Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosol at Taichung Harbor, Taiwan during Summer and Autumn Period of 2005

In recent years, suspended particle pollution has become a serious problem in Taiwan. The carbonaceous materials EC and OC are play important roles in various atmospheric processes. The primary OC/EC ratio approach is applied to assess the contribution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to the PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ mass at the Taichung harbor sampling site. The results indicated that the average EC and OC concentration were 1.06 and 6.50 μg m⁻³, respectively, in fine particulate. And the average EC and OC concentration were 4.04 and 40.32 μg m⁻³, respectively, in coarse particulate at Taichung Harbor sampling site. In addition, and the average EC/OC rations was 8.72 in fine particle, respectively, at Taichung Harbor, Taiwan during summer and autumn period of 2005. The fine particle exhibited high particulate concentrations in October, and lower concentration particulate occurred in August. And in this study OC and EC concentrations in this study are compared with those in other cities. The results of EC and OC concentration in this study are also compare with those other cities.     

Study of urban atmospheric pollution in Navarre (Northern Spain)

An ambient air quality study was undertaken in two cities (Pamplona and Alsasua) of the Province of Navarre in northern Spain from July 2001 to June 2004. The data were obtained from two urban monitoring sites. At both monitoring sites, ambient levels of ozone, NO_x, and SO₂ were measured. Simultaneously with levels of PM₁₀ measured at Alsasua (using a laser particle counter), PM₁₀ levels were also determined at Pamplona (using a beta attenuation monitor). Mean annual PM₁₀ concentrations in Pamplona and Alsasua reached 30 and 28 μg m⁻³, respectively. These concentrations are typical for urban background sites in Northern Spain. By using meteorological information and back trajectories, it was found that the number of exceedances of the daily PM₁₀ limit as well as the PM₁₀ temporal variation was highly influenced by air masses from North Africa. Although North African transport was observed on only 9% of the days, it contributed the highest observed PM₁₀ levels. Transport from the Atlantic Ocean was observed on 68% of the days; transport from Europe on 13%; low transport and local influences on 7%; and transport from the Mediterranean region on 3% of the days. The mean O₃ concentrations were 45 and 55 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and Alsasua, respectively, which were above the values reported for the main Spanish cities. The mean NO and NO₂ levels were very similar in both sites (12 and 26 μg m⁻³, respectively). Mean SO₂ levels were 8 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and 5 μg m⁻³ in Alsasua. Hourly levels of PM₁₀, NO and NO₂ showed similar variations with the typically two coincident maximums during traffic rush hours demonstrating a major anthropogenic origin of PM₁₀, in spite of the sporadic dust outbreaks.     

Determination of road dust loadings and chemical characteristics using resuspension

The contribution of fugitive dust from traffic to air pollution can no longer be ignored in China. In order to obtain the road dust loadings and to understand the chemical characteristics of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from typical road dust, different paved roads in eight districts of Beijing were selected for dust collection during the four seasons of 2005. Ninety-eight samples from 28 roads were obtained. The samples were resuspended using equipment assembled to simulate the rising process of road dust caused by the wind or wheels in order to obtain the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filter samples. The average road dust loading was 3.82 g m^− 2, with the highest of 24.22 g m^− 2 being in Hutongs in the rural–urban continuum during winter. The road dust loadings on higher-grade roads were lower than those on lower-grade roads. Attention should be paid to the pollution in the rural–urban continuum areas. The sums of element abundances measured were 16.17% and 18.50% for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust. The average abundances of OC and EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust were 11.52%, 2.01% and 12.50%, 2.06%, respectively. The abundance of elements, water-soluble ions, and OC, EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 resuspended from road dust did not change greatly with seasons and road types. The soil dust, construction dust, dust emitted from burning coal, vehicle exhaust, and deposition of particles in the air were the main sources of road dust in Beijing. Affected by the application of snow-melting agents in Beijing during winter, the amount of Cl⁻ and Na⁺ was much higher during that time than in the other seasons. This will have a certain influence on roads, bridges, vegetations, and groundwater.     

Evaluation of A Sampling Strategy for Estimation of Long-term Pm2.5 Exposure for Epidemiological Studies

As part of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) PM_2.5 (particles collected with an upper 50% cut point of 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter) was measured using an EPA-WINS (Environmetal Protection Agency Well Impactor Ninety-six) sampler. The monitoring schedule was restricted to 7 days per month for one year. Simultaneously, during this one year study period a collocated Harvard Impactor (HI) was run on a daily basis in Erfurt, Germany. Here we validated the reliability of annual, seasonal and monthly means estimated using the ECRHS scheme (measurements taken less than 25% of the whole study period) with the ‘true’ long-term averages, which were estimated using all available daily means.The daily PM_2.5 means, obtained by both instruments operated in parallel, were only slightly different (the mean difference between EPA-WINS and HI was 1.8 μg m⁻³ and 2.8 μg m⁻³ for the winter means). The values obtained by the two instruments were highly correlated (r = 0.95).In view of that negligible difference, no additional bias was seen with respect to the annual and the winter means estimated by the two different sampling strategies (the difference was 1.7 μg m⁻³ and 2.7 μg m⁻³, respectively). Monthly means, however, can only be considered to be a crude estimate that may substantially under- or overestimate the true monthly mean value.     

Atmosphic pollutants study of particles ionic species during high wind speed (>7 m s-1) near Taiwan strait in central Taiwan from 2004 to 2005

This study monitored atmospheric pollutants during high wind speed (> 7 m s⁻¹) at two sampling sites: Taichung Harbor (TH) and Wuci traffic (WT) during March 2004 to January 2005 in central Taiwan. The correlation coefficient (R ²) between TSP, PM_2.5, PM_2.5−10 particle concentration vs. wind speed at the TH and WT sampling site during high wind speed (< 7 m s⁻¹) were also displayed in this study. In addition, the correlation coefficients between TSP, PM_2.5 and PM_2.5−10 of ionic species vs. high wind speed were also observed. The results indicated that the correlation coefficient order was TSP > PM_2.5−10 > PM_2.5 for particle at both sampling sites near Taiwan strait. In addition, the concentration of Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, NH₄ ⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ were also analyzed in this study.     

Results of An Indoor Size Fractionated PM School Sampling Program in Libby, Montana

Libby, Montana is the only PM_2.5 nonattainment area in the western United States with the exceptions of parts of southern California. During January through March 2005, a particulate matter (PM) sampling program was conducted within Libby’s elementary and middle schools to establish baseline indoor PM concentrations before a wood stove change-out program is implemented over the next several years. As part of this program, indoor concentrations of PM mass, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) in five different size fractions (>2.5, 1.0–2.5, 0.5–1.0, 0.25–0.5, and <0.25 μm) were measured. Total measured PM mass concentrations were much higher inside the elementary school, with particle size fraction (>2.5, 0.5–1.0, 0.25–0.5, and <0.25 μm) concentrations between 2 and 5 times higher when compared to the middle school. The 1.0–2.5 μm fraction had the largest difference between the two sites, with elementary school concentrations nearly 10 times higher than the middle school values. The carbon component for the schools’ indoor PM was found to be predominantly composed of OC. Measured total OC and EC concentrations, as well as concentrations within individual size fractions, were an average of two to five times higher at the elementary school when compared to the middle school. For the ultrafine fraction (<0.25), EC concentrations were similar between each of the schools. Despite the differences in concentrations between the schools at the various fraction levels, the OC/EC ratio was determined to be similar.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bulk PM2.5 and size-segregated aerosol particle samples measured in an urban environment

To analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at an urban site in Seoul, South Korea, 24-hr ambient air PM_2.5 samples were collected during five intensive sampling periods between November 1998 and December 1999. To determine the PAH size distribution, 3-day size-segregated aerosol samples were also collected in December 1999. Concentrations of the 16 PAHs in the PM_2.5 particles ranged from 3.9 to 119.9 ng m⁻³ with a mean of 24.3 ng m⁻³.An exceptionally high concentration of PAHs(∼120 ng m⁻³) observed during a haze event in December 1999 was likely influenced more by diesel vehicle exhaust than by gasoline exhaust, as well as air stagnation, as evidenced by the low carbon monoxide/elemental carbon (CO/EC) ratio of 205 found in this study and results reported by previous studies. The total PAHs associated with the size-segregated particles showed unimodal distributions. Compared to the unimodal size distributions of PAHs with modal peaks at < 0.12 μm measured in highway tunnels in Los Angeles (Venkataraman and Friedlander, 1994), four- to six-ring PAHs in our study had unimodal size distributions, peaking at the larger size range of 0.28–0.53 μm, suggesting the coagulation of freshly emitted ultrafine particles during transport to the sampling site. Further, the fraction of PAHs associated with coarse particles(> 1.8 μm) increased as the molecular weight of the PAHs decreased due to volatilization of fine particles followed by condensation onto coarse particles.     

Distribution of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 in PM10 Fraction in Ambient Air Due to Vehicular Pollution in Kolkata Megacity

This research paper aims at establishing baseline PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentration levels, which could be effectively used to develop and upgrade the standards in air pollution in developing countries. The relative contribution of fine fractions (PM_2.5) and coarser fractions (PM_10-2.5) to PM₁₀ fractions were investigates in a megacity which is overcrowded and congested due to lack of road network and deteriorated air quality because of vehicular pollution. The present study was carried out during the winter of 2002. The average 24h PM₁₀ concentration was 304 μg/m³, which is 3 times more than the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and higher PM₁₀ concentration was due to fine fraction (PM_2.5) released by vehicular exhaust. The 24h average PM_2.5 concentration was found 179 μg/m³, which is exceeded USEPA and EU standards of 65 and 50 μg/m³ respectively for the winter. India does not have any PM_2.5 standards. The 24 h average PM_10-2.5 concentrations were found 126 μg/m³. The PM_2.5 constituted more than 59% of PM₁₀ and whereas PM₁₀-PM_2.5 fractions constituted 41% of PM₁₀. The correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was found higher as PM_2.5 comprised major proportion of PM₁₀ fractions contributed by vehicular emissions.     

Suspended Particulate Matter Distribution in Rural-Industrial Satna and in Urban-Industrial South Delhi

An air quality sampling program was designed and implemented to collect the baseline concentrations of respirable suspended particulates (RSP = PM₁₀), non-respirable suspended particulates (NRSP) and fine suspended particulates (FSP = PM_2.5). Over a three-week period, a 24-h average concentrations were calculated from the samples collected at an industrial site in Southern Delhi and compared to datasets collected in Satna by Envirotech Limited, Okhla, Delhi in order to establish the characteristic difference in emission patterns. PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and total suspended particulates (TSP) concentrations at Satna were 20.5 ± 6.0, 102.1 ± 41.1, and 387.6 ± 222.4 μg m⁻³ and at Delhi were 126.7 ± 28.6, 268.6 ± 39.1, and 687.7 ± 117.4 μg m⁻³. Values at Delhi were well above the standard limit for 24-h PM_2.5 United States National Ambient Air Quality Standards (USNAAQS; 65 μg m⁻³), while values at Satna were under the standard limit. Results were compared with various worldwide studies. These comparisons suggest an immediate need for the promulgation of new PM_2.5 standards. The position of PM₁₀ in Delhi is drastic and needs an immediate attention. PM₁₀ levels at Delhi were also well above the standard limit for 24-h PM₁₀ National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS; 150 μg m⁻³), while levels at Satna remained under the standard limit. PM_2.5/PM₁₀ values were also calculated to determine PM_2.5 contribution. At Satna, PM_2.5 contribution to PM₁₀ was only 20% compared to 47% in Delhi. TSP values at Delhi were well above, while TSP values at Satna were under, the standard limit for 24-h TSP NAAQS (500 μg m⁻³). At Satna, the PM₁₀ contribution to TSP was only 26% compared to 39% in Delhi. The correlation between PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and TSP were also calculated in order to gain an insight to their sources. Both in Satna and in Delhi, none of the sources was dominant a varied pattern of emissions was obtained, showing the presence of heterogeneous emission density and that nonrespirable suspended particulate (NRSP) formed the greatest part of the particulate load.     

Characteristic Study of Dry Deposition, Concentration, Compositions for Particulates Mass and Ionic Species During Summer and Autumn Season at a Traffic Sampling Site

Aerosol samples for dry deposition and total suspend particulates (TSP) were collected from August to November of 2003 in central Taiwan. Ion chromatography was used to analyze the related water-soluble ionic species (Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺). The results obtained in this study indicated that the ambient air particulate mass concentrations in the daytime period (averaged 975.4 μg m⁻³) were higher than the nighttime period (averaged 542.1 μg m⁻³). And the daytime dry deposition fluxes (averaged 58.12 μg m⁻² sec⁻¹) were about 2.2 times as that of nighttime dry deposition fluxes (averaged 26.54 μg m⁻² sec⁻¹) of the downward dry deposition. The average values downward and upward of dry deposition fluxes for the weekend period were almost higher than the weekday period for either daytime or nighttime period. Furthermore, the average daytime dry deposition fluxes (averaged 26.37 μg m⁻² sec⁻¹) were also about 2.3 times as that of nighttime dry deposition fluxes (averaged 11.52 μg m⁻² sec⁻¹). Moreover, the results also indicate that SO₄ ²⁻ and Ca²⁺ have higher average composition for total suspended particulates in the daytime period while Ca²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and Na⁺ have the higher average composition for total suspends particulates in the nighttime period.     

西宁市城区冬季PM2.5和PM10中有机碳、元素碳污染特征

2014年11月—2015年1月对西宁市冬季开展PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的连续监测。利用DRI 2001A型热光碳分析仪(美国)对有机碳和元素碳进行分析,结果表明:西宁市冬季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中碳气溶胶所占比例分别为33.13%±6.83%、24.21%±6.27%,说明碳气溶胶主要集中在PM_(2.5)中;OC/EC值均大于2,说明西宁市大气中存在二次污染;SOC占PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的质量浓度比例分别为46.50%和57.40%,PM_(2.5)中SOC浓度占PM_(10)中SOC浓度的61.88%,说明SOC主要存在于PM_(2.5)中,且SOC形成的二次污染和直接排放的一次污染都是西宁市碳气溶胶的主要来源;与其他城市比较发现,西宁市冬季PM_(2.5)中的碳气溶胶含量普遍高于其他城市,PM_(10)中OC质量浓度相对其他城市较高,EC质量浓度偏低;OC和EC的相关性不显著,说明来源不统一;进一步对OC和EC各组分质量浓度进行分析知,西宁市冬季碳气溶胶主要来源于机动车汽油排放、燃煤和生物质燃烧。     

Influence of Meteorological Parameters on Particulates and Atmospheric Pollutants at Taichung Harbor Sampling Site

Atmospheric aerosol particles and metallic concentrations, ionic species were monitored at the Experimental harbor of Taichung sampling site in this study. This work attempted to characterize metallic elements and ionic species associated with meteorological conditions variation on atmospheric particulate matter in TSP, PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10. The concentration distribution trend between TSP, PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10 particle concentration at the TH (Taichung harbor) sampling site were also displayed in this study. Besides, the meteorological conditions variation of metallic elements (Fe, Mg, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn and Pb) and ions species (Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, NH₄ ⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺) concentrations attached with those particulate were also analyzed in this study. On non-parametric (Spearman) correlation analysis, the results indicated that the meteorological conditions have high correlation at largest particulate concentrations for TSP at TH sampling site in this study. In addition, the temperature and relative humidity of meteorological conditions that played a key role to affect particulate matter (PM) and have higher correlations then other meteorological conditions such as wind speed and atmospheric pressure. The parameter temperature and relative humidity also have high correlations with atmospheric pollutants compared with those of the other meteorological variables (wind speed, atmospheric pressure and prevalent wind direction). In addition, relative statistical equations between pollutants and meteorological variables were also characterized in this study.     

Monitoring of Criteria Air Pollutants in Bursa, Turkey

The concentrations of criteria air pollutants such as CO, NO_x (NO + NO₂), SO₂ and PM were measured in the period of May 2001 and April 2003 in the city of Bursa, Turkey. The average concentrations for this period were 1115±1600 μg/m³, 29±50 μg/m³, 51±24 μg/m³, 79±65 μg/m³, 40±35 μg/m³, 98±220 μg/m³, for CO, NO, NO₂, NO_x, SO₂ and PM, respectively. Temporal changes in concentrations were analyzed using meteorological factors. Correlations among pollutant concentrations and meteorological parameters showed weak relations nearly in all data. Lower concentrations were observed in the summer months while higher concentrations were measured in the winter months. The increase in winter concentrations was probably due to residential heating. Pollutants were associated with each other in order to have information about their origin. NO_x/SO₂ ratio was also examined to bring out the source origin contributing on air pollution (i.e., traffic or stationary).     

南京市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃变化特征

逐月采集南京市大气中不同粒径的颗粒物,采用HPLC分析了2010年每个月PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)颗粒物样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)的种类和浓度水平。结果表明:PM_(10)中PAHs年均值为25.07 ng/m~3,范围为11.03~53.56 ng/m3;PM_(2.5)中PAHs年均值为19.04 ng/m~3,范围为10.82~36.43 ng/m~3。PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中PAHs总体浓度有着相似的变化趋势,呈现凹形变化曲线;在南京市大气颗粒物中吸附的PAHs大部分以5~6环的高环数组分为主,大部分PAHs和∑PAHs的相关性较好,年度变化幅度不大,分析结果表明,颗粒物中PAHs的来源与稳定的排放源相关,机动车排放不容忽视,与北方城市燃煤污染有着较大的区别。     

西宁市非采暖季和采暖季PM2.5中14种金属元素特征

于2012年11月采暖季和2013年9月非采暖季,在青藏高原典型城市西宁市4个采样点采集细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))样品,共获得40个有效样品。用微波消解-ICP-MS法、原子荧光法分析了样品中14种重点防控金属。结果表明:14种重点防控金属中Ag、Tl平均质量浓度为0.10~0.50 ng/m~3,Co、Sb、Hg平均质量浓度为0.50~4.00 ng/m~3,V、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、As平均质量浓度为4.00~50.0 ng/m~3,Mn、Pb、Zn平均质量浓度为50.0~2 000 ng/m~3。采样期间,采暖季相比非采暖季,PM_(2.5)质量浓度有下降趋势,不同采样区金属元素浓度有增有减。富集因子分析结果表明,重点防控金属元素在非采暖季主要来源于土壤风沙扬尘、机动车尾气和工业排放,采暖季主要来源于土壤风沙扬尘、燃煤、燃油、机动车尾气和工业排放。非采暖季Zn、Ag、Cd、Hg、Tl和Pb富集因子较高,采暖季Zn、As、Ag、Cd、Sb、Hg、Tl、Pb富集因子较高,更容易受到人为源的影响。     

Chemical Composition and Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 Aerosols in Guangzhou, China

Aerosol samples of PM10 and PM2.5 are collected in summertime at four monitoring sites in Guangzhou, China. The concentrations of organic and elemental carbons (OC/EC), inorganic ions, and elements in PM10 and PM2.5 are also quantified. Our study aims to: (1) characterize the particulate concentrations and associated chemical species in urban atmosphere (2) identify the potential sources and estimate their apportionment. The results show that average concentration of PM2.5 (97.54 μg m⁻³) in Guangzhou significantly exceeds the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 24-h average of 65 μg m⁻³. OC, EC, Sulfate, ammonium, K, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd and Se are mainly in PM2.5 fraction of particles, while chloride, nitrate, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn are mainly in PM2.5-10 fraction. The major components such as sulfate, OC and EC account for about 70–90% of the particulate mass. Enrichment factors (EF) for elements are calculated to indicate that elements of anthropogenic origins (Zn, Pb, As, Se, V, Ni, Cu and Cd) are highly enriched with respect to crustal composition (Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn). Ambient and source data are used in the multi-variable linearly regression analysis for source identification and apportionment, indicating that major sources and their apportionments of ambient particulate aerosols in Guangzhou are vehicle exhaust by 38.4% and coal combustion by 26.0%, respetively.     

Seasonal Variations of PM10 and TSP in Residential and Industrial Sites in an Urban Area of Kolkata, India

The objective of the study is to investigate seasonal and spatial variations of PM₁₀ (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm) and TSP (total suspended particulate matter) of an Indian Metropolis with high pollution and population density from November 2003 to November 2004. Ambient concentration measurements of PM₁₀ and TSP were carried out at two monitoring sites of an urban region of Kolkata. Monitoring sites have been selected based on the dominant activities of the area. Meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, temperature and relative humidity were also collected simultaneously during the sampling period from Indian Meteorological Department, Kolkata. The 24 h average concentrations of PM₁₀ and TSP were found in the range 68.2–280.6 μg/m³ and 139.3–580.3 μg/m³ for residential (Kasba) area, while 62.4–401.2 μg/m³ and 125.7–732.1 μg/m³ for industrial (Cossipore) area, respectively. Winter concentrations of particulate pollutants were higher than other seasons, irrespective of the monitoring sites. It indicates a longer residence time of particulates in the atmosphere during winter due to low winds and low mixing height. Spread of air pollution sources and non-uniform mixing conditions in an urban area often result in spatial variation of pollutant concentrations. The higher particulate pollution at industrial area may be attributed due to resuspension of road dust, soil dust, automobile traffic and nearby industrial emissions. Particle size analysis result shows that PM₁₀ is about 52% of TSP at residential area and 54% at industrial area.     

Interpretation of roadside PM10 monitoring data from Sunderland,United Kingdom

Roadside PM₁₀ has been monitored by Partisol® at three sitesin Sunderland between August 1997 and February 1998. The sites chosen were an inner city kerbside site; a roadside site adjacentto a dual carriageway on the outskirts of Sunderland with an openaspect; and a rural site.The results indicate that there is a seasonal variation in the relationship between the sites in terms of monitored PM₁₀.In the winter there is a poor correlation between the sites whereas in the summer significant correlations are obtained. Of the sites monitored PM₁₀ is consistently highest at the inner city roadside site. During the summer, exceedances of theU.K. 50 g m^-3 standard (DETR, 2000) are associated with conditions suitable for the build-up of photochemical pollutionhowever during the winter period exceedances are recorded duringa variety of weather conditions.At the dual carriageway site PM_2.5 has also been recorded and contributions to measured PM₁₀ are 77% in summer and68% in winter. The results illustrate a number of inconsistencies between this study utilising the Partisol® andothers reporting results where PM₁₀ has been monitored by TEOM®.     

济南市大气细颗粒物中二(口恶)英污染水平及季节变化

2021年对济南市大气PM_2.5中17种2,3,7,8氯取代二(口恶)英(PCDD/Fs)污染现状进行监测。对其异构体分布、指示性单体、季节变化规律等特征及其与常规污染物相关性进行了分析。结果表明:大气PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs浓度范围和年平均值分别为0.157~1.595 pg/m³和0.785 pg/m³,而毒性当量(以I-TEQ计)范围和年平均值分别为0.009~0.116 pg TEQ/m³和0.052 pg TEQ/m³。PCDD/Fs浓度与毒性当量季节变化特征显著,均呈现出冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的情况,可能由季节性排放源和气象条件不同导致。不同季节PCDD/Fs异构体分布模式一致,主要由高氯代(1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF、OCDD、OCDF和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD)单体组成;而对毒性当量贡献最大的单体是2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,其与总毒性当量具有较好的相关性。同时,PCDD/Fs浓度与SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5等大气常规污染物呈显著正相关。这表明,大气PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs与常规污染物的生成和排放密切相关。     

Heavy metals and PCDD/Fs in solid waste incinerator fly ash in Zhejiang province,China: chemical and bio-analytical characterization

Fly ash samples were taken from solid waste incinerators with different feeding waste, furnace type, and air pollution control device in six cities of Zhejiang province. The solid waste incinerators there constitute one fifth of incinerators in China. Heavy metals and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were analyzed in the fly ash. Moreover, the fly ash samples were extracted by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The biotoxicity of the leachate was evaluated by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. High variation and contents were found for both the heavy metals and PCDD/Fs. The contents of Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Hg in the fly ash samples varied from 300 to 32,100, 62.1–1175, 1.1–57, 61.6–620, 0.4–223, 16.6–4380, 1.2–94.7, and 0.03–1.4 μg g⁻¹ dw, respectively. The total contents of 17 PCDD/Fs varied from 0.1128 to 127.7939 μg g⁻¹ dw, and the 2,3,7,8-TeCDD toxic equivalents (TEQ) of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.009 to 6.177 μg g⁻¹ dw. PCDF congeners were the main contributor to the TEQ. The leachate of the fly ash showed biotoxicity to C. pyrenoidosa. A significant correlation was found between the Cd and EC₅₀ values. Further research is required to investigate the environmental impact of the various pollutants in the fly ash.