项目决策阶段清洁生产分析方法的研究

企业在建设项目决策时就应该按照清洁生产的原则，从源头控制污染。提出了在项目决策中，应从产品选择、工艺路线选择、主要设备选型和节能降耗4个方面进行清洁生产的分析方法，通过此分析方法的应用，可以避免项目决策中的环境失误和降低企业的环境风险。     

关于中国核与辐射安全领域信息公开和公众参与的政策研究

随着改革开放不断深化,关于核设施的政府信息公开以及建设项目公众参与得到越来越多的重视。中国现有的部分法律、行政法规、部门规章虽在一定程度上规范了信息公开政策并鼓励公众参与,但仍然存在信息公开手段操作性不足、公共参与和监督机制缺失等问题。研究了美国、法国、英国的信息公开和公众参与机制,提出解决问题的政策方案,以期为完善中国核与辐射安全领域的信息公开与公众参与机制提供参考。     

论环境风险社会放大的制度根源与法律应对

环境风险的社会放大是指公众对环境风险的感知及其行为反应超越了环境风险应有的影响程度。环境风险的社会放大具有信息判断的主观性、形成原因的复杂性和影响后果的多层性,对社会稳定、经济发展和政府形象都会产生不良影响。中国环境风险社会放大的制度根源在于环境风险评估制度不科学、环境风险信息交流制度不健全、环境风险责任分配制度不合理。为了避免环境风险社会放大所带来的不必要的损失,法律应从环境风险评估、环境风险信息交流、环境风险责任分配等3个方面进行制度完善。     

浙江省企业环境信息披露的现状与完善对策

企业经济活动是导致环境污染的最重要原因之一,随着公众环境保护意识的增强,企业环境信息披露的重要性也日益显现。对浙江省重污染行业上市公司环境信息披露情况进行了调查研究,分析了浙江省企业环境信息披露的现状和存在的问题及原因,从建立健全法律法规、加强技术保障、完善监管体系、引入市场机制、加强宣传培训等5个方面提出了完善企业环境信息披露的对策。     

论中国环境影响评价中公众参与的一般模式

公众参与在环境影响评价中的作用是不可替代的,并成为各国环评的基本内容.环评中公众参与的一般模式包括公众享有环境知情权和参与决策权、合适的公众参与的主体范围、明确的公众参与环评的程序和方法以及公众参与环评的保障机制.为更好地发挥环评的作用,应当从实体和程序两方面对法规加以完善.还应在信息公开、立法的完善和配套制度的建立等方面完善环评中的公众参与制度.     

区域农田镉含量空间变异与综合风险的不确定性评估

我国小麦镉(Cd)污染格局多样,从不确定性角度评估区域小麦田Cd累积风险有助于提升污染防治决策的准确性。本研究基于不确定性理论,将蒙特卡洛(Monte-Carlo)随机模拟方法引入到区域土壤-小麦系统Cd污染综合风险评估中,结合多元统计和空间分析开展实例研究。结果表明河南省某小麦主产区92.8%的土壤样品Cd含量超过农田土壤风险筛选值(0.6 mg·kg^-1),84.0%的小麦籽粒样品Cd含量超过国家食品安全限量标准(0.1 mg·kg^-1)。区域土壤-小麦系统Cd累积水平整体上呈现西北高东南低的空间分布格局。区域Cd生态风险以中度污染为主。区域人群Cd摄入量超过WHO推荐安全值的风险概率为31.6%,控制土壤Cd累积趋势可将该超标风险下降至7.3%。不确定性模拟、空间分析和场景分析的综合应用可准确识别农田Cd污染风险等级和相应概率,为区域Cd污染防治提供决策建议。     

美国制度控制在污染地块风险管控中的应用及对中国的启示

系统介绍了美国污染地块风险管控的重要方法——制度控制,并结合中国污染地块风险管控相对薄弱的实际情况,分析了制度控制在中国污染地块风险管控应用中的适用性,提出了制度控制在中国污染地块风险管控中的应用建议。研究认为,制度控制在中国污染地块风险管控中的应用任重而道远,需要在法律体系、实施主体、公众参与和跟踪评价等方面加强建设。     

基于区域环境风险敏感性分析的石油化工行业规划环境风险评价

石油化工行业规划涉及多个石油化工项目的选址和多个备选方案的比选,增大了环境风险评价的不确定性.基于区域环境风险敏感性分析,研究了环境风险评价方法.在传统的环境风险分析框架即事故的发生概率(风险度)与事故的环境后果的基础上,考虑区域环境风险敏感性对环境风险评价的影响,对规划布局涉及区域的环境风险进行评价,最后将该方法初步应用于实际案例中.研究表明,该方法可以有效地分析多个备选方案的规划的环境风险,分析结果直观、可行,且可以辅助决策者对产业布局的合理性作出准确的判断,通过对该方法在应用中存在问题的分析,展望了规划环境风险评价的进一步工作.     

香港区域发展策略性环境影响评价的实践探讨

香港区域发展的策略性环境影响评价(简称环评)从20世纪80年代起步,已形成包括行政规定和法例规定的制度框架,其策略性环评的实践范围也逐步从规划、计划向政策、策略扩展.从评价过程、评价方法、公众参与时段安排、决策出发点等方面分析了2个香港区域发展的策略性环评案例.结果表明,为使策略性环评取得预想的成果并有助于可持续发展,...     

环境风险全过程管理机制研究

中国突发性环境污染事件已进入高发期.结合中国环境风险控制的要求,针对环境风险发生的3个阶段(事前预防、事中响应、事后处置)从环境风险源、控制管理机制、环境风险受体3个因素人手,在环境风险源管理、区域环境安全规划、环境风险应急管理、环境污染事后评估与环境修复等4个环节搭建环境风险管理长效机制,建立环境风险全过程管理体系.     

Using risk maps to link land value damage and risk as basis of flexible risk management for brownfield redevelopment

Brownfield redevelopment involves numerous uncertain financial risks associated with market demand and land value. To reduce the uncertainty of the specific impact of land value and social costs, this study develops small-scale risk maps to determine the relationship between population risk (PR) and damaged land value (DLV) to facilitate flexible land reutilisation plans. This study used the spatial variability of exposure parameters in each village to develop the contaminated site-specific risk maps. In view of the combination of risk and cost, risk level that most affected land use was mainly 1.00 × 10^?6 to 1.00 × 10^?5 in this study area. Village 2 showed the potential for cost-effective conversion with contaminated land development. If the risk of remediation target was set at 5.00 × 10^?6, the DLV could be reduced by NT$15,005 million for the land developer. The land developer will consider the net benefit by quantifying the trade-off between the changes of land value and the cost of human health. In this study, small-scale risk maps can illuminate the economic incentive potential for contaminated site redevelopment through the adjustment of land value damage and human health risk.     

EU risk assessment guidelines

Regional PECs (Potential Environmental Concentrations) calculated with the software EUSES were compared with measured values using different emission and environmental distribution scenarios. The environmental data set recommended in EUSES (default data set) represents a generic standard region. In different scenarios the parameters of the generic region are replaced by concrete values, and estimated parameters (emissions, degradation rates and partition coefficients) are substituted by measured or investigated values. Deviations with regard to the measured values can be up to three orders of magnitude. Despite the basically conservative approximations, underestimations can occur. However, these are usually due to poor monitoring data or inappropriate input values. The use of regional data instead of default parameters only slightly ameliorates the results. The use of real emission and degradation rates alone can improve the results significantly.     

Ecological risk assessment of pollutant chemicals: extinction risk based on population-level effects

The extinction probability is one of the most useful endpoints that are utilized in conservation biology. A parallel approach is advocated for the ecological risk assessment of chemical pollutants. The presented framework estimates extinction probability induced by pollutant chemicals in order to evaluate ecological hazards of pollution, and is applicable to any biological community (aquatic or terrestrial). The analytical framework, which is based on stochastic population dynamics theory, is briefly explained. The extinction risk estimation is feasible if ecotoxicological data concerning pollutant effects on population growth rate of organisms (the intrinsic rate of natural increase), and if environmental exposure concentration is provided. Tentative risk estimation was made for some agrochemicals and surfactants on zooplankton populations (Daphnia) as target organisms.     

建立环境风险防范体系加强对环境风险的管理

阐明了环境风险管理的必要性，提出了环境风险管理的对策和措施。同时，结合当前环境突发事件应急预案编制存在的主要问题，提出了浙江省规范环境突发事件应急预案编制的建议。     

Multi-criteria analysis and risk assessment

ELECTRE or Concordance Analysis is a French system of multicriteria analysis which is used in economics.The application of ELECTRE for hazard evaluation and risk assessment of chemical substances is suggested, and a first attempt in adapting it for this purpose is presented.     

European risk assessment of LAS in agricultural soil revisited: species sensitivity distribution and risk estimates

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) is used at a rate of approximately 430,000 tons/y in Western Europe, mainly in laundry detergents. It is present in sewage sludge (70-5,600 mg/kg; 5-95th percentile) because of its high usage per capita, its sorption and precipitation in primary settlers, and its lack of degradation in anaerobic digesters. Immediately after amendment, calculated and measured concentrations are <1 to 60 mg LAS/kg soil. LAS biodegrades rapidly in soil with primary and ultimate half-lives of up to 7 and 30 days, respectively. Calculated residual concentrations after the averaging time (30 days) are 0.24-18 mg LAS/kg soil. The long-term ecotoxicity to soil microbiota is relatively low (EC10 >or=26 mg sludge-associated LAS/kg soil). An extensive review of the invertebrate and plant ecotoxicological data, combined with a probabilistic assessment approach, led to a PNEC value of 35 mg LAS/kg soil, i.e. the 5th percentile (HC5) of the species sensitivity distribution (lognormal distribution of the EC10 and NOEC values). Risk ratios were identified to fall within a range of 0.01 (median LAS concentration in sludge) to 0.1 (95th percentile) and always below 0.5 (maximum LAS concentration measured in sludge) according to various scenarios covering different factors such as local sewage influent concentration, water hardness, and sewage sludge stabilisation process. Based on the present information, it can be concluded that LAS does not represent an ecological risk in Western Europe when applied via normal sludge amendment to agricultural soil.     

Multidimensional risk analysis of antifouling biocides

In order to improve the orientation about the long-term sustainability of the use of the antifouling biocides tributyltin (TBT), copper, Irgarol® 1051, Sea-Nine? 211 and zinc pyrithione, used for the protection of fouling in sea-going ships, the risks posed to the marine biosphere due to their use are evaluated. The newly presented method of risk analysis uses release rate, spatiotemporal range, bioaccumulation, bioactivity and uncertainty as 5 dimensions of ecotoxicological risk. For each dimension, a scoring procedure is briefly described. The resulting risk profiles of the antifouling biocides show characteristics of the different substances, but also indicate where further information is required. Application of the method is proposed as a decision support in the integrated development of products, informed purchasing and for regulatory purposes.     

Ecological risk assessment of neem-based pesticides

A tiered process was used to evaluate the risks of pure azadirachtin (AZA) and two neem-based insecticides (Neemix and Bioneem) on six aquatic animals [crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), water fleas (Daphnia pulex), and mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus)] through short term acute toxicity tests. The risk was calculated using the level of concern endpoints (Q values) and relative hazard index (RHI) for acute and chronic exposure scenarios. The Q values of Neemix, Bioneem, and pure AZA derived from acute exposure tests indicated that D. pulex is the only sensitive species to the test pesticides. Furthermore, the RHI values of Neemix and Bioneem for D. pulex were above the critical limit of 10 indicating that these pesticides may pose a moderate hazard to this species and related crustaceans in acute exposure scenarios. The RHI values of the two pesticides and pure AZA were all below the critical limit of 10 for P. clarkii, P. setiferus, P. pugio, C. sapidus, and C. quinquefasciatus. The aquatic risk assessment process showed that the risk values of tested pesticides did not exceed the criteria, and therefore, no ecological hazard is likely to result from their use.     

Environmental risk assessment of existing chemicals

Most of the existing chemicals of high priority have been released into the environment for many years. Risk assessments for existing chemicals are now conducted within the framework of the German Existing Chemicals Program and by the EC Regulation on Existing Substances. The environmental assessment of a chemical involves:

1. exposure assessment leading to the derivation of a predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of a chemical from releases due to its production, processing, use, and disposal. The calculation of a PEC takes into account the dispersion of a chemical into different environmental compartments, elimination and dilution processes, as well as degradation. Monitoring data are also considered.
2. effects assessment. Data obtained from acute or long-term toxicity tests are used for extrapolation on environmental conditions. In order to calculate the concentration with expectedly no adverse effect on organisms (Predicted No Effect Concentration, PNEC) the effect values are divided by an assessment factor. This assessment factor depends on the quantity and quality of toxicity data available.

In the last step of the initial risk assessment, the measured or estimated PEC is compared with the PNEC. This “risk characterization” is conducted for each compartment separately (water, sediment, soil, and atmosphere). In case PEC > PNEC an attempt should be made to revise data of exposure and/or effects to conduct a refined risk characterization. In case PEC is again larger than PNEC risk reduction measures have to be considered.