Ensuring effectiveness of information to influence household behaviour

The behaviour of household members has a significant impact on the resulting energy consumption of a household. Studies show that within the same buildings with the same installations, energy consumption can be reduced by an average of 37% by a more economical behaviour. There exists therefore, a large potential to reduce the demand by influencing behaviour.The question remains how this potential can be addressed. VITO conducted, in collaboration with the Catholic University of Louvain-la-Neuve, the SEREC-project. This project investigated the socio-economic factors influencing residential energy consumption; furthermore, in the larger framework different tools have been developed. Several were tested and evaluated in a number of dwellings in this research. They address both energy consumption for heating as well as electricity consumption. The tools are completely different, but all were designed to help make householders aware of their energy-related behaviour and to provide recommendations on energy saving measures. For each case, potential changes in habits were followed-up. The observed range is quite large, as full scale audits of every dwelling were performed as general comparisons of annual consumption were made.To gain more insight into the effectiveness of the tools, several families participated in in-depth sociological interviews. The overall results show the strengths and weaknesses of the different tools. More generally, the results reveal some of the key properties of recommendations that are necessary to ensure effectiveness for behavioural change.     

中国居民能源价格扭曲的家庭消费效应

以电力能源为研究对象,选取2014—2018年中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）与能源价格扭曲指标的匹配数据,从微观家庭层面经验考察了居民能源价格扭曲对家庭消费的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：（1）普遍存在负向扭曲的居民电力价格提升了居民家庭消费水平,特别是增加了居民家庭的电能、食品、衣着鞋帽、设备及日用品、交通通信、文教娱乐及其他分项消费支出。（2）居民能源价格扭曲通过收入效应与互补效应影响居民家庭消费水平及其结构。（3）居民能源价格扭曲的家庭消费效应在城乡家庭之间、城乡各收入组家庭之间存在异质性。居民能源价格扭曲对农村家庭消费水平的促进作用比城镇家庭更大,同时,居民能源价格扭曲对城乡家庭消费的促进作用都体现在提高各自高收入组家庭消费。这些结论可为推进能源市场化改革并建立公平与效率兼容的能源价格机制提供决策参考。     

Statistical regression modeling for energy consumption in wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment is one of critical issues faced by water utilities, and receives more and more attentions recently. The energy consumption modeling in biochemical wastewater treatment was investigated in the study via a general and robust approach based on Bayesian semi-parametric quantile regression. The dataset was derived from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, where the energy consumption of unit chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was the response variable of interest. Via the proposed approach, the comprehensive regression pictures of the energy consumption and truly influencing factors, i.e., the regression relationships at lower, median and higher energy consumption levels were characterized respectively. Meanwhile, the proposals for energy saving in different cases were also facilitated specifically. First, the lower level of energy consumption was closely associated with the temperature of influent wastewater, and the chroma-rich wastewater also showed helpful in the execution of energy saving. Second, at median energy consumption level, the COD-rich wastewater played a determinative role in the reduction of energy consumption, while the higher quality of treated water led to slightly energy intensive. Third, the higher level of energy consumption was most likely to be attributed to the relatively high temperature of wastewater and total nitrogen (TN)-rich wastewater, and both of the factors were preferably to be avoided to alleviate the burden of energy consumption. The study provided an efficient approach to controlling the energy consumption of wastewater treatment in the perspective of statistical regression modeling, and offered valuable suggestions for the future energy saving.     

基于LMDI模型和Q型聚类的中国城镇生活碳排放因素分解分析

为研究城镇居民生活碳排放特征及影响因素,基于LMDI模型从全国和省级层面研究了我国30个省、自治区、直辖市（不含港澳台及西藏自治区）2006-2015年的城镇生活碳排放,将城镇生活碳排放分解为生活能源消费结构效应、生活能源强度效应、消费倾向效应、人均可支配收入效应和城镇人口规模效应,分析各效应逐年和累积效应贡献度以及区域差异,并基于LMDI模型的计算结果对我国30个省、自治区、直辖市进行Q型聚类分析.结果表明:①从全国层面看,人均可支配收入、城镇人口规模是刺激因素,其中,人均可支配收入的影响效应最为显著,而消费倾向、生活能源消费结构、生活能源强度抑制了生活碳排放的增长.②从省级层面看,人均可支配收入、城镇人口规模的累积效应均为正,而消费倾向、生活能源消费结构、生活能源强度对各省、自治区、直辖市生活碳排放的影响效应有正有负,显示出显著差异.因此,政府应引导城镇人口合理增长,并积极制定相应政策优化居民生活能源消费结构.在制定碳减排战略时,要将省级生活碳排放的表面特征与其潜在驱动力相结合,根据不同区域有针对性地实施碳减排政策,同时应及时作出调整,以应对不同的发展阶段.      

基于Urban-RAM模型的上海居民生活碳排放研究

随着全球对碳排放相关研究的不断深入,居民生活引起的能源消耗和碳排放问题引起了研究人员越来越多的关注,但目前鲜有对上海市居民生活整体碳排放的系统研究.本文以2010年为基准年,引入美国劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室开发的Urban-RAM模型,对上海市居民生活碳排放情况进行定量分析,旨在初步掌握上海市居民生活碳排放的总体规模和结构特征,为上海市低碳城市建设和相关决策提供科学依据.研究结果表明,上海市2010年居民生活碳排放总量(CO2e)为4985.7万t,主要以间接排放为主,间接碳排放和直接碳排放分别占居民生活碳排放总量的64.1%和35.9%;上海市居民生活碳排放在各个消费领域的分布不均,直接碳排放主要来自公共和居住建筑领域,该领域的直接碳排量为1065.0万t,占全市居民生活直接碳排放总量的59.5%;间接碳排放主要来自家庭消费领域,该领域的间接碳排量为1625.2万t,占全市居民生活间接碳排放总量的50.9%,其中以食品消费和衣装消费的贡献最大,分别占家庭消费领域碳排放总量的53.5%和29.5%;综合来看,公共和居住建筑领域的整体碳排量最大,为2231.6万t,占全市居民生活碳排放总量的44.8%.     

谈高效节能的褐煤应用技术

褐煤,一种煤化程度较低的易燃化石,在全球的煤炭储量中占据40％。在目前全球以化石能源为主体的结构下,褐煤的综合利用越来越受到世界能源专家的重视。本文主要讨论褐煤在发电、深加工等方面的节能利用技术。     

人口结构变化影响下的城镇建筑能耗研究

从人口的家庭结构、年龄结构、城乡结构变化的角度对城镇建筑能耗的变化进行了分析.根据测算,2010~2030年,中国20~39岁的人口从4.46亿下降到3.28亿,减少约1.18亿;2030年全国的平均家庭规模从3.10人下降到2.48人,全国家庭数量将突破5.5亿户;按照现有模式发展,2030年城市化率达到64.2%.人口结构变化的影响下,2020年的城镇建筑需求总面积为3.14′1010m2,人均住宅面积为37m2,建筑能耗达到1.72′109tce;2030年的建筑需求总面积为3.84′1010m2,人均住宅面积为42m2,能耗为2.13′109tce. 从需求角度看,未来建筑规模的增长速度将逐步放缓.如果不能及时调整发展战略,未来会出现较大规模的住宅空置和资源浪费.     

The governance of private residential land in cities and spatial effects on tree cover

Trees in cities supply ecosystem services, including cooling, storm water quality management, habitat, visual screening and softening of built form. There is an expanding interdisciplinary field encompassing biodiversity, ecosystem services, and stewardship networks in cities. However most of this work focuses on public greenspace. While much work has been done to demonstrate that trees on private land are an important complement to the public urban forest, and to understand the social drivers of such, less is known about the governance of private greenspace in cities. Private land contributes to a significant component of a city’s tree cover, particularly in cities characterised by low-density residential suburbs. It is important to understand the mechanisms that govern private tree cover, given the pace and scale of urbanisation globally. We combined policy and spatial analysis to examine the influence of larger and denser forms of residential development on suburban tree cover and the scope of contemporary governance measures. We interrogated tree cover patterns in the rapidly densifying and consolidating city of Brisbane, Australia, to show that private residential tree cover is explained by dwelling density, housing age, terrain slope, high school education, and household income. Results show significantly (30%) less tree cover in low-density residential suburbs developed since the early 1990s. We develop five governance principles for reversing the decline of urban trees on private residential property that may be transferable to other rapidly developing cities in around the world.     

A global analysis of residential heating and cooling service demand and cost-effective energy consumption under different climate change scenarios up to 2050

Climate change and energy service demand exert influence on each other through temperature change and greenhouse gas emissions. We have consistently evaluated global residential thermal demand and energy consumption up to the year 2050 under different climate change scenarios. We first constructed energy service demand intensity (energy service demand per household) functions for each of three services (space heating, space cooling, and water heating). The space heating and cooling demand in 2050 in the world as a whole become 2.1–2.3 and 3.8–4.5 times higher than the figures for 2010, whose ranges are originated from different global warming scenarios. Cost-effective residential energy consumption to satisfy service demand until 2050 was analyzed keeping consistency among different socio-economic conditions, ambient temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission pathways using a global energy assessment model. Building shell improvement and fuel fuel-type transition reduce global final energy consumption for residential thermal heating by 30% in 2050 for a 2 °C target scenario. This study demonstrates that climate change affects residential space heating and cooling demand by regions, and their desirable strategies for cost-effective energy consumption depend on the global perspectives on CO₂ emission reduction. Building shell improvement and energy efficiency improvement and fuel fuel-type transition of end-use technologies are considered to be robust measures for residential thermal demand under uncertain future CO₂ emission pathways.     

基于信息熵的城市居民家庭能源消费结构演变分析——以无锡市为例

受能源赋存状况及经济发展水平影响,不同地区之间的能源消费结构往往存在很大差别,对其结构演变很难用一个具体的指标来衡量。论文通过信息熵的引入,试图来解决这个问题,并最终取得了满意的效果和结论。对无锡市1990～2002年间城市居民家庭能源消费结构的熵值演变特征进行动态分析后发现,1994年前后,无锡市城市居民家庭能源消费结构信息熵的变化呈现出截然相反的特征,并且与城镇居民实际可支配收入及人均能源消费总量变化高度相关。在深入分析其演化特征和原因的基础上,对无锡市城市居民能源消费结构的演化方向作出了展望。     

The value of energy efficiency programs for US residential and commercial buildings in a warmer world

US residential and commercial buildings were responsible for about 41 exajoules (EJ) of primary energy use per year in 2002, accounting for approximately 9% of the world fossil-fuel related anthropogenic carbon (C) emissions of 6.7 Gt that contribute to climate change. US Government-sponsored building energy efficiency research and implementation programs are focused on reducing energy consumption in US residential and commercial buildings and reducing these carbon (C) emissions. Although not specifically intended for adaptation to a warmer climate and less effective than under today’s cooler climate, these programs also could help reduce energy demand in a future warmer world. Warming scenarios projected by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 imply net overall decreases in both site energy and primary energy consumption in US residential and commercial buildings, largely because of the reduced need for heating. However, there would be as much as a 25% increase in building space cooling demand and a significant part of the increase could be offset by energy-efficiency improvements in buildings. Overall, in the US, buildings-related energy efficiency programs would reduce site energy consumption in buildings in the US by more than 2 EJ in 2020 and primary energy by more than 3.5 EJ, more than enough to offset the projected growth in cooling energy consumption due to climate change and growth in the US building stock. The savings would have an estimated annual net value at 2005 energy prices of between $45.0 and $47.3 billion to consumers.

天津市居民生活消费CO2排放估算分析

根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)碳排放计算指南(2006年版)中的计算公式和CO2排放系数缺省值,以居住综合消费碳排放、叠加交通消费碳排放计算模型为基础,应用碳排放系数法估算了2006~2008年天津市居民人均生活消费CO2排放量及其在总的能源消耗CO2排放量中所占比例.结果表明,2006~2008年天津市居民生活消费CO2排放量呈逐年上升趋势,2008年的排放量比2006年增加了13.7%.居民生活消费CO2排放在总的能源消耗CO2排放中所占比例整体呈上升趋势,并从产业结构和能源消费结构两个角度分析了导致这一现象的原因.     

陇中黄土丘陵地区农村生活能源消费的环境经济成本分析

陇中黄土丘陵地区经济贫困、环境脆弱、生活能源短缺,生物质过量消费成为生态环境退化的重要驱动因素。论文通过问卷调查获取相关数据,并建立计量模型,基于替代性分析估算了不同用能结构情景下的环境经济成本。结果表明,现状户均生活能源消费2 112.44kgce/a,人均428.59kgce/a,用能水平较低。目前农户消费能源选择的主要依据是能源的现金支出和可获得性。与农户现状用能结构相比较,4种替代结构的能源消费总成本、环境成本、经济成本及现金支出差异较大。利用沼气和太阳能的结构各项成本低,应是今后农村能源建设的方向。     

A structure of models for future projections of environmental pressure due to consumption

A model structure for constructing consumption scenarios and determining the related energy requirement of the inhabitants of the Netherlands has recently been developed at the RIVM. Consumption is considered in the model structure to be influenced by economic growth, demographic changes, sociocultural developments, technological enhancement and policy measures. The structure includes and connects several models, which also operate stand-alone. An important model in the system is the so-called central unit, which has two functions: (1) dealing with the consistency between income developments and microeconomic developments on household expenditure derived from the other models in the system, and (2) the broader function, the construction of consumption scenarios on the basis of income elasticities. These elasticities (relationship between income and expenditure) depend on the circumstances of a household, such as its size, new products, and prevailing standards and values in the society. These circumstances change in the course of time, causing the income elasticities to change as well. The central unit constructs scenarios of consumption based on the influence of these circumstances on the expenditure of households. In the central unit, consumer activities and underlying parameters are integrated into a matrix with domains of consumption, e.g. food, housing and holidays, represented by rows and means of consumption, e.g. products and mobility, by columns. Developments in consumption are related to direct energy use (e.g. petrol, electricity) and indirect energy embedded in goods and services.     

青藏高原东北部土族家庭能源消费特征

家庭能源消费特征因受地理环境及文化等影响而存在显著的人文空间差异,尤其是对于特色或边远少数民族地区,迫切需要加强相关调查实证研究。基于青海省100户土族家庭的实地调研,从收入水平分组视角考察其能源消费特征,分析家庭能源消费活动的环境效应,并构建物质流模型予以可视化分析。结果表明：土族家庭年人均能源消费量为3473 kgce,以煤炭、薪柴和秸秆等为主;随着收入水平提升,能源消费结构逐渐向多元化转变且对能源重要性的认知逐渐从生物质能源转向商品能源。家庭能源消费导致的年人均CO₂、N₂O、NO_X、SO₂和TSP的产生量分别为1856.87 kg、117.10 g、254.46 g、451.87 g和520.74 g。未来应增强清洁能源利用水平,统筹推进青藏高原地区生活能源消费的可持续转型。     

低碳交通电动汽车碳减排潜力及其影响因素分析

交通运输是城市能源消耗和碳排放的重点行业,为通过节能减排实现低碳城市发展目标,传统汽油车向新能源汽车的转型是一项重要的举措,其中电动汽车因其节能减排的优势将在这次转型中发挥重要作用.在全面总结现有电动汽车节能减排研究成果的基础上,分析了影响电动汽车的减排因素,并应用燃料生命周期的理论,结合北京市的电动汽车推广计划,以纯电动汽车为例,采用改进的燃料碳排放模型,并设置6种情景分析了电动汽车的碳排放及其减排潜力,包括发电能源结构、车用燃料类型(单位燃料的CO2排放系数)、汽车类型(百公里能耗)、城市交通状况(时速)、煤电发电技术、电池类型(重量、能效)等因素对电动汽车减排潜力的影响.结果表明,改进后的模型能更科学测算燃料消耗碳排放;纯电动汽车具有明显的制约性碳减排潜力,在分析的6种影响因素中其波动幅度为57%～81.2%,其中,发电能源结构和煤电技术供电路线对电动汽车燃料生命周期碳减排空间起决定性作用,其减排空间分别可达78.1%及81.2%.最后从改善能源结构、提高煤电技术、推广节能技术、加快动力蓄电池研发、推广纯电动汽车等方面提出了推广电动汽车降低交通能耗和碳排放的优化措施,以期为低碳交通新能源汽车转型政策的制定提供科学依据和方法支撑.     

基于LMDI方法的广东省生活能源消费影响因素分析

运用对数平均迪氏分解法(LMDI)构建广东省生活能源消费的因素分解模型,定量分析2000~2014年间能源结构、人口规模、居住面积和设备消费等因素的变化对生活能源消费的影响。研究发现,4种因素的累计效应均为正,而采用逐年效应角度观察,设备消费是生活能源消费增加的最大拉动因素,其次为居住面积。基于研究结果,提出降低居民生活能源消费的相关政策建议。     

上海市民用建筑能耗的估算与分析

建筑能耗是重要的社会能源消耗主体。采用宏观能源统计方法,利用综合能源平衡表估算上海市1999-2009年住宅能耗和公共建筑运行能耗的变化及其特征。结果表明,上海市民用建筑总能耗由1999年的687.82万tce增加到2009年的1 774.91万tce,平均年增长率为4.68%;住宅建筑能耗呈上升趋势,而单位面积能耗逐年下降,单位面积住宅建筑能耗均值比公共建筑低35.30 kgce/(m2.a);公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗变化呈略增态势,2009年单位建筑能耗比1999年高9.64 kgce/(m2.a)。研究结果可为建筑节能减排政策的制定提供决策参考和数据支持。     

居住建筑节能设计中的问题与优化策略研究

今天,全球能源在日益减少,人们生活提高又需要增加居住面积,这势必造成能源的消耗.因此,建筑节能已经成为全球范围内都非常关注的一项问题.为了提高居住建筑节能,结合实际需要,针对居住建筑节能的必要性的设计要求展开阐述,同时从规划节能设计、单体节能设计以及节能构造设计这三个不同的角度来着手分析,以期能够在有限的条件下将居住建筑的环保性、功能性以及艺术性更加完美的结合到一起,促进低成本、高效率的节能型居住建筑建设目标早日实现.     

人口迁移视角下城镇化对典型领域碳排放驱动效应研究——以辽宁省为例

城镇化的快速发展为我国带来了日新月异的变化,但城镇化进程中伴随着能源消费快速增长,使我国面临能源供应、节能减排等方面更加严峻的挑战.现有研究主要是从宏观角度研究城镇化对能源消费及碳排放的影响,较少探究人口从农村向城镇迁移过程中对典型领域产生的驱动效应.基于此,本研究以辽宁省为例,应用弹性系数模型,选取居民消费、住宅建筑、道路交通3个典型领域探讨城镇化对碳排放的驱动效应,并提出针对性的碳减排政策.结果表明,2006—2015年,城镇化对居民生活直接消费碳排放的驱动效应最为显著,弹性系数为9.91;对居民生活间接消费碳排放和道路交通领域的驱动效应次之,弹性系数分别为6.94和5.38;对住宅建筑等驱动效应最弱,弹性系数为2.71.研究表明,城乡生活方式差异导致居民直接生活消费碳排放显著增加,相较而言,城乡产品市场差异较小;辽宁省现阶段城镇住宅建筑存量与城镇新增人口的需求基本匹配,但人口城镇化带来的城市边界外扩、人口密度提高,导致道路交通碳排放增长.