗生素联合使用,可以明显提高不同耐药菌对不同抗生素的敏感性,如S227-4(200μg/mL)可以使S.aureus12334对红霉素的敏感性提高128倍.图2表2参8     

铁皮石斛多酚和黄酮含量及与抗氧化活性的相关性

通过测试ABTS、DPPH和羟自由基的清除活性和还原能力,研究铁皮石斛不同极性提取物的体外抗氧化活性及其与多酚和黄酮含量的相关性.采用溶剂提取法制备4个不同极性铁皮石斛提取物(EE、CE、EAE、NBE),以Vc为阳性对照.结果显示,样品CE中总酚含量为40.96 mg/g,黄酮含量为104.48 mg/g,在各样品中含量最高.体外抗氧化实验显示,样品CE浓度为375μg/mL时对ABTS自由基的清除率达到100%,其IC50为88.82μg/mL;CE浓度为1 500μg/mL时对DPPH自由基的清除率达到78.45%,IC50为394.62μg/mL;CE浓度为1 500μg/mL时还原能力为62.29%,随浓度增大到3000μg/mL时还原能力达100%,其IC50为905.06μg/mL.相关性研究显示各提取物对ABTS、DPPH清除能力以及还原性与黄酮含量相关性较强,相关系数分别为0.845、0.902和0.994.而各提取物的还原能力及对羟自由基的清除能力与样品中的多酚含量明显相关,其相关系数为0.521.研究表明,铁皮石斛4个不同极性提取物均具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,且各提取物抗氧化活性与总酚含量和总黄酮含量之间有明显的相关性,表明铁皮石斛抗氧化活性的物质基础可能就是酚类或黄酮类成分.     

4种浮萍提取物的抗菌活性和黄酮含量

浮萍(Lemnaceae)生长在微生物丰富的污水表面,为了研究浮萍抗菌机制,为浮萍抗菌物质活性筛选以及动植物病原菌和人类致病微生物感染机制研究提供依据,用不同极性的溶剂对浮萍进行提取,牛津杯法(Oxford Cup)及最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定比较绿萍zh0018、少根紫萍zh0224以及多根紫萍zh0003、zh0225四种浮萍提取物的体外抗菌活性,并用分光光度法结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定分析提取物总黄酮含量以及成分差异.结果表明:浮萍甲醇提取物、95%乙醇提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、农杆菌均有不同程度的抗菌活性,其中多根紫萍zh0225甲醇提取物抗菌活性最强(MIC:6.25 mg/mL),其次为绿萍;各萃取物中乙酸乙酯相活性最强(MIC:0.78 mg/mL),其次为正丁醇相.分光光度法测得绿萍甲醇提取物总黄酮含量较高,为提取物的9.8%,其次为少根紫萍甲醇提取物,为8.1%,其中多根紫萍zh0225乙酸乙酯相含量最高,为萃取物的22.46%,其次为正丁醇相,为17.2%.HPLC测得不同浮萍提取物黄酮成分差异较大,两株多根紫萍成分相似而含量不同.研究表明,结合浮萍自身的特性和提取物抗菌活性的大小及黄酮含量,筛选多根紫萍zh0225乙酸乙酯萃取相作为优良浮萍品种提取活性物质以及开展药物生产具有巨大潜力.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜中8种磺胺类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定蔬菜中8种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)的分析方法.以10 mL乙腈(添加2 g无水硫酸钠、0.1 g乙酸钠、0.1 g Na2EDTA)进行提取,HLB柱净化富集.采用RESTEKPinnacleⅡC18色谱柱,以水(含0.1%甲酸)和乙腈(含0.1%甲酸)为初始流动相进行梯度洗脱.在电喷雾-多反应检测离子模式下,进行定性定量分析.SMZ的方法定量限为0.2μg·kg-1,其它7种化合物的定量限均为0.1μg·kg-1.不同加标浓度(5—100μg·kg-1)下8种SAs的回收率大部分约在70%以上,相对标准偏差(RSD)多数小于10%,表明该方法能够满足实际样品的分析要求.利用该方法对某无公害蔬菜基地进行分析,蔬菜中检出3种以上磺胺类抗生素,含量在0.20—17.43μg·kg-1(干重)之间,总含量在2.42—27.60μg·kg-1之间.     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定水中27种三嗪类除草剂

应用固相萃取(SPE)-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)建立了水中27种三嗪类除草剂的分析方法.通过对固相萃取柱、淋洗液和色谱柱流动相等的优化,确定以Oasis HLB固相萃取柱、0.1%甲酸-乙腈(2∶8,V/V)为淋洗液、0.1%甲酸-乙腈(6∶4,V/V)为流动相做水样预处理.在最优条件下,目标物在水中回收率为79.1%—129.2%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)在8.8%—14.3%,线性范围均在1—2000μg·L-1,各目标物标准品在UPLC-MS/MS系统中有效的线性相关系数(R2)为0.999以上.该方法具有检测限低、回收率高等优点,经实际样品测试,可适用于水中27种三嗪类除草剂残留的同时检测.     

猪场废水中24种抗生素同时检测方法优化

采用优化固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱同步检测养猪废水中24种抗生素的.水样用1 mol·L~(-1)盐酸调节p H值至3.5—4.0,流经Oasis HLB固相萃取柱富集后再用甲醇和乙酸乙酯(V∶V=1∶1)进行洗脱.以Agilent eclipse plus C_(18)色谱柱为分离柱,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子源,多反应监测模式检测.24种抗生素的检出限(S/N=3)在0.03—3.00μg·L~(-1)之间.进一步以不同养猪场废水进行实际样品测定,四环素类、大环内酯类、β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类等5大类抗生素均有检出,土霉素、替米考星和磺胺甲嘧啶等3种抗生素为主要污染抗生素,最高浓度可达147.10、107.83、100.20μg·L~(-1),磺胺甲噻二唑及去甲基金霉素均未检出.本研究建立了快速准确的同步分析5大类24种抗生素的分析方法.     

4种中药单体对IncX4型质粒pSD11稳定性的影响

以携带多重耐药基因cfr的IncX4型质粒pSD11为试验材料，研究小檗碱、黄芩苷、芦荟大黄素、姜黄素4种中药单体对耐药质粒稳定性的影响，为中药单体消除病原菌耐药性提供理论依据.通过测定最小抑菌浓度（MIC）及药物作用下携带质粒pSD11的大肠杆菌的生长曲线和生长动力学参数，分析中药单体的抑菌效果.结合实时荧光定量PCR(RTPCR)及平板计数研究药物对质粒稳定性的影响，同时检测胞外乳酸脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶的含量分析中药单体对细胞壁、细胞膜的影响.结果显示，小檗碱、黄芩苷、芦荟大黄素对大肠杆菌MG1655/pSD11(Escherichia coli MG1655/pSD11)的MIC均为1 280μg/mL，姜黄素> 160μg/mL.4种中药单体对E. coli MG1655/pSD11具有一定的抑菌效果，生长动力学参数结果表明1/2 MIC小檗碱和黄芩苷显著延长E. coli MG1655/pSD11的滞后期；1/2 MIC姜黄素和1/2、1/4MIC芦荟大黄素极显著降低E. coli MG1655/pSD11的最大生长速率、延长时代时间.经1/2和1/4 MIC的小檗碱和黄...     

氧化石墨烯抗菌性及生物安全性研究进展

氧化石墨烯是一种表面有丰富含氧官能团的石墨烯衍生物,具有与石墨烯相似的二维蜂窝状晶格结构,从而导致了其具有电学、光学、力学特性和良好的生物相容性,被广泛应用于材料学、生物医学和药物传递等诸多领域。因氧化石墨烯日益增多的生产和使用,其在空气、水和土壤中大量积累,引发了人们对其生物安全性的高度关注。以微生物、陆生动植物和水生动植物为分类标准,综述了近几年氧化石墨烯对微生物、动物和植物的毒性影响,总结并分析了三者的毒性机理,比较了不同生存环境下其对动植物毒性影响的不同,旨在更加全面地揭示氧化石墨烯的生物安全性,为氧化石墨烯安全使用剂量和其功能化应用提供一定的参考。     

园林植物挥发油成分分析及抗菌活性测定

运用试管稀释法和平板涂布法,测定黄皮,白皮松,香榧,侧柏,龙柏,雪松,圆柏等7种常见园林植物的挥发油对表皮葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌及绿脓杆菌的抗菌活性(包括抑菌和杀菌两个方面)。结果显示,所有供试植物挥发油均具有一定的抗菌活性。对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性为侧柏=龙柏>圆柏>雪松>香榧;对表皮葡萄球菌的抑菌活性为侧柏>圆柏>龙柏=雪松=黄皮>白皮松>香榧;仅圆柏挥发油对大肠杆菌具有抑菌作用,所有供试植物挥发油对绿脓杆菌均无抑菌作用。实验证明,圆柏,侧柏,龙柏,雪松具有较强抗菌活性,是较为理想的城市生态保健型绿化模式的栽培树种。     

纳米银复合材料与抗生素的联合抗菌性能及相关机制研究

抗生素的滥用导致细菌耐药问题日益严重,人类迫切需要开发出新的抗菌药物以减少细菌耐药问题。基于纳米银制备而成的纳米银复合材料在兼顾纳米银抗菌性能的同时不仅能够克服单一纳米银释放速度快、不稳定等缺点,还能缓解细菌耐药的问题,因此被认为是一类具有广泛应用前景的新型抗菌剂。已有研究表明,单一纳米银与某些抗生素的联合使用可以达到协同抗菌效果,但目前尚缺乏对纳米银复合材料与抗生素的联合抗菌性能及机制的研究。本文首先制备出3种不同结构的纳米银复合材料,包括二氧化硅-聚多巴胺-纳米银复合材料(SiO_2-PD-AgNPs)、纳米银@二氧化硅复合材料(AgNPs@SiO_2)和纳米银@二氧化硅-聚多巴胺-纳米银复合材料(AgNPs@SiO_2-PD-AgNPs)。随后测定了纳米银复合材料对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E. coli)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis, B. subtilis)的单一毒性效应。结果显示,AgNPs@SiO_2-PD-AgNPs复合材料对2种菌的单一毒性均大于其余2种纳米银复合材料。因此,笔者以AgNPs@SiO_2-PD-AgNPs作为代表,测定了纳米银复合材料与硫酸卡那霉素(kanamycin sulfate, KS)/盐酸土霉素(oxytetracycline hydrochloride, OH)的二元联合抗菌性能,发现AgNPs@SiO_2-PD-AgNPs与KS联合可以对E. coli产生协同效应。协同效应产生的主要原因可能是:AgNPs@SiO_2-PD-AgNPs释放出的纳米银会和KS发生键合反应生成KS-纳米银复合物,导致纳米银释放出大量的Ag+增加了细胞膜的通透性,从而使得进入细菌内的Ag~+和KS比单独作用时进入胞内的抗菌剂增多,产生更强的抗菌性能,从而表现出协同抗菌效应。本研究基于新型纳米银复合材料与抗生素的联合抗菌性能实验探究了纳米银复合材料与特定抗生素联合用药的最佳组合和相关机制,为今后开发新型抗菌材料提供了新思路并为相关联合用药提供参考。     

Antibacterial and antimutagenic activitiy of extracts and essential oil from (Tunisian) Pistacia lentiscus

Aqueous and flavonoid-enriched extract as well as essential oil (EO) obtained from leaves of Pistacia lentiscus were assessed for antibacterial and antimutagenic activities. Antibacterial activity of different extracts and EO were evaluated against six bacterial strains. A marked inhibitory effect was observed against Salmonella typhimurium, whereas lower activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enteritidis. EO showed significant inhibitory effects against Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimutagenic activity of the different extracts against Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and sodium azide was demonstrated with the Salmonella typhymurium assay. The number of revertants per plate decreased significantly when the plant extracts were added to the assay system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA98 and TA1535.     

Antibacterial effects of Anodonta cygnea fluids on Escherichia coli and enterococci multi-drug-resistant strains: environmental implications

The persistence of bacteria in Anodonta cygnea largely depends on the hemolymph bactericidal activity against aquatic micro-organisms.

The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro bactericidal activity of whole hemolymph against multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli and enterococci strains. Four mussels were injected with multi-resistant strains of E. coli in order to determine their in vivo bactericidal reactivity. In vitro experiments showed that the hemocytes viability decreased almost 70% in 4 h, the same happened in the control hemolymph. Enterococci tested in in vitro experiments were more susceptible than E. coli to whole hemolymph and hemocytes fractions. None of the enterococci bacteria was detected in the hemolymph fractions from 24 to 72 h, while E. coli was still detectable 72 h after inoculation both in the control and respective plasma fractions. The microbial inhibition on both hemolymph and cell pellets suggest that hemocytes may be the main responsibles for that process.

In vivo experiments showed that hemolymph inhibited the E. coli load injected and it was correlated with a high tendency for the increase in hemocytes counts, after 72 h. High adherence of E. coli and an intense pseudopods manifestation, mainly to the granulocytes, suggest a clear phagocytosis process.     

Antibacterial,antiviral and antioxidant activities of aerial part extracts of Peganum harmala L. grown in Tunisia

Ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol, and methanol extracts from the aerial part of Peganum harmala were tested for antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiviral activities. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the solid medium technique. Oxacillin, amoxicillin, ticarcillin, cefotaxim, and amphotericin were used as control agents. The antiviral activity was evaluated against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD-169 (ATCC Ref. VR 538) and Coxsackie B virus type 3 (CoxB-3) using a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using two tests: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging and ammonium thiocyanate methods. Among tested extracts; the chloroform extract displayed a higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. The butanol extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. The methanol extract showed significant antiviral activity against CoxB-3 virus. The chloroform extract may be an important source of bactericidal compounds against Gram-positive bacteria.     

Antibacterial activity of the marine blue-green alga Trichodesmium erythraeum in the gastro-intestinal contents of the sea gull Laurus brunicephalus

The gastro-intestinal contents of the sea gull Laurus brunicephalus Jerdon were found to possess antibacterial activity. This activity could be traced to heavy accumulations of the marine blue-green alga Trichodesmium erythraeum in the gut. During 1969, a bloom of T. erythraeum began in Porto Novo waters about the middle of February, and attained a peak during the second week of March. It has been reported previously by the author that antibacterial properties are exhibited by T. erythraeum maintained in laboratory cultures, as well as in water samples collected from a red tide area. It was also reported (Ramamurthy, 1970) that the gut contents in 2 pelagic fishes, Hilsa kanagurta and Rastrelliger kanagurta, collected during the same red tide bloom period, possessed antibacterial properties. During this period large numbers of these fishes were consumed by sea gulls L. brunicephalus. In view of this finding, experimental procedures were adopted to determine whether extracts of T. erythraeum occurring in the gut of the sea gulls might exhibit antibacterial activity. It was found that T. erythraeum collected from the gut of L. brunicephalus could inhibit both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Gastro-intestinal extracts from L. brunicephalus collected during the non-bloom period of T. erythraeum showed heavy microbial growth of bacteria and fungi. Evidently, antibacterial or sterile conditions prevail in the gut of these tropical sea gulls in a manner similar to that observed in Polar penguins by Sieburth (1959, 1961).     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.