长春秋季细颗粒物中有机气溶胶组成特征及来源

利用大流量采样器采集了长春城郊2016年10月至2016年11月大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))样品共40套,分析了颗粒物中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)以及非极性有机化合物(主要包括正构烷烃、多环芳烃以及藿烷类化合物)和生物质燃烧标志物左旋葡聚糖的质量浓度,并用分子标记物、特征比值及主成分分析-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)模型等方法探讨了有机气溶胶的主要来源.结果表明,观测期间PM_(2.5)的平均质量浓度为(79. 0±55. 7)μg·m~(-3),OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为(20. 7±15. 6)μg·m~(-3)和(2. 2±1. 1)μg·m~(-3),分别占PM_(2.5)的26. 2%和2. 8%.所测非极性有机化合物的总平均浓度为(186. 3±104. 5) ng·m~(-3),浓度高低顺序为正构烷烃[(101. 3±67. 0) ng·m~(-3)]多环芳烃[(81. 4±46. 0) ng·m~(-3)]藿烷类化合物[(3. 8±1. 9) ng·m~(-3),其主要来源包括煤燃烧源、生物质燃烧源以及交通源.主成分分析-多元线性回归模型得出该地区有机气溶胶主要排放源的相对贡献依次是煤燃烧源(47. 0%)、生物质燃烧源(42. 6%)和交通源(10. 4%).本研究结果可为我国东北地区有机气溶胶污染防控提供科学依据.     

西安市重污染与清洁天PM2.5组分及其活性氧物质对比

针对重霾污染,在西安市冬季重污染日(2015-11-30~2015-12-09)和清洁日(2016-01-13~2016-01-22)各进行了为期10d的PM_(2.5)采集,测量其中的有机碳、元素碳,及NH_4~+、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)等无机水溶性离子,探讨两种污染条件下的组分特征及其成因.结果表明:观测期,重霾日和清洁日PM_(2.5)质量浓度分别为(170±47.5)μg·m~(-3)和(48.6±17.9)μg·m~(-3),且重霾日伴随低能见度、高湿静风等多种不利气象条件;重霾日二次无机离子(NH_4~+、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))组分占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的49.8%±13.1%,而清洁日为19.4%±5.95%,并且重霾日硫氧化速率(sulfur oxidation ratio,SOR)和氮氧化速率(nitrogen oxidation ratio,NOR)分别为0.282±0.157和0.269±0.124,远高于清洁日(SOR和NOR分别为0.189±0.057和0.077±0.046),重霾日二次有机组分浓度[(6.22±3.87)μg·m~(-3)]是清洁日[(1.44±1.63)μg·m~(-3)]的5倍,表明二次污染及不利气象条件是造成重霾期间相关组分浓度升高的重要原因.最后,通过二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐(2',7'-DCFH)化学荧光分析法测定了其中活性氧物质(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的浓度,探讨其对于二次无机组分形成的影响,结果表明观测期ROS平均浓度(以H_2O_2计)分别为(4.99±1.54)nmol·m~(-3)(重霾期),(0.492±0.356)nmol·m~(-3)(清洁期),二次反应及积累效应可能是西安重霾条件下ROS浓度升高的主要原因.NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)与ROS均呈现正相关(P0.05),表明ROS可能通过二次氧化过程参与到二次无机组分形成过程中.     

陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)主要化学组分特征

通过对陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)采样分析,获得PM_(2.5)质量浓度及主要化学组分特征。PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为89.5±42.0μg·m~(-3),超过国家二级标准。观测期间PM_(2.5)中OC、EC浓度平均值分别为16.0±6.9μg·m~(-3)和5.7±3.2μg·m~(-3),OC/EC平均比值为3.0±0.4。主要水溶性离子组分为NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+。粒子数浓度与表面积浓度峰值主要集中在0.5μm以下粒径段。PAHs、BeP和BaP平均质量浓度分别为48.9±10.9 ng·m~(-3)、3.0±0.9 ng·m~(-3)和1.2±0.7 ng·m~(-3),PAHs污染较严重,强致癌物BaP浓度超过国家环境空气质量标准年平均浓度限值。当地农村以石煤为主的能源结构及采用的燃烧方式是导致污染的重要因素。     

成都冬季PM2.5化学组分污染特征及来源解析

2017年1月1~20日在成都地区分昼夜对PM_(2.5)进行连续膜样品采集,并在实验室测定了其主要化学组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)的质量浓度.观测期间,PM_(2.5)的平均质量浓度为(127.1±59.9)μg·m~(-3);总水溶性离子的质量浓度为(56.5±25.7)μg·m~(-3),其中SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4是最主要的离子,质量浓度分别为(13.6±5.5)、(21.4±12.0)和(13.3±5.7)μg·m~(-3),一共占到了水溶性离子的85.6%;有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的平均质量浓度分别为34.0μg·m~(-3)和6.1μg·m~(-3),分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的26.8%和4.8%.昼夜污染对比显示,PM_(2.5)白天和夜晚质量浓度分别为(120.4±56.4)μg·m~(-3)和(133.8±64.0)μg·m~(-3),夜间污染更为严重.SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4白天浓度高于夜间,这与白天光照促进了二次离子的形成有关;而Cl-、K+、OC和EC浓度夜间明显升高,可能是受夜间煤和生物质燃烧排放增加的影响.通过对近年来成都冬季PM_(2.5)化学组分的研究进行文献总结和比较后发现,SO2-4浓度显著降低,从2010年的50.6μg·m~(-3)降低到2017年的13.6μg·m~(-3);而NO-3浓度变化不大,维持在20μg·m~(-3)左右.PM_(2.5)中离子酸碱平衡分析表明,成都冬季PM_(2.5)由于NH+4的相对过剩而呈现出碱性,与以往呈偏酸性结果存在差异.对成都冬季NO-3/SO2-4的比值进行计算,NO-3/SO2-4平均值为1.57,表明移动源对PM_(2.5)污染影响更大.OC与EC的相关性表明,白天和夜间OC与EC的相关系数分别为0.82和0.90(P0.01),OC与EC来源具有一致性.SOC估算结果显示,白天和夜间SOC浓度分别为8.5μg·m~(-3)和11.9μg·m~(-3),占到OC的28.1%和31.8%.K+/EC平均值为0.31,并且K+与OC之间相关系数为0.87(P0.01),说明生物质燃烧对成都冬季碳质气溶胶有一定影响.主成分分析表明,成都冬季PM_(2.5)主要来源于燃烧源(燃煤、生物质燃烧等)、二次无机污染源以及土壤和扬尘源,其贡献率分别为32.8%、34.5%和21.5%.     

海南三亚大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子浓度及其粒径分布特征

为研究我国旅游城市海南省三亚市大气颗粒物浓度水平及其化学成分,于2012年6月~2014年5月,使用惯性撞击式分级采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,并利用离子色谱法分析了其中的水溶性无机离子浓度及粒径分布.结果表明,PM_(2.1)和PM_(2.1~9)中总水溶性无机离子浓度平均值分别为(8.91±7.27)μg·m~(-3)和(11.34±9.37)μg·m~(-3).PM_(2.1)中SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+占总水溶性无机离子的质量分数比较高,二者总和达到72.2%;PM_(2.1~9)中Cl-、Ca~(2+)和Na+占比较高,三者总和为67.6%.PM_(2.1)中总水溶性无机离子浓度在冬季最高,春秋季节次之,夏季浓度最低,分别为(14.58±8.88)、(9.33±7.72)、(8.72±4.42)和(3.82±1.59)μg·m~(-3);PM_(2.1~9)中总水溶性无机离子浓度夏季最高(17.14±16.00)μg·m~(-3),冬季次之(10.59±3.80)μg·m~(-3),春季和秋季变化差异不大,分别为(9.41±3.63)μg·m~(-3)和(8.21±3.24)μg·m~(-3).SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+呈细粒径段为主的双模态分布,春季、夏季和秋季细粒径段峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而冬季则出现在0.65~1.1μm粒径段,细粒径段峰值出现由凝结模态向液滴模态转移的现象;NO~(-3)、Na+、Cl-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)呈粗粒径单峰分布,峰值出现在4.7~9μm粒径段;K+为双模态分布,细、粗粒径段峰值分别出现在0.43~0.65μm和4.7~5.8μm.三亚作为我国少数PM2.5年均值达标城市,水溶性无机离子来源主要为二次源、海盐和土壤尘及降尘.     

华东区域PM2.5变化背景下浙江省人口经济暴露水平评估

利用1998~2012年卫星反演的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))全球高精度产品数据集,精细化地给出了华东地区PM_(2.5)时空分布与变化特征,并分析了此背景下浙江省PM_(2.5)的人口经济暴露水平.结果表明1998~2012年期间,浙江省区域平均PM_(2.5)浓度整体变化呈现出先增加、后下降的特征,拐点出现在2007~2009年前后,与华东区域大背景的变化趋势一致.1998~2000年华东南部与山东东部的年平均PM_(2.5)浓度基本保持在50μg·m~(-3)以下,其余地区大多在50~75μg·m~(-3)左右,华东地区和浙江省PM_(2.5)浓度超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区分别占到51.8%和21.1%.1998~2009年PM_(2.5)浓度上升趋势非常明显,华东地区的平均变化趋势为2.58μg·(m~3·a)~(-1),浙江省的上升趋势较华东区域慢,为1.43μg·(m~3·a)~(-1).2007~2009年PM_(2.5)浓度达到最大,华东和浙江省超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区分别占到82.1%和65.9%.此后PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出下降的变化趋势,华东地区和浙江省的平均变化趋势分别为-1.75μg·(m~3·a)~(-1)和-1.58μg·(m~3·a)~(-1),PM_(2.5)浓度超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区比例均有所下降,说明政府颁布的一系列节能减排方针政策可能对华东地区的空气质量改善起到了一定的成效.2010年浙江地区PM_(2.5)暴露水平超过35μg·m~(-3)的人口比例和GDP比例分别为74.0%和70.8%,其中38.1%的人口生活的环境和38.9%的GDP产生的环境PM_(2.5)浓度年平均值在50μg·m~(-3)以上.     

大兴安岭南瓮河湿地类型对土壤中甲基汞分布的影响

甲基汞(methylmercury,MeHg)是所有汞(Hg)的化合物中毒性最强的有机物,其毒性远远大于无机Hg. MeHg可能通过食物链的传递进入人体,威胁人类健康.本研究以大兴安岭南瓮河国家自然保护区为研究对象,分析了中位沼泽、低位沼泽、岛状林、森林土4种湿地类型土壤样品MeHg含量分布差异以及土壤性质对MeHg含量的影响.结果表明:(1)总汞(THg)与MeHg含量变化趋势不一致,THg含量的高低顺序为:岛状林[(138. 76±101. 97) mg·kg~(-1)]森林土[(117. 57±32. 44) mg·kg~(-1)]低位沼泽[(71. 8±1. 42) mg·kg~(-1)]中位沼泽[(65. 11±26. 69) mg·kg~(-1)],而MeHg含量高低顺序为:岛状林[(1. 14±1. 15)μg·kg~(-1)]中位沼泽[(0. 87±1. 06)μg·kg~(-1)]低位沼泽[(0. 28±0. 06)μg·kg~(-1)]森林土[(0. 1±0. 05)μg·kg~(-1)];(2)岛状林和中位沼泽中MeHg的含量较高且随采样位点波动较大,低位沼泽和森林土中MeHg的含量较低,每个取样点之间变化较小;(3)沼泽湿地形成的时间越长,MeHg的含量越多,即中位沼泽[(0. 87±1. 06)μg·kg~(-1)]低位沼泽[(0. 28±0. 06)μg·kg~(-1)];土壤p H与MeHg的含量呈显著正相关(P 0. 05);含水率(WC)、有机质(OM%)、总碳(C%)、总汞(THg)含量在中位沼泽地区与MeHg含量呈显著的线性关系(P 0. 05);土壤p H、铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量在岛状林地区与MeHg含量呈显著的线性关系(P 0. 05).本研究阐明了不同湿地生态系统MeHg的分布特点及其影响因素,为全面评价湿地生态系统中MeHg积累及其环境风险提供了数据支撑.     

黄石市大气PM2.5中碳氮组分的污染特征及来源解析

基于稳定同位素技术与正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型,探究黄石市城区大气PM_2.5中碳氮组分的污染特征和来源.结果表明,黄石市城区大气PM_2.5中总碳浓度[ρ(TC)]与总碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_TC)均呈冬高夏低的季节性变化特征,夏季分别为(4.4±1.2)μg·m^-3和(-26.3±0.5)‰,冬季分别为(9.9±3.5)μg·m^-3和(-25.5±0.5)‰;总氮浓度[ρ(TN)]在夏季[(9.1±9.1)μg·m^-3]明显低于冬季[(62.4±26.4)μg·m^-3],而总氮同位素组成(δ¹⁵N_TN)在夏季[(12.8±1.9)‰]较冬季[(2.9±4.0)‰]明显富集.除本地源贡献外,黄石市PM_2.5中碳氮组分主要受湖南北部近距离区域排放和西北方向远距离传输影响.贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR)与PMF模型解析出机动车排放源为PM_2...     

三峡库区涪陵和忠县两地居民发汞含量水平及影响因素分析

为评价三峡库区居民汞暴露风险,在三峡库区腹心地带的涪陵和忠县两地采集了238份当地居民头发样本,分析了总汞(THg)和甲基汞(Me Hg)含量.结果表明,两地居民头发THg、Me Hg平均含量分别为(0.50±0.54)μg·g~(-1)、(0.35±0.25)μg·g~(-1).其中,涪陵居民头发THg、Me Hg平均含量分别为(0.71±0.87)μg·g~(-1)、(0.53±0.46)μg·g~(-1),均高于忠县居民头发THg[(0.41±0.36)μg·g~(-1)]、Me Hg[(0.28±0.26)μg·g~(-1)]平均含量水平,但两地头发总汞平均含量均低于美国EPA安全参考剂量(1μg·g~(-1)).不同年龄段的居民发汞含量存在显著性差异(P0.05),其中40~50岁年龄段居民发汞含量最高;不同性别间发汞含量差异不显著(P0.05),但女性发汞含量略高于男性.居民发汞含量与食鱼频率呈正相关,渔民发汞含量显著高于非渔民发汞含量(P0.01),且渔民头发样本总汞含量均值(1.44±0.79)μg·g~(-1)超过了EPA安全参考剂量.两地吸烟者头发总汞含量[(0.55±0.24)μg·g~(-1)、(0.58±0.54)μg·g~(-1)]均显著高于非吸烟者头发总汞含量[(0.51±0.30)μg·g~(-1)、(0.36±0.26)μg·g~(-1)].三峡库区居民汞暴露风险总体较低,但渔民存在一定的汞暴露风险.     

广州市城区干湿季黑碳气溶胶污染特征及来源分析

为了解广州市城区不同季节黑碳气溶胶(BC)的时间变化规律及污染特征,利用广州市天河区暨南大学大气超级监测站AE-33黑碳仪在2015年干季(10、11月)和2016年湿季(4、5月)观测得到的BC数据及常规气象资料,针对BC在不同时间段的污染特征及来源进行了分析.结果表明:广州城区干季和湿季的BC平均浓度分别为(3.75±2.55)、(2.62±1.39)μg·m~(-3),本底浓度分别为(2.09±0.61)、(1.85±0.49)μg·m~(-3),干季BC污染较湿季严重,干季BC变化范围大于湿季;广州城区BC浓度呈白天低,夜间高的特点,BC波动在夜间更加剧烈;干湿两季的BC日变化特征有明显差异,干季呈现"双峰形",湿季呈现"单峰形";基于AAE的分析得出广州城区BC主要来源于化石燃料燃烧,干季AAE值大于湿季,是由于干季广州周边地区生物质燃烧事件增多,导致干季生物质燃烧对广州城区BC的贡献大于湿季.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.