灰色系统动态模型群GM(1,1)在秦淮河水质预测中的应用

为了较为准确预测水质,基于灰色系统理论建立灰色系统动态模型群,采用对数变换的方式对原始数据进行光滑处理,借以减弱数据波动带来的不利影响,是对常规灰色系统动态模型的改进。结合秦淮河上游源头句容河2011～2016年高锰酸盐指数,运用灰色系统动态模型群对2017年高锰酸盐指数进行预测。预测结果表明误差在1.24%以内,表明灰色系统动态模型群GM(1,1)用于水质预测较为准确。该模型可应用于南京市水质预测,对水环境管理具有指导意义。     

新疆主要湖泊,水库的水质综合特征评价模式及灰色预测分析

为了解新疆湖、库的水质现状，采用水质综合评价模式对新疆主要湖、库水质现状给出了适应《地面水环境质量标准》ＧＢ３８３８－８８为标准的水质综合特征模式。该模式给出的信息量大，表达直观，不仅能给出各水质参数的水域类别，划分水域类别的依据参数，还能给出超Ｖ类水域的水质参数的超标倍数。在现状评价基础上，利用灰色系统理论对污染湖、库的主要污染参数进行了预测分析。     

灰色-神经网络算法预测地网腐蚀与优化

随着社会对电力系统的依赖与日增长,对地网腐蚀安全的研究越来越引发关注。地网腐蚀测量的原始数据大部分是离散分布的,难以用传统方法准确对地网未来的腐蚀走向进行预测,因此提出使用灰色神经网络法来分析变电站接地网检测试验的原始数据。通过分析影响接地网腐蚀的主要因素,对相关测量的原始数据进行预处理,建立灰色神经网络模型,最后以某110 k V变电站的相关数据为例,通过灰色神经网络建模进行初步预测,然后利用遗传算法对原始网络进行初始权值与阈值优化,最后将MATLAB计算数据平均误差进行对比的步骤,实现对25℃实验环境下原始数据的分析处理。实验结果表明,在灰色神经网络算法下平均误差为13.42%,优化后,遗传优化算法其平均误差值为6.31%,验证了优化灰色神经网络法能够试验对地网随时间腐蚀的可靠预测。     

长良川水质中溶解氧和化学耗氧量预测模型的建立

文章介绍了GMDH(group method of data handling)方法的基本运算法则，运用改进后的GMDH方法，建立长良川溶解氧和化学耗氧量两个水质项目的长期预到模型，模型相关度可达0．96，基本满足要求，并根据模型对水质变化机理进行分析。     

基于灰色B P神经网络碳排放交易价格预测

在对中国碳排放交易市场碳交易价格形成机制讨论的基础上,提出了预测指标体系。利用2017年1月1日—2018年9月30日广州碳交易市场碳交易价格数据和指标体系中各预测变量的数据,应用Lasso回归方法对变量进行筛选,建立灰色BP神经网络对碳交易价格进行预测。预测模型对于10期以内短期预测平均相对绝对误差(MAPE)小于4%,预测精度较高。     

使用厌氧混合消化反应器处理石化废水

本文介绍一种采用厌氧混合消化反应器对酸性石化废水进行厌氧处理的方法。该法在HRT(水力停留时间,以下类同)为17小时、有机负荷率为20.04(公斤.化学耗氧量/立方米.天的条件下,可获得挥发性有机酸去除率为91％,化学耗氧量去除率为84％。反应器最终出水含氨氮为44毫克/升、含磷酸盐12.3毫克/升。     

基于GM（1,1）模型的秦皇岛市大气污染物SO2预测

根据2004—2009年大气中SO2污染物的监测数据,通过灰色GM(1,1)模型预测了未来6年秦皇岛市大气中SO2的变化趋势。结果显示,灰色系统GM(1,1)模型合理,精度较高,相对误差为-1.875%～1.228%,与环保部门公布的数据吻合程度较好。     

炼油污水处理过程中关键控制因素分析

文章从灰色关联方法选择及分析原理入手，用某炼油厂2002全年的污水处理监测数据进行了灰色关联分析，通过运算分析得出了大量污水处理的关联数据。找出了影响出水水质指标的关键因素，对指导炼油污水进行分级控制做了有益的尝试。     

基于灰色GM(1,1)模型的鞍山市环境空气质量预测

于2016年1月至2021年12月对鞍山市环境空气质量进行为期6年的在线连续监测，获得了典型的鞍山空气质量变化特征。采用灰色预测方法，利用2016—2021年鞍山环境空气质量数据，建构空气质量预测GM(1,1)模型，经相关检验修正符合要求后，建模结果显示模型精度高，可以满足对于鞍山市“十四五”空气质量预测要求。预测结果显示，在目前大气环境污染攻坚的管理要求下，未来五年鞍山市空气质量整体趋好，其中达标天数比例上升，综合指数下降，重点污染物PM_2.5年评价浓度下降，O₃浓度上升，可能在2026年与《环境空气质量标准》中环境空气污染物基本项目浓度限值二级标准持平，需要采取更有针对性的举措应对O3污染。     

人口规模预测的GM(1，1)模型应用初探

本文以山东省人口统计数据为依据,运用灰色系统理论探讨和分析了灰色建模基础数据的前滤波作用对模型精度的影响。结果表明,前滤波可极大提高模型预测值的精度     

预测区域环境噪声的GIM（1）灰色模型

运用灰色系统理论的原理与方法，建立了区域环境噪声的ＧＩＭ（１）预测模型。结果表明，ＧＩＭ（１）模型在本文例示的空间序列分析中，精度高于ＧＩＭ（１，１）模型的具有实际应用价值。     

GROUND WATER DROUGHT MANAGEMENT BY A FEEDFORWARD CONTROL METHOD1

ABSTRACT: Management of a regional ground water system to mitigate drought problems at the multi‐layered aquifer system in Collier County, Florida, is the main topic. This paper developed a feedforward control system that consists of system and control equations. The system equation, which forecasts ground water levels using the current measurements, was built based on the Kalman filter algorithm associated with a stochastic time series model. The role of the control equation is to estimate the pumping reduction rate during an anticipated drought. The control equation was built based on the empirical relationship between the change in ground water levels and the corresponding pumping requirement. The control system starts with forecasting one‐month‐ahead ground water head at each control point. The forecasted head is in turn used to calculate the deviation of ground water heads from the monthly target specified by a 2‐in‐10‐year frequency. When the forecasted water level is lower than the target, the control system computes spatially‐varied pumping reduction rates as a recommendation for ground water users. The proposed control system was tested using hypothetical droughts. The simulation result revealed that the estimated pumping reduction rates are highly variable in space, strongly supporting the idea of spatial forecasting and controlling of ground water levels as opposed to a lumped water use restriction method used previously in the model area.     

基于深度学习的大数据空气污染预报

为了更好地反映环境污染变化趋势,为环境管理决策提供及时、全面的环境质量信息,预防严重污染事件发生,开展城市空气质量预报研究是十分必要的.本文针对环境大数据时代下的城市空气质量预报,提出了一种基于深度学习的新方法.该方法通过模拟人类大脑的神经连接结构,将数据在原空间的特征表示转换到具有语义特征的新特征空间,自动地学习得到层次化的特征表示,从而提高预报性能.得益于这种方式,新方法与传统方法相比,不仅可以利用空气质量监测、气象监测及预报等环境大数据,充分考虑污染物的时空变化、空间分布,得到语义性的污染物变化规律,还可以基于其他空气污染预测方法的结果(如数值预报模式),自动分析其适用范围、优势劣势.因此,新方法通过模拟人脑思考过程实现更充分的大数据集成,一定程度上克服了现有方法的缺陷,应用上更加具有灵活性和可操作性.最后,通过实验证明新方法可以提高空气污染预报性能.     

基于灰色神经网络的能源消费组合预测模型

组合预测对于信息不完备的复杂经济系统具有一定的实用性。鉴于能源消费系统的复杂性和非线性特征，利用我国能源消费的历史数据，采用灰色预测的GM（1，1）、无偏GM（1，1）和pGM（1，1）3种模型与人工神经网络进行优化组合，建立了灰色神经网络的能源消费组合预测模型，实证分析结果获得了更为精确的预测效果，可以作为能源消费预测的有效工具。同时，能源消费的预测结果也表明今后必须以节能为主导思想，努力建设资源节约型社会和环境友好型社会。     

Uncertainty Reduction of the Flood Stage Forecasting Using Neural Networks Model1

Abstract: The Elman Discrete Recurrent Neural Networks Model (EDRNNM), which is one of the special types of neural networks model, is developed and applied for the flood stage forecasting at the Musung station (No. 1) of the Wi‐stream catchment, which is one of the International Hydrological Program representative basins, Korea. A total of 135 different training patterns, which involve hidden nodes, standardization process, data length, and lead‐time, are selected for the minimization of the architectural uncertainty. The model parameters, such as optimal connection weights and biases, are estimated during the training performance of the EDRNNM, and we apply them to evaluate the validation performance of the EDRNNM. Sensitivity analysis is used to reduce the uncertainty of input data information of the EDRNNM. As the results of sensitivity analysis, the Improved EDRNNM consists of four input nodes resulting from the exclusion of Dongkok station (No.5) in initial five input nodes group of the EDRNNM. The accuracy of flood stage forecasting during the training and validation performances of the Improved EDRNNM remains the same as that of the EDRNNM. The Improved EDRNNM, therefore, gives highly reliable flood stage forecasting. The best optimal EDRNNM, so called the Improved EDRNNM, is determined by elimination of the uncertainties of architectural and input data information in this study. Consequently, we can avoid unnecessary data collection and operate the flood stage forecasting system economically.     

Near-term forecasts of stream temperature using deep learning and data assimilation in support of management decisions

Deep learning (DL) models are increasingly used to make accurate hindcasts of management-relevant variables, but they are less commonly used in forecasting applications. Data assimilation (DA) can be used for forecasts to leverage real-time observations, where the difference between model predictions and observations today is used to adjust the model to make better predictions tomorrow. In this use case, we developed a process-guided DL and DA approach to make 7-day probabilistic forecasts of daily maximum water temperature in the Delaware River Basin in support of water management decisions. Our modeling system produced forecasts of daily maximum water temperature with an average root mean squared error (RMSE) from 1.1 to 1.4°C for 1-day-ahead and 1.4 to 1.9°C for 7-day-ahead forecasts across all sites. The DA algorithm marginally improved forecast performance when compared with forecasts produced using the process-guided DL model alone (0%–14% lower RMSE with the DA algorithm). Across all sites and lead times, 65%–82% of observations were within 90% forecast confidence intervals, which allowed managers to anticipate probability of exceedances of ecologically relevant thresholds and aid in decisions about releasing reservoir water downstream. The flexibility of DL models shows promise for forecasting other important environmental variables and aid in decision-making.     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR TIME SERIES MODELS FOR WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Surface water quality data are routinely collected in river basins by state or federal agencies. The observed quality of river water generally reflects the overall quality of the ecosystem of the river basin. Advanced statistical methods are often needed to extract valuable information from the vast amount of data for developing management strategies. Among the measured water quality constituents, total phosphorus is most often the limiting nutrient in freshwater aquatic systems. Relatively low concentrations of phosphorus in surface waters may create eutrophication problems. Phosphorus is a non-conservative constituent. Its time series generally exhibits nonlinear behavior. Linear models are shown to be inadequate. This paper presents a nonlinear state-dependent model for the phosphorous data collected at DeSoto, Kansas. The nonlinear model gives significant reductions in error variance and forecasting error as compared to the best linear autoregressive model identified.     

AN EVALUATION OF WEEKLY AND MONTHLY TIME SERIES FORECASTS OF MUNICIPAL WATER USE1

ABSTRACT: A cascade model for forecasting municipal water use one week or one month ahead, conditioned on rainfall estimates, is presented and evaluated. The model comprises four components: long term trend, seasonal cycle, autocorrelation and correlation with rainfall. The increased forecast accuracy obtained by the addition of each component is evaluated. The City of Deerfield Beach, Florida, is used as the application example with the calibration period from 1976–1980 and the forecast period the drought year of 1981. Forecast accuracy is measured by the average absolute relative error (AARE, the average absolute value of the difference between actual and forecasted use, divided by the actual use). A benchmark forecast is calculated by assuming that water use for a given week or month in 1981 is the same as the average for the corresponding period from 1976 to 1980. This method produces an AARE of 14.6 percent for one step ahead forecasts of monthly data and 15.8 percent for weekly data. A cascade model using trend, seasonality and autocorrelation produces forecasts with AARE of about 12 percent for both monthly and weekly data while adding a linear relationship of water use and rainfall reduces the AARE to 8 percent in both cases if it is assumed that rainfall is known during the forecast period. Simple rainfall predictions do not increase the forecast accuracy for water use so the major utility of relating water use and rainfall lies in forecasting various possible water use sequences conditioned on sequences of historical rainfall data.     

Probabilistic Flood Inundation Forecasting Using Rating Curve Libraries

One approach for performing uncertainty assessment in flood inundation modeling is to use an ensemble of models with different conceptualizations, parameters, and initial and boundary conditions that capture the factors contributing to uncertainty. However, the high computational expense of many hydraulic models renders their use impractical for ensemble forecasting. To address this challenge, we developed a rating curve library method for flood inundation forecasting. This method involves pre‐running a hydraulic model using multiple inflows and extracting rating curves, which prescribe a relation between streamflow and stage at various cross sections along a river reach. For a given streamflow, flood stage at each cross section is interpolated from the pre‐computed rating curve library to delineate flood inundation depths and extents at a lower computational cost. In this article, we describe the workflow for our rating curve library method and the Rating Curve based Automatic Flood Forecasting (RCAFF) software that automates this workflow. We also investigate the feasibility of using this method to transform ensemble streamflow forecasts into local, probabilistic flood inundation delineations for the Onion and Shoal Creeks in Austin, Texas. While our results show water surface elevations from RCAFF are comparable to those from the hydraulic models, the ensemble streamflow forecasts used as inputs to RCAFF are the largest source of uncertainty in predicting observed floods.     

An eco-environmental water demand based model for optimising water resources using hybrid genetic simulated annealing algorithms. Part II. Model application and results

The present optimisation model described in Part I of this work is applied to optimise water resources in the Haihe river basin, an important basin in north China that covers 31.82 million km². Results show that this optimisation model with the HGSAA solution is feasible and effective in the long-term optimisation of water resource use. It is shown that the combined forecasting method can improve the forecast precision. The results obtained indicate that the mean relative errors of BP and polynomial models are 2.3% and 4.9%, respectively, while that of the combined forecasting method is 1.93% in a case study on the Tumahe River for 2010. The combined forecasting method performs better because it incorporates various forecasting methods. The optimisation results show that both domestic and eco-environmental water demands can satisfy the requirements of the forecasting procedure, and the harmonious indices all exceeded 0.7. The Luanhe River is the most water-scarce sub-basin in the Haihe river basin.