生命周期评价的应用,内涵与挑战

从环境问题与可持续发展出发，指出生命周期评价是在产品层次上实现可持续发展的一种理论评价工具，并探讨了生命周期评价的内涵，论述产品生命周是进行生命周期评价的客观依据，详细探讨应用生命周期评价存在的问题，指出进一步研究生命周期评价的方向。     

生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用

环境标志说明产品在其整个生命周期中的环境表现满足一定的要求。生命周期评价技术被许多国家作为认证环境标志产品的工具。文章介绍了生命周期评价的定义和框架，以及简式生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用。在分析简式生命周期矩阵不足的基础上，提出了用于评价环境标志产品的改进生命周期矩阵。最后，探讨了生命周期矩阵在其它领域的应用。     

生态标志和产品的生命周期评价

获得生态标志，是对产品环境性能的肯定，表明其整个生命周期的环境性能达到了特定的要求，消费者也可直接根据生态标志图案购得自己喜好的环境友好产品，生命周期评价是一中评价产品，工艺或活动从原料采掘到生产、运输、分销、使用，回用，维护，循环和最终处置的整个生命周期阶段相关环境负荷的过程，大多数生态标志标准的确定都采用了生命周期的评价的方法，文章对生态标志的概念、发展状况、标准的确定性和生命周期评价等作了简     

浅谈生命周期分析与评价

解释了生命周期分析与评价的内涵，简要分析生命周期分析与评价的步骤。比较详细地讨论了生命周期分析与评价今后主要研究课题和发展方向。     

生命周期评价数据库分析与建模

基于关系数据库和面向对象程序设计理论建立了生命周期评价数据库系统。通过综合分析生命周期评价数据，根据生命周期评价数据的数据类型，将数据分为产品评价数据、产品档案数据、基础材料数据和影响评价基础数据，相应的设计了4个数据库。运用关系数据库理论分别对4个数据库建立了物理结构模型。     

浅谈生命周期分析与评价

解释了生命周期分析与评价的涵涵，简要分析生命周期的分析与评价的步骤，比较详细地讨论了生周期分析与评价今后主要研究课题和发展方向。     

生命周期评价概述

文章阐述了生命周期评价的基本概念以及评价的基本框架过程。生命周期评价包含３个部分：清单分析，影响评价和改进措施分析，文章对这３个方面从内容到结果分别详细作了论述。     

生命周期评价方法及其进展

生命周期评价方法在国外的 发展已近３０年，正成为企业和政府环境管理的工具。国外许多生态标志标准的确定，采用的都是生命周期评价方法，它还是国际标准化组织ＩＳＯ１４００系列标准的重要内容，我国对生命周期评价方法的认识和研究才刚刚开始，该文对生命周平价方法的技术框架，应用和存在的不足等作了简要论述。     

产品生命周期评价体系探讨

生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是一个相对罗新的概念，理论上生命周期评价具有将环境质量融入决策过程的特点，生命周期评价是对产品和过程相关的环境干扰进行定量分析和评估的方法，本文介绍了ＬＣＡ的要领和内容，探讨了ＬＣＡ的技术框架和实施方案，并着重介绍ＬＣＡ的核心－－影响分析的主人指标，提出了ＬＣＡ有待发展完善的方面。     

生命周期评价在工程分析中的运用

工程分析是建设项目环境影响评价的关键所在。就目前工程分析存在的问题进行讨论，介绍生命周期评价的基本过程，提出将生命周期评价引入工程分析，以提高工程分析的科学性，为项目决策提供科学依据。‘’     

LCA——一种新型的环境影响评价方法

生命周期评价突出产品从原材料采集到残余物返回环境全过程中对环境影响，是一种系统的，全过程的环境影响评价。对产品的生命周期进行完地清单分析、效应分析、改进分析可以回答许多技术和政策定位问题，对解决诸多环境问题有重要的价值。     

Review of corporate environmental indicators

This paper reviews a series of environmental indicators developed in the last years that were found suitable to be applied at corporate level for the evaluation of production processes and products. The indicators reviewed in this paper were classified into four main groups: 1) Indicators of Energy and Material Flows; 2) Indicators with a Territorial Dimension; 3) Indicators of Life-Cycle Assessment; 4) Indicators of Environmental Risk Assessment. Integrative and single index indicators such as the ecological footprint or carbon footprint were found as the most appealing for enterprises, although there is a need to advance in the field to combine the simplicity required at corporate level for tracking and reporting environmental data, and the scientific rigor and transparency necessary to make the scores reliable. Hence, for each of the indicators revised it was stated what they do and do not measure so that misleading information was not used for decision making at corporate level.     

Improving the environmental performance of the fishing fleet by use of Quality Function Deployment (QFD)

This article introduces Quality Function Deployment (QFD) as a method for improving the environmental performance of the Norwegian fishing fleet. Systems engineering has been introduced as a feasible process for handling sustainability issues in the fisheries, because it contains methods for general system design, operation, and support in a life-cycle perspective. QFD is related to systems engineering as a method for translating stakeholder needs into detailed system requirements at each life-cycle stage. Eco-QFD extends the scope of QFD, and combines QFD, Life-Cycle Cost (LCC), and Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) to evaluate environmental effects and costs in the system development process. The article assesses the usefulness of Eco-QFD in fisheries management decision-making regarding sustainability in the fishing fleet, and for shipyards in their design of fishing vessels. It is concluded that Eco-QFD may be difficult to use for fisheries management in its present form, due to the complexity of sustainability, and the time and efforts demanded to carry out the analyses. Nevertheless, the structuring of the stakeholder needs and requirements may contribute to improved understanding of the decision-situation.     

Life-cycle inventory for hydroelectric generation: a Brazilian case study

Representative Life-Cycle Inventories (LCIs) are essential for Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs) quality and readiness. Because energy is such an important element of LCAs, appropriate LCIs on energy are crucial, and due to the prevalence of hydropower on Brazilian electricity mix, the frequently used LCIs are not representative of the Brazilian conditions. The present study developed a LCI of the Itaipu Hydropower Plant, the major hydropower plant in the world, responsible for producing 23.8% of Brazil's electricity consumption. Focused on the capital investments to construct and operate the dam, the LCI was designed to serve as a database for the LCAs of Brazilian hydroelectricity production. The life-cycle boundaries encompass the construction and operation of the dam, as well as the life-cycles of the most important material and energy consumptions (cement, steel, copper, diesel oil, lubricant oil), as well as construction site operation, emissions from reservoir flooding, material and workers transportation, and earthworks. As a result, besides the presented inventory, it was possible to determine the following processes, and respective environmental burdens as the most important life-cycle hotspots: reservoir filling (CO₂ and CH₄ emission; land use); steel life-cycle (water and energy consumption; CO, particulates, SO_x and NO_x emissions); cement life-cycle (water and energy consumption; CO₂ and particulate emissions); and operation of civil construction machines (diesel consumption; NO_x emissions). Compared with another hydropower studies, the LCI showed magnitude adequacy, with better results than small hydropower, which reveals a scale economy for material and energy exchanges in the case of Itaipu Power Plant.     

生命周期评估——开展环境管理的重要工具

作为一项环境管理工具，生命周期评估逐渐被广泛了解和接受．本文从生命周期评估的定义入手，阐述了生命周期评估的框架及应用原则和思路     

环境影响分析

本世纪六十年代中期以业，西方国家已经对环境分析（或评价）产生极大兴趣。对开发建设项目与自然环境的影响引起广泛关注。本文综述了美国，世界银行组织有关环境评价工作程序；环境评价的任务内容和实例，收集资料的方法；以及地理学家的重要作用。     

对几种公路交通噪声预测模式的差异分析

文章从评价范围、源强界定和参数修正三方面对《环境影响评价技术导则声环境》(HJ/T 2.4-1995)、《环境影响评价技术导则声环境》(HJ 2.4-2009)、《公路建设项目环境影响评价规范(试行)》(JTJ 005-96)、《公路建设项目环境影响评价规范》(JTGB 03-2006)、《环境影响评价技术导则公路建设项目》(HJ 552-2010)等五种公路交通噪声预测模式的差异进行对比分析,探究哪种预测模式更加合理。     

区域环境影响评价决策支持系统的研制与应用

从区域环境影响评价决策支持系统的目标、特点和系统分析着手,提出了区域环境评价决策支持系统的组织结构 ,从而使GIS分析、评价、影响预测和决策支持融为一体,能更好地解决区域环境影响评价中常遇到的半结构化与非结构化问题.     

简述环境影响评价中的公众参与

环境影响评价制度是一项重要的环境法律制度,公众参与是环境影响评价程序的关键。其目的是使项目能被公众认可,提高项目的环境和经济效益。我国的《环境影响评价法》对公众参与的主体、对象、范围、方式所做的规定还不能令人满意。借鉴西方国家和港台地区立法的先进经验,我们应当通过使法律具有可操作性、协调好国家干预和公众参与、赋予公众提起环境诉讼的权利、加强公众宣传、保证信息透明等方式对其加以完善。     

生命周期评价应用中应注意的问题

生命周期评价起始于20世纪60年代末,主要用于企业产品开发,环境政策制定和环境产品消费。经过几十年的研究,生命周期评价发展迅速,但是仍不成熟。从前期准备到结果解释,针对应用过程中需要注意的问题,进行初步探讨,并提出建议,以促进生命周期评价的发展。