城市绿色空间生态规划的方法与实践——以扬州市为例

城市绿色空间具有重要的生态服务功能,生态服务功能的强弱取决于绿色空间规划的科学性、合理性以及管理水平等。城市绿地建设必需实现从传统物理规划走向生态规划的转变。运用复合生态系统理论和生态规划方法,以扬州市为案例,从风景名胜区、河流与湿地、道路与广场、居住区、立体空间绿化、森林公园、都市农业、城郊生态缓冲带、生态功能保育区等方面进行了绿色空间规划。     

会稽山古香榧群农业多功能价值评估

香榧（Torreya grandis cv.Merrillii）是我国古老的原产树种和世界稀有的经济树种,目前会稽山古香榧群已列为全球重要农业文化遗产和中国重要农业文化遗产候选地.利用农业多功能多维评价模型并结合会稽山古香榧群的特点,从经济功能、生物多样性保护功能、农业景观保留功能、农业文化传承功能和生态环境保护功能5个方面,对会稽山古香榧群进行综合评价.结果表明,会稽山古香榧群的农业文化传承功能指数值最高,为1,生态环境保护功能和农业景观保留功能指数分别为0.85和0.43,经济功能值和生物多样性保护功能指数值比较低,分别为0.25和0.29.说明会稽山古香榧群的主导功能是农业文化传承功能,其次是生态环境保护功能和农业景观保留功能.     

城市绿色空间综合评价指标体系构建及应用

为科学合理地评价城市绿色空间的生态景观效益、社会效益以及经济效益,建立了一套较为科学、全面的评价指标体系,其包括基本数量特征、景观格局、社会管理因素和生态功能等4个Ⅱ级指标以及16个Ⅲ级指标,并依次对北京城市绿色空间现状进行了综合评价。结果表明:北京市绿色空间综合评价指标值为0.67,处于第Ⅱ级下游,表明北京城市绿色空间面积适当、结构较合理,生态功能发挥良好,总体建设较好;但同时也存在景观连接度较差、可达性不好、居民满意度不高等问题,从而影响了其生态功能和社会功能的有效发挥。     

基于RS和GIS的武汉市生态系统服务价值变化研究

以武汉市为例,利用从1996年和2001年TM数据中获取的景观数据,估算了武汉市生态服务价值并分析了景观之间的转化所引起的生态服务价值的变化。结果表明:各景观类型中水域景观的生态服务价值贡献系数最大,达到2.869;研究区域生态服务价值总量变化不大,2001年比1996年只下降了3688.79万元,但各景观生态服务价值变动很大,其中库塘生态服务价值增加了2.38亿元,河流的生态服务价值减少了2.33亿元,其变化率分别达到40.74%和-9.16%;由于河湖被占用所造成的生态服务价值损失达到9891.68万元,城市建设占用其它景观类型所带来的生态服务价值损失达到9908.37万元,这说明建设用地的发展对其他自然景观占用已经影响到了武汉市生态系统服务功能发挥。     

唐山城市湿地生态特征与保育对策

论述了作为唐山城市湿地的唐海湿地和南湖湿地在湿地面积、湿地类型、湿地动植物资源等方面的生态特征,提出了把城市湿地的保育纳入城市的整体规划、对城市湿地进行动态监测、建立湿地生物多样性指标评价体系、生态修复技术的应用等保育对策,为我国城市湿地的研究与保护提供借鉴。     

基于3S技术的区域生态廊道模拟及优化

以北京市朝阳区为例,运用3S技术并参考现有资料,对北京市朝阳区现有生态廊道状况进行了分析研究,并运用生态服务功能价值理论和耗费距离模型,模拟建立了北京市朝阳区潜在生态廊道模型。研究结果表明,研究区内生态环境受到了一定的破坏,景观破碎化严重,斑块聚集度虽高,但连接度不够,廊道连通性较差,许多重要的生态斑块没有足够的廊道连接,没有形成良好的生态网络,廊道的规模也达不到标准,服务范围较小。为修复现有廊道来维护区域生态安全,强化生态服务功能,建议北京市朝阳区生态廊道适宜宽度阈值：河流生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少30m以上,道路生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少60m以上,绿带生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少500m以上。     

大连市森林生态系统服务功能评估

为客观度量森林生态系统服务功能,依据2003年大连市土地利用图形数据,参照国家林业局发布的《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008)标准中的评估方法,基于G IS技术对大连市森林生态系统服务功能及其空间差异性进行定量评价。结果表明:(1)大连市森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值总计为197.91亿元/a,其中涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、净化大气4种生态服务功能的经济价值比例分别为35.3%、16.7%、43.0%、5.0%;(2)大连市的生态屏障庄河市、普兰店市和瓦房店市具有显著的森林生态系统服务功能,其价值比例分别为32.6%、21.8%和25.8%,而长海县、金州区、旅顺口区、甘井子区、沙河口区、中山区、西岗区森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值比例分别为0.9%、7.8%、5.7%、3.9%、0.2%、0.5%和0.7%。     

黔中城市群景观生态安全格局构建

城市群景观生态安全格局是城市群健康可持续发展的安全保障。为识别黔中城市群景观生态安全格局,采用ENVI 5. 3和Arc GIS 10. 2软件解译黔中城市群2017年土地利用类型,以生态系统服务重要性与生态环境敏感性为依据识别黔中城市群生态源地,基于石漠化程度与土地利用类型构建黔中城市群阻力面,确定缓冲区,通过成本距离分析和路径分析生成廊道,识别生态节点,最终构建黔中城市群景观生态安全格局。结果表明,黔中城市群低水平安全格局面积为30 354. 95 km2,占黔中城市群总面积的56. 42%;中水平安全格局面积为35 132. 14km2,占黔中城市群总面积的65. 30%;高水平安全格局面积为39 780. 76 km2,占黔中城市群总面积的73. 94%。景观生态安全格局区域主要分布在黔中城市群西部及南部地区。黔中城市群需要加强保护的区域面积占比很大,在城市建设规划中应加以重视,以免破坏黔中城市群生态环境。     

北京市公园绿地树冠覆盖及其植物多样性空间变化

公园是城市森林的主体,其生态服务能力对整个城市森林的生态效益有重要影响。城市林木树冠覆盖是城市森林生态服务程度的指示器,物种多样性是城市森林管理的关键组成部分,对二者从城市发展、空间分布、公园类型等方面进行综合研究,不仅可以为城市森林之间的比较提供资料,也可以为未来城市森林规划指明方向。以北京市0.5 m的World View 2遥感影像为基础,计算其树冠覆盖率及其他土地类型比例,并分层抽样调查了77个公园物种构成。结果表明,(1)北京市六环内公园现实林木树冠覆盖率为81.46%,远远高于城市总体水平,郊野公园与森林公园树冠覆盖率高于其他类型。公园林木树冠覆盖在数量上以中、高覆盖度为主,在面积上则是极高覆盖度占比最大。由于经营管理措施不同,树冠覆盖率、水体率随着公园级别的降低而降低。(2)共记录北京市公园木本植物35科、64属、78种,以本地种为主,丰富度不高,多样性水平较低,群落以少数物种为主导,各环路、行政区植物景观有较高的相似性。(3)北京市六环内公园沿城市发展方向由城内向城外表现出规律性的梯度变化:树冠覆盖逐步增加;不透水地表比例降低;物种数、多样性、均匀度逐渐降低,以3环为分界线,其内常绿针叶树应用频度较高,其外落叶阔叶树应用频度较高。     

共建共治共享视角下京津冀城市生态补偿研究

共建共治共享是提升区域治理水平的重要抓手,生态环保是京津冀协同发展的重点领域之一,跨地区生态补偿是促进生态共建共治共享的有效措施。京津冀有效推进了生态共建共治共享,在水源涵养、风沙源防治等层面实施了横向生态补偿,但横向生态补偿范围偏窄,补偿依据、补偿标准不够明确和统一,尚未全面形成生态受益者付费、保护者得到合理补偿的政策环境。文章在共建共治共享视角下,立足于中国生态补偿要求与计划,以"为什么补"、"谁补谁"、"补多少"核心议题为主线,以生态系统服务的区域外溢、生态保护的直接成本和机会成本为主要依据,构建生态保护城市与受益城市界定模型、城市生态补偿综合模型,以地市为基本单元进行测算,提出京津冀城市生态补偿政策建议。结果显示:(1)2017年京津冀的生态保护城市有承德、张家口、秦皇岛、保定、横水、廊坊市,生态受益城市主要有北京、天津、石家庄、邯郸、唐山和沧州,邢台为生态中位城市;(2)生态受益城市每年支付补偿金额1—100亿元不等,北京市支付补偿最多,北京市、天津市、石家庄市补偿金额占当地财政预算收入的比例在1%—3%之间,符合国际惯例;(3)生态保护城市受偿金额0.7—51亿元不等,张家口受偿最多,占当地财政预算收入的比例在0.6%—52.1%不等,张家口和承德两市所占比例最大,对区域社会经济发展有较好的支持作用。建议在京津冀协同发展机制中,积极构建城市生态补偿长效机制,统一补偿依据与标准,设立城市生态保护补偿专项资金,采取市场化、多元化补偿方式,促进城市之间生态共建共治共享。     

广州市萝岗区生态系统服务功能价值空间评估

基于遥感与GIS,选取生产有机物质、涵养水源、净化环境污染、气体调节、营养物质循环、保土育肥6项生态系统服务功能主要指标,计算得到的各项量化的生态服务功能效益,通过影子工程法、市场价值法和机会成本法等转换成生态系统服务价值,在小空间格网上对广州市萝岗区生态系统服务功能价值进行了定量评估和空间分析。结果表明：萝岗区2007年生态系统服务价值达到16.13亿元,平均为37 175.81元/hm2。从空间分布看：萝岗区北部农林地区生态服务价值最高,中部、东部山区的服务价值较高,南部工业地区服务价值较低。不同的生态景观具有不同的生态服务功能,保持生态景观的多样性和均衡性能促进生态系统服务价值的增加。萝岗区生态城建设要保护该区原生的自然生态景观特征和景观格局,促进区域生态服务功能的全面提升和生态服务价值总体增加。     

资源型城市土地利用变化及其对生态系统服务价值的影响

东营市是新兴的石油资源城市,土地利用/覆被变化剧烈且具有独特的区域特征。探讨该地区的土地利用变化及其对生态系统服务价值的影响有着重要的现实意义。为此,基于RS和GIS技术,利用Costanza提出的生态系统服务价值评估方法,研究了东营市1986—2008年间的土地利用变化及其引起的生态系统服务价值动态变化。研究结果表明：（1）耕地是东营市主要的土地利用类型,面积有所减少;未利用地和次生盐碱地所占比重较大,居民点及工矿用地大幅增加,油田生产建设和生态环境保护矛盾非常突出。（2）生态系统服务价值减少了6.68%。2008年东营市提供的生态服务仍然以维护原材料、气体调节、食物生产、气候等为主,而废物处理、水源涵养、生物多样性保护、土壤形成与保护和娱乐文化功能是比较弱的。今后应维护生物多样性保护和水源涵养功能,防止土壤盐渍化,提升区域生态系统服务功能;（3）生态系统服务价值对生态价值系数的敏感性指数均小于1,说明研究区内的生态系统服务价值缺乏弹性,研究结果是可信的。     

Use of Inverse Spatial Conservation Prioritization to Avoid Biological Diversity Loss Outside Protected Areas

Globally expanding human land use sets constantly increasing pressure for maintenance of biological diversity and functioning ecosystems. To fight the decline of biological diversity, conservation science has broken ground with methods such as the operational model of systematic conservation planning (SCP), which focuses on design and on‐the‐ground implementation of conservation areas. The most commonly used method in SCP is reserve selection that focuses on the spatial design of reserve networks and their expansion. We expanded these methods by introducing another form of spatial allocation of conservation effort relevant for land‐use zoning at the landscape scale that avoids negative ecological effects of human land use outside protected areas. We call our method inverse spatial conservation prioritization. It can be used to identify areas suitable for economic development while simultaneously limiting total ecological and environmental effects of that development at the landscape level by identifying areas with highest economic but lowest ecological value. Our method is not based on a priori targets, and as such it is applicable to cases where the effects of land use on, for example, individual species or ecosystem types are relatively small and would not lead to violation of regional or national conservation targets. We applied our method to land‐use allocation to peat mining. Our method identified a combination of profitable production areas that provides the needed area for peat production while retaining most of the landscape‐level ecological value of the ecosystem. The results of this inverse spatial conservation prioritization are being used in land‐use zoning in the province of Central Finland.     

论郊区农业生态环境建设的几个问题

在对郊区环境组成、结构、生态环境特征等区域研究的基础上 ,以边缘效应的理论为出发点 ,深入分析了城乡交错带的几个生态环境建设问题。认为郊区生态建设应以 (1)城市废弃物的再生地 ,(2 )生态旅游与农业文化的消费地 ,(3)现代持续农业的先导区等为目标。最后分析了城乡交错面 (边缘界面 )对城乡复合生态系统中环境应力的聚合放大效应 ,指出效区农业生态环境的调控是防止城乡矛盾激化的根本措施     

A GIS-based moving window analysis of landscape pattern in the Beijing metropolitan area,China

Quantifying landscape pattern and its change is essential for monitoring and assessment of ecological consequences of urbanization. Using the GIS-based land-use data for 2002, we combined moving window analysis along an urban-rural gradient and around the urban centre with landscape metrics to quantify the spatial pattern of urbanization in Beijing. The results of moving window analysis along the urban-rural gradient indicated that, for class-level metrics, the spatial pattern of urbanization could be quantified using landscape metrics, different land-use types exhibited distinctive spatial signatures, and, for landscape-level metrics, the increase in urbanization in the metropolitan Beijing region has resulted in dramatic increases in patch density (PD), edge density (ED), and patch and landscape shape complexity, and sharp decreases in the largest and mean patch size (MPS), agriculture land-use type, and landscape connectivity. The results of moving window analysis around the urban centre showed that the direction of urbanization could be quantified using the class-level metrics, and landscape-level metrics indicated similar results to gradient analysis. In general, moving window analysis showed that the increasingly urbanized landscape became compositionally more diverse, geometrically more complex, and ecologically more fragmented.     

池州森林生态系统服务价值评估

基于LY/T1721-2008《森林生态系统生态服务价值评估规范》,采用实证研究、意愿调查、文献研究等方法,估算了池州市森林生态系统生态服务价值,结果表明:2009年,池州市森林生态系统生态服务价值为423.25亿元,林果等实物产品价值为168.97亿元,生态服务价值是实物生产价值的2.50倍.各项生态服务功能价值大小...     

Prioritizing Conservation Effort through the Use of Biological Soil Crusts as Ecosystem Function Indicators in an Arid Region

Abstract: Conservation prioritization usually focuses on conservation of rare species or biodiversity, rather than ecological processes. This is partially due to a lack of informative indicators of ecosystem function. Biological soil crusts (BSCs) trap and retain soil and water resources in arid ecosystems and function as major carbon and nitrogen fixers; thus, they may be informative indicators of ecosystem function. We created spatial models of multiple indicators of the diversity and function of BSCs (species richness, evenness, functional diversity, functional redundancy, number of rare species, number of habitat specialists, nitrogen and carbon fixation indices, soil stabilization, and surface roughening) for the 800,000‐ha Grand Staircase‐Escalante National Monument (Utah, U.S.A.). We then combined the indicators into a single BSC function map and a single BSC biodiversity map (2 alternative types of conservation value) with an unweighted averaging procedure and a weighted procedure derived from validations performance. We also modeled potential degradation with data from a rangeland assessment survey. To determine which areas on the landscape were the highest conservation priorities, we overlaid the function‐ and diversity‐based conservation‐value layers on the potential degradation layer. Different methods for ascribing conservation‐value and conservation‐priority layers all yielded strikingly similar results (r= 0.89–0.99), which suggests that in this case biodiversity and function can be conserved simultaneously. We believe BSCs can be used as indicators of ecosystem function in concert with other indicators (such as plant‐community properties) and that such information can be used to prioritize conservation effort in drylands.     

Generating spatially optimized habitat in a trade‐off between social optimality and budget efficiency

Auctions have been proposed as alternatives to payments for environmental services when spatial interactions and costs are better known to landowners than to the conservation agency (asymmetric information). Recently, an auction scheme was proposed that delivers optimal conservation in the sense that social welfare is maximized. I examined the social welfare and the budget efficiency delivered by this scheme, where social welfare represents the difference between the monetized ecological benefit and the conservation cost incurred to the landowners and budget efficiency is defined as maximizing the ecological benefit for a given conservation budget. For the analysis, I considered a stylized landscape with land patches that can be used for agriculture or conservation. The ecological benefit was measured by an objective function that increases with increasing number and spatial aggregation of conserved land patches. I compared the social welfare and the budget efficiency of the auction scheme with an agglomeration payment, a policy scheme that considers spatial interactions and that was proposed recently. The auction delivered a higher level of social welfare than the agglomeration payment. However, the agglomeration payment was more efficient budgetarily than the auction, so the comparative performances of the 2 schemes depended on the chosen policy criterion–social welfare or budget efficiency. Both policy criteria are relevant for conservation. Which one should be chosen depends on the problem at hand, for example, whether social preferences should be taken into account in the decision of how much money to invest in conservation or whether the available conservation budget is strictly limited.