吡虫啉对蜜蜂幼虫的室内毒性研究

吡虫啉是目前使用最广泛的新烟碱类农药,其不合理使用破坏蜜蜂的嗅觉记忆能力,影响采集行为,导致多种亚致死效应。利用室内人工饲养蜜蜂幼虫技术,选取意大利蜜蜂幼虫为研究对象,经3 d适应性饲养后,连续3 d喂食含不同浓度的吡虫啉日粮,测定蜜蜂幼虫的存活率、化蛹率和羽化率,评估吡虫啉对蜜蜂幼虫生长发育影响。结果表明,吡虫啉处理剂量为15ng·幼虫~(-1)时,并不影响蜜蜂幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率;当处理剂量达到150 ng·幼虫~(-1)时,蜜蜂幼虫羽化率下降,但不影响蜜蜂幼虫的存活率和化蛹率;幼虫7 d半数致死剂量为2 300 ng·幼虫~(-1)。高剂量吡虫啉对蜜蜂幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率均存在影响,处理剂量越高,存活率、化蛹率和羽化率越低,呈高度负相关(r=-0.99,-0.94,-0.89),同时蜜蜂幼虫的羽化时间延长。研究可为吡虫啉的合理使用提供科学参考。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌聚γ-谷氨酸-明胶微胶囊剂制备及其抗逆性

晶体蛋白是苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)的主要杀虫成分,其抗热处理能力及抗紫外照射能力差,造成在生产及使用过程中易失活,防效不稳定,残效期短.为改良Bt剂型,探讨了以聚γ-谷氨酸(γ-PGA)-明胶为囊壁材料的复凝聚相分离法制备Bt微胶囊剂的加工工艺,并对制得的Bt微胶囊剂进行了抗热及抗紫外能力分析,比较了Bt成囊前后的杀虫活性和芽胞存活率.结果表明,经紫外(30 w)照射4 h,Bt微胶囊和Bt原粉对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的相对致死率分别是53.57%和16.60%,芽胞存活率分别是46.63%和6.90%;于80℃处理100 min后,对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的相对致死率分别是43.42%和26.11%;于100℃处理15 min,Bt微胶囊和Bt原粉的芽胞存活率分别是72.53%和25.50%.Bt微胶囊化可显著提高Bt对热处理及紫外照射的抗逆性.图4表2参13     

衡阳地区樗蚕的发生与防治技术研究

樗蚕(Philosamia cyntia Walker et Felder)是城镇园林植物上的重要害虫.本文研究了该虫在湖南省衡阳地区的生物学特性、发生规律与防治技术.结果表明,该虫在衡阳地区1年发生3代,以蛹在寄主植物上的丝质茧内越冬.5月中下旬是第1代幼虫危害高峰期,也是全年危害最严重的时期,必须采用适当的方法进行防治.在低虫口密度时,采用剪除越冬虫茧的方法,降低越冬代虫口基数.在高虫口密度时,使用高效、低毒、低残留的杀虫剂喷雾防治幼虫,可以迅速压低虫口密度.对于高大树上的樗蚕,可在其幼虫取食期,采用树干打孔注入内吸性杀虫剂的方式,有很好的防治效果.采用克百威、铁灭克等内吸、传导作用强的杀虫剂埋根的方法防治樗蚕幼虫,防效好,药效期长.     

温度和pH值对重组杆状病毒(AcMNPV-BmKIT-Chi)的毒力影响

研究了温度、酸碱度对重组杆状病毒(AcMNPV-BmKIT-Chi)毒力的影响.结果显示,多角体病毒在温度4~50℃,pH6.0~8.0范围内可以保持较高的毒力稳定性;不同虫龄棉铃虫幼虫对重组病毒的毒力敏感性差异显著,低虫龄对重组核型多角体病毒更为敏感;病毒对幼虫存在亚致死作用,饲毒组与对照组幼虫体重差异显著.图3表3参13     

油松毛虫感染白僵菌后超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的变化

采用分光光度法测定了3~5龄油松毛虫(DendrolimustabulaeformisTsaietLiu)幼虫被白僵菌(Beauveriabassi ana)感染后保护酶的活性.结果表明: 3~5龄油松毛虫被白僵菌感染后1 ~8d,体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于同期未感染的幼虫,并呈现出先升高后下降的变化趋势,而同期未感染的幼虫变化不大;过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性也呈现出先升后降的趋势.利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分析了感染后1~8d幼虫体内SOD同工酶与CAT同工酶的变化.结果显示:SOD同工酶带宽与酶带亮暗变化显著;CAT同工酶酶谱有所差异,酶带数由感染初期的一条变为后期的两条带,而且带宽值与酶带亮暗变化显著. 图3表2参16     

短时高温暴露对Q型烟粉虱发育和繁殖的影响

为探明卵期受短时高温暴露对Q型烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci Q-biotype)存活、繁殖和后代适合度的影响,以适温(26℃)处理为对照,研究Q型烟粉虱卵在不同高温(37、39、41℃)条件下分别暴露1 h、2 h和4 h后转至适温饲养,其F0代的存活率、羽化率、雌成虫比例、寿命和产卵量及F1代的发育历期和雌成虫比例.结果表明:1)随着暴露温度升高和暴露时间延长,F0代Q型烟粉虱由卵发育至成虫的存活率和蛹羽化率均显著降低,41℃暴露2 h后的存活率和蛹羽化率最低,分别为49.1%和76.2%,显著低于未经高温暴露的对照(分别为83.4%和96.6%);2)卵期于41℃暴露1 h后其F0代雌成虫比例(61.0%)显著高于对照(52.0%),其他各处理与对照差异不显著;3)卵期高温暴露对F0代雌成虫寿命无显著影响,但单雌产卵量均显著低于对照(117.9粒),并随暴露温度升高呈降低趋势;4)F0代卵期在39℃暴露2 h、4 h和41℃暴露1~4 h后,F1代卵到成虫历期均较对照显著延长;5)与对照相比,F0代卵期分别在37℃暴露1~4 h、39℃暴露1~2 h或41℃暴露4 h,还可显著提高F1代雌成虫比例.可见,短时高温暴露可降低Q型烟粉虱的发育适合度,导致F0代存活率降低、产卵量下降和F1代发育历期延长,但一定程度上提高F1代雌成虫比例,从而对种群发展产生一定的代偿作用.表5参20     

毒死蜱和吡虫啉对意大利工蜂(Apis mellifera L.)的慢性经口毒性

文章以毒死蜱和吡虫啉为受试农药,以4日龄内的意大利工蜂(Apis melifera L.)为受试生物,研究2种农药对意大利工蜂的10 d经口慢性毒性。结果显示:参比物质乐果对意大利工蜂的10 d半致死浓度(10 d-LC50)为0.550μg a.i.·g~(-1)食物,平均每天半致死剂量(LDD50)为0.019μg a.i.·蜂~(-1)·天~(-1);在有效试验条件下,毒死蜱对意大利工蜂的10 d LC50为0.582μg a.i.·g~(-1)食物,LDD50为0.021μg a.i.·蜂~(-1)·天~(-1);吡虫啉对意大利工蜂的10 d LC50为0.055μg a.i.·g~(-1)食物,LDD50为1.542 ng a.i.·蜂~(-1)·天~(-1)。试验结果可为毒死蜱和吡虫啉的安全使用提供科学参考,同时可促进我国农药对蜜蜂的安全性评价体系的完善。     

阿特拉津对家蚕生殖发育的影响

为探讨环境激素(EH)对鳞翅目昆虫的性激素作用,用添加阿特拉津(AT)的人工饲料饲养家蚕,调查AT对家蚕生殖发育的影响.结果显示:1)染毒72、96、120h的半数致死浓度LC50分别为0.348、0.326、0.234mmol·kg-1(即75.1、70.3、50.5mg·kg-1),属中等毒性.2)AT染毒可导致雄性家蚕5龄幼虫生殖腺指数显著升高,成虫(蛾)生殖腺指数显著降低.从整个世代看,0.05mmol·kg-1的AT对家蚕精巢的生长即表现出不良影响.AT染毒对雄蚕5龄幼虫、蛹前期精细胞的形成有促进作用,而对蛹后期和成虫(蛾)的精子形成有限制作用,可能AT染毒阻碍了精细胞向精子的发育.3)雌性家蚕幼虫期AT染毒后,5龄幼虫和蛹的卵细胞数量显著少于对照组(p<0.05).从不同发育时期的影响程度看,AT对卵细胞发育的抑制作用具有显著的时间效应(p<0.05).实验浓度下,AT对雌蚕造卵数和产卵数影响不显著,然而随着AT浓度的增加,不受精卵越来越多,AT染毒对雌蚕受精率具有显著抑制作用.AT通过抑制家蚕生殖腺的生长和生殖细胞的发育表现出雌激素效应.     

新烟碱类杀虫剂呋虫胺对意大利蜜蜂的安全性评价

呋虫胺作为新一代烟碱类农药,究竟会给蜜蜂造成何种影响尚不清楚。本研究选取意大利蜜蜂为研究对象,分别测定呋虫胺对蜜蜂的急性毒性、慢性毒性以及幼虫发育毒性,并通过其危害商值(hazard quotient,HQ)初步评价呋虫胺对蜜蜂的生态风险,综合评价呋虫胺对蜜蜂的安全性。结果表明,急性经口毒性48 h半数致死剂量(48 h-LD50)为0.033μg·蜂-1,对蜜蜂高毒;慢性毒性10 d半数致死剂量(10 d-LDD50)为0.010μg·蜂-1,慢性毒作用带比值为3.5,存在慢性中毒的风险;幼虫7 d半数致死剂量为577 ng·幼虫-1,高剂量呋虫胺对蜜蜂幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率均存在影响,处理剂量越高,存活率、化蛹率和羽化率越低,呈高度负相关(r=-0.98,-0.89,-0.80)。风险评价结果表明,呋虫胺对蜜蜂为中等风险到高风险。研究可为呋虫胺的合理使用提供科学参考。     

油松毛虫感染白僵菌后体内蛋白质、酯酶和多酚氧化酶的变化

采用分光光度法测定了油松毛虫(Dendrolimus tabulaeformisTsai et Liu)3~5龄幼虫被病原物白僵菌(Beau-veria bassiana)感染后,其体内蛋白质的含量和多酚氧化酶活性的变化;结果表明,被白僵菌感染后1~8d,虫体内蛋白质含量持续下降,而未感染的则变化不大;多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性呈现出先升高后下降的趋势.利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分析了染菌后1~7d幼虫体内酯酶同工酶的变化;结果显示,染菌后的3、4龄幼虫体内酯酶同工酶酶谱与对照相比,酶带数量变化较大,未染菌的为3条酶带,感染病菌后变为1条和2条.与其相比,5龄幼虫染菌后酯酶同工酶的酶带数量没有变化,只是酯酶的活性及含量比对照有明显减弱趋势.图2表5参16     

湛江特呈岛红树林植物群落的结构和动态特征

对特呈岛红树林植被进行多次和全面的调查,通过采用格子样的方法,选取面积为100～800 m^2的样地,每片样地再分成若干10 m×10 m的样方,对红树林样地内的植物进行每木测量,记录各植物的种名、胸径、高度、冠幅等,并进行重要性以及多样性等常规的群落分析,判定该地区植被的生长特征以及研究其演替动态变化。结果表明：①面积较大的群落主要有3个类型,即白骨壤群落（Avicennia marina）、白骨壤＋红海榄群落（Avicennia marina＋Rhizophora stylosa）、白骨壤-桐花树群落（Avicennia marina-Aegiceras corniculatum）;其它面积较小的群落有：白骨壤＋红海榄-木榄＋桐花树群落（vicennia marina＋Rhizophora stylosa-Bruguiera gymnorrhiza＋Aegiceras corniculatum）、红海榄＋木榄群落（Rhizophora stylosa＋Bru-guiera gymnorrhiza）;②在3个主要群落中,优势种的苗木和小树相对较少,优势种群的年龄结构均为衰退型;③各群落的Simpson指数关系为：白骨壤＋红海榄群落﹥红海榄＋木榄群落﹥白骨壤＋红海榄—木榄＋桐花树群落﹥白骨壤—桐花树群落﹥白骨壤群落;白骨壤群落的重要值为300,为典型的单优群落;④特呈岛的白骨壤群落是中国该类群落中面积最大的,目前长势良好,无病虫害,并且红树林外缘的白骨壤枝干在波浪冲刷或人为原因下,受到较严重的侵蚀,其幼树在林外缘基本无法存活,需要加强保护,对其生理生态学特征也值得进一步深入研究。     

A study on abundance and distribution of mangrove species in Indian Sundarban using remote sensing technique

Conservation and management of Sundarban mangrove forest is difficult chiefly due to inaccessibility and hostile condition. Remote sensing serves as an important tool to provide up-to date baseline information which is the primary requirement for the conservation planning of mangroves. In this study, supervised classification by maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) has been used to classify LANDSAT TM and LANDSAT ETM satellite data. This algorithm is used for computing likelihood of unknown measurement vector belonging to unknown classes based on Bayesian equation. Image spectra for various mangrove species were also generated from hyperspectral image. During field visits, GPS locations of five dominant mangrove species with appreciable distribution were taken and image spectra were generated for the same points from hyperion image. The result of this classification shows that, in 1999 total mangrove forest accounted for 55.01 % of the study area which has been reduced to 50.63 % in the year 2010. Avicennia sp. is found as most dominating species followed by Excoecaria sp. and Phoenix sp. but the aerial distribution of Avicennia sp., Bruguiera sp. and Ceriops sp. has reduced. In this classification technique the overall accuracy and Kappa value for 1999 and 2010 are 80 % and 0.77, 85.71 % and 0.81 respectively.     

Leaf choice by crustaceans in a mangrove forest in Queensland

The feeding behaviour of leaf eating crustaceans feeding on leaves shed by Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Rhizophora stylosa in the mangrove forest at Myora Springs, Queensland, Australia was studied between 1980 and 1984. Individual Sesarma erythrodactyla (carapace >9 mm long), one of the most abundant species of crabs in the forest, processed approximately half a leaf from any of the three species of mangroves in 24 h under laboratory conditions. of the amount of leaf material processed, 20% was lost from the mandibles due to sloppy feeding, 68% was egested as faeces and 12% converted into crab biomass. Crabs processed more leaf material at 30°C than at 20°C. S. erythrodactyla preferred leaves of A. marina to those of the other two species, probably because leaves of A. marina have a lower tannin and a higher nitrogen content. Of the other two species, B. gymnorhiza was preferred to R. stylosa. Among leaves of R. stylosa, S. erythrodactyla exerts a strong preference for aged rather than freshly fallen, and for thick rather than thin leaves. The mesofauna (carapace length <9.0 mm) which processed dead mangrove leaves comprised juveniles of S. erythrodactyla, the crab Ilyograpsus paludicola, the isopod Exosphaeroma alata and the amphipods Orchestia sp. and Melita sp. These species processed between 0.2 and 24.7 mg dry wt of a leaf per individual over a period of 4 d. Of this, 72 to 85% was egested as faeces. The significance of leaf eating crabs to nutrient cycling in mangrove forests is discussed. I conclude that leaf processing by crustaceans shortens the time span between leaf fall and consumption of leaf material by organisms. This may have the effect of conserving leaf biomass inside the mangrove forest.     

Growth of Avicennia marina and Ceriops decandra seedlings inoculated with halophilic azotobacters

Inoculation of azotobacter has significant positive effects on the growth characteristics and pigments in mangrove seedlings of Avicennia marina and Ceriops decandra. The bacterial inoculation significantly increased the root dry biomass at the maximum of 75.8% at 30 gl(-1) salinity in Ceriops decandra. But in Avicennia marina, the shoot dry biomass was increased significantly at the maximum of 56.12% at 30 gl(-1) salinity in general, the Azotobacter beijerinkii improved the growth characteristics better in both species of mangroves preferably at higher salinity levels in A. marina and at a range of salinity in C. decandra. The results recommend this forraising vigorous seedlings under nursery conditions.     

福建洛阳江口红树林湿地恢复对蟹类密度的影响

底栖动物尤其是蟹类对红树林湿地生态系统的生态功能恢复有重要意义,研究检验不同红树林种类及林龄和郁闭度是否对蟹类分布情况存在显著影响。从福建洛阳江口红树林湿地动态变化对蟹类密度的影响可以看出：不同植被类型对蟹类密度的影响达到极显著水平。光滩与成熟的秋茄（Kandelia candel）,桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）和白骨壤（Avicennia marina）之间有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,而桐花树、秋茄、白骨壤之间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。在不同红树林树种和林龄2因素对蟹类密度的影响的双因素分析中：树种、林龄、树种和林龄间互作均对蟹类密度的影响达到极显著水平;在不同红树林树种和郁闭度2因素对蟹类密度的影响的双因素方差分析中：树种对蟹类密度的影响达到极显著水平,郁闭度对蟹类密度的影响达到显著水平;树种和郁闭度之间互作对蟹类密度的影响不显著。     

Dissolved iron supply limits early growth of estuarine mangroves

Three mesocosm experiments were performed in an outdoor facility to quantify the responses of five mangrove species grown from seedling to sapling stage to increasing rates of dissolved iron supply. Stem extension and biomass of mangroves were measured in the first two experiments, and in the third experiment, rates of microbial iron reduction were measured in relation to stem extension of two mangrove species. In all experiments, mangrove growth was enhanced by increasing iron supply, although some species showed iron toxicity at the higher supply rates. In the first two experiments, stem extension rates of Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Xylocarpus moluccensis best fit Gaussian curves with maximal growth at supply rates of 50-60 mmol Fe x m(-2) x d(-1), whereas growth of Avicennia marina and Ceriops tagal increased to the highest rate (100 mmol Fe x m(-2) x d(-1)) of iron supply. Changes in leaf chlorophyll concentrations and iron content of roots mirrored the growth responses. In the third experiment, rates of microbial iron reduction were greater with R. apiculata and A. marina than in controls without plants; for both species, there was a positive relationship between stem extension and iron reduction. The rates of iron reduction and rates of iron supplied to the plants were well within the range of interstitial iron concentrations and rates of iron reduction found in the natural mangrove soils from which the seedlings were obtained. The responses of these species show that mangroves growing from seedling to sapling stage have a strong nutritional requirement for iron, and that there is a close relationship between plant roots and the activities of iron-reducing bacteria. These results suggest that mangrove growth may be limited in some natural forests by the rate at which iron is solubilized by iron-reducing bacteria. Such biogeochemical conditions have significant implications for successful recruitment, establishment, and early growth of mangroves.     

Leaf-litter processing by invertebrates in a mangrove forest in Queensland

The way leaf shredders handle and shred leaves under laboratory conditions and in the mangrove forest at Myora Springs, Queensland, Australia, was investigated during the period 1980 to 1984. Field observations on the behaviour of the crab Sesarma erythrodactyla during low tide revealed that this species spends most of its time foraging over mud. S. erythrodactyla eats mangrove leaves where they fall or drags them into burrows or hollow logs. Through their feeding activities, crabs (S. erythrodactyla, Metopograpsus frontalis, Helice leachii, Clistocoeloma merguiensis, Leptograpsus variegatus, Paragrapsus laevis, Ilyograpsus paludicula), isopods (Exospaeroma alata, Campaecopia sp.) amphipods (Orchestia sp., Melita sp.), and a capitellid polychaete (Capitellides sp.), break down whole mangrove leaves into small particles. The way in which a leaf is broken down by leaf-shredders influences the size and composition of the particulate organic matter (POM) in the environment. The POM egested by leaf-shredders varies from 32 to 1171 m. POM in this size range occurs in the guts of 38 invertebrate species which feed on mud, suggesting that they depend on the plant detritus produced by leafshredders as a source of food. Leaf-shredders therefore constitute a primary link in the marine food web of mangrove forests.     

Influence of cultivation and food concentration on body length of calanoid copepods

The cephalothorax length of the marine pelagic Copepoda Acartia clausi Giesbrecht, Temora longicornis (Müller), Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) and Pseudocalanus sp. was monitored at 15°C during prolonged cultivation through up to 55 filial generations and at different concentrations of food. The length of T. longicornis decreased considerably during the first 15 generations and remained rather constant thereafter. In the other species, body length increased slightly or remained almost constant. Genetic changes are probably involved. Food concentration influenced body size of all species, particularly C. hamatus, in which 80% of the natural size range may be explained by differences in food concentration. The idea that temperature is a dominant factor in determining the length of copepods should be reconsidered.     

Nickel induced changes on some aspects of protein metabolism in the tissues of Pila globosa

Some aspects of protein metabolism were studied in foot, hepatopancreas and mantle tissues of snail, Pila globosa on exposure to lethal concentration for 2 days (336.7 mg/L) and sublethal concentration (67.34 mg/L) of nickel for 1, 5 and 10 days. Total, structural and soluble proteins decreased significantly and to continence, this the levels of amino acids and protease activity increased in all the tissues of snail at all time points examined. Activities of AAT (Aspartate aminotransferase) and AlAT (Alanine aminotransferase) showed contrasting trends of inhibition and elevation during lethal and sublethal concentrations of nickel treatment. GDH (Glutamate dehydrogenase) activity was increased in all the tissues with increase in exposure time. Level of ammonia decreased in snails at sublethal concentration, but increment was observed in lethal concentration along with increased urea content. Under lethal and sublethal exposures, the changes in all the parameters were more pronounced in hepatopancreas followed by foot and mantle. At most instances, snails in the lethal medium were affected more compared to sublethal concentration.     

氯氰菊酯对海洋卡盾藻的毒性效应

为了解拟除虫菊酯农药对海洋生态系统以及海洋初级生产力的影响,研究了氯氰菊酯对重要赤潮藻类海洋卡盾藻(Chattonella marina)的生长及生化指标的影响.结果表明,低浓度(≤10μg·L-1)的氯氰菊酯对海洋卡盾藻生长具有明显的促进作用,而高于50μg·L-1则产生较明显的抑制效应,但暴露后期会出现一定的超补偿效应.藻细胞内叶绿素a(Chl.a)、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在暴露初期变化较剧烈,24h或48h后趋于平稳.随着培养(暴露)时间的延长,低浓度暴露组以上指标均呈现先促进后恢复趋势,而高浓度暴露组则呈现先抑制后恢复趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量随培养(暴露)时间的延长呈先促进后恢复趋势且随氯氰菊酯浓度升高而明显升高.在实验设计浓度下,氯氰菊酯对SOD活性和MDA含量的最低作用剂量为10μg·L-1,而对其他生长和生化指标的最低抑制浓度为50μg·L-1,SOD和MDA可作为监测环境中氯氰菊酯污染的敏感指标.