微电解强化微生物菌种对高氨氮低碳氮比黑臭水的脱氮研究

针对高氨氮低碳氮比(C/N)黑臭水进行脱氮研究,通过硝化菌和反硝化菌共同作用,并在后期耦合铁碳微电解(IC-ME)强化脱氮。单因素控制变量实验表明,硝化菌和反硝化菌在30℃硝化/反硝化效果较优,平均氨氮去除率为71.62%,硝态氮去除率可达到67.52%;在溶解氧(DO)为3 mg/L时硝化效果较好,平均氨氮去除率达到了70.08%;在后期投加150 g/L铁碳填料时,反硝化效果最好,2#和3#反应器硝态氮去除率最高分别提高到了81.78%和91.17%。长时间运行反应器后,氨氮去除负荷达到0.193 kg/(m³·d),化学需氧量(COD)去除负荷达到1.786 kg/(m³·d)。单独的微生物菌种针对高氨氮低C/N黑臭水脱氮还有一定的局限性,通过后期耦合IC-ME,脱氮效率明显提升,总氮(TN)去除率可从45.65%提升到58.91%。     

溶解氧对SBR脱氮性能与脱氮方式的影响

通过设置不同溶解氧(DO)浓度(曝气时段DO浓度均值分别为2.0、1.2和0.4 mg/L),研究了SBR的脱氮性能以及脱氮方式。结果表明,低DO条件下SBR可实现良好的脱氮效果,但需延长曝气时间。运行稳定后,各反应器氨氮的去除率均达到94%以上。总氮去除率随DO水平的降低而增高,分别为67%、74%和78%。不同DO浓度下SBR的脱氮方式不尽相同,DO浓度越低,同步硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮效果越明显。DO为2.0、1.2和0.4 mg/L时,SND率分别为31.4%、48.3%和66.8%。典型周期性实验表明,DO为2.0 mg/L时,通过SND现象去除的总氮占进水总氮的比例为7.6%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为12.0%;DO为1.2 mg/L时,通过亚硝酸型SND现象去除的总氮为12.2%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为8.1%;DO为0.4 mg/L时,通过亚硝酸型SND现象去除的总氮为15.8%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为5.0%。     

高氨氮污泥脱水液短程硝化反硝化的启动及稳定

采用A/O-CSTR工艺处理高氨氮污泥脱水液。进水氨氮浓度浓度约为375 mg/L，C/N比小于1.0，反硝化碳源明显不足。A/O反应器完成短程硝化反应，CSTR定期投加初沉污泥作为碳源进行反硝化。两者联合达到总氮去除的目的。实验研究短程硝化反应的启动过程，以及CSTR出水回流对短程硝化和系统脱氮效果的影响。实验结果表明系统具有良好的硝化反硝化效果。A/O反应器亚硝酸盐积累率迅速提高并稳定在90%以上。CSTR有效利用初沉污泥实现了稳定的反硝化。出水回流有利于提高总氮去除率，在回流比为200%时，系统平均总氮去除率达到85%以上。     

进水氨氮浓度对好氧/缺氧/延长闲置SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,考察了不同进水氨氮浓度(20,40和60 mg/L)条件下好氧/缺氧/延长闲置SBR的脱氮除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内氮磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究了进水氨氮浓度对好氧/缺氧/延长闲置SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响机理。结果表明,进水氨氮浓度为20,40和60 mg/L时,系统总磷(TP)去除率分别为96.6%、90.1%和81.8%,总氮去除率分别为93.1%、74.9%和60.0%。研究表明,进水氨氮浓度可影响好氧释磷与吸磷、聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)合成、缺氧反硝化以及闲置段释磷。进水氨氮浓度越高,用于微生物生长的碳源越多,PHAs的合成量越少,则好氧段吸磷减少;较高的进水氨氮浓度使缺氧段反硝化不彻底,较多的硝态氮将抑制下一周期好氧段释磷,系统脱氮除磷性能减弱。     

焦化纳滤浓水的生物脱氮及其微生物菌群结构分析

针对焦化纳滤浓水中高总氮的问题,采用序批式反应器(SBR)对纳滤浓水进行了生物脱氮实验,并对其反硝化脱氮效果和反应器中微生物菌群特征开展了研究。结果表明,在SBR系统稳定运行期间,总氮和硝态氮的平均去除率分别为58.2%和93.8%,出水中硝态氮平均浓度为2.0 mg·L~(-1)。微生物菌群结构分析表明:变形菌门和拟杆菌门为纳滤浓水反硝化过程中的核心菌门,相对丰度之和为90.0%～96.0%;反硝化功能基因定量检测表明,在纳滤浓水反硝化过程中,亚硝酸盐还原酶nirS的拷贝数高于亚硝酸盐还原酶nirK约1～2个数量级,这说明nirS在亚硝酸转化为一氧化氮过程中起到了重要作用。SBR工艺处理焦化纳滤浓水具有良好的效果,为解决高盐水生物脱氮提供了新的途径。     

同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术研究

讨论了影响同步硝化反硝化反应的各参数,并进行了单因素实验与正交实验,获得了同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺运行的最佳条件:DO浓度控制在0.5～2 mg/L,COD浓度为600～800mg/L,混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)为5000 mg/L,pH值在8.0左右,反应时间为6 h.在此条件下,氨氮及COD的去除率都较高,分别达85%和95%,总氮去除率为68 5%.     

壬基酚对序批式活性污泥法处理氨氮废水系统的影响

采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺,通过向SBR反应器内投加不同浓度的壬基酚(NP),探讨其对脱氮系统的影响.结果表明,当NP质量浓度为10 mg/L时,对氨氮的去除产生抑制,但并不明显,氨氮去除率仍可达约90％,在反硝化过程中,SBR反应器内会累积大量的NO2--N,对总氮的去除产生较大影响,总氮去除率只有50％,NO3--N的生成量不稳定；随着NP浓度的增加,对氨氮的去除产生抑制作用更为明显,当NP质量浓度达到80 mg/L时,氨氮去除率只有约60％,总氮去除率达到最低,只有23％.     

微生物固定化技术对微污染水源水脱氮的试验研究

针对微污染水源水贫营养和低碳源的特点,利用固定化微生物技术将异养硝化菌(WGX8、WGX18)、好氧反硝化菌(HF3、HF7)固定于自制悬浮纤维海绵球型填料上,研究了贫营养及好氧条件下水源水的生物脱氮过程.试验结果表明,在原水总氮2.7 mg/L、氨氮1.3 mg/L以及控制水温25 ℃、溶解氧3～4 mg/L条件下,经过19 d的连续运行,构建的生物膜系统对水中氨氮的去除率达到了100%,总氮去除率最高达到52%,处理效果稳定.     

短程硝化在垃圾渗滤液处理工程中的应用

针对垃圾填埋场渗滤液生物脱氮高耗能的问题,通过对A/O/N工艺处理垃圾渗滤液进行短程硝化反硝化调试,对溶解氧(DO)、污泥浓度(MLSS)、污泥龄(SRT)、混合液回流比、pH、碱度进行定性定量分析,研究了不同条件下垃圾渗滤液生物处理阶段COD、氨氮及总氮去除效果,探讨了影响亚硝酸盐氮积累的因素。结果表明,好氧池低溶解氧能成功启动短程硝化,垃圾渗滤液稳定实现短程硝化反硝化脱氮。运行条件为:O反应器DO浓度0.5～0.8 mg·L~(-1),N反应器DO浓度1.5～2.2 mg·L~(-1),MLSS 3 500～4 500 mg·L~(-1),污泥龄9～13 d,混合液回流比1 100%,N反应器pH 7.6～8.2,N反应器碱度1.1 g·L~(-1)。短程硝化调试后,硝化阶段亚硝化率稳定在85%以上,COD、氨氮及总氮去除率分别达95%、98.6%、94.2%以上,节省30%碳源量和20%曝气量。     

A2O工艺好氧末段溶解氧变化对脱氮除磷影响

采用连续流A2O工艺处理实际的生活污水,研究好氧末段在不同溶解氧（DO）浓度条件下对污泥沉降性能、系统脱氮除磷的影响,同时考察了DO对污泥硝化活性、厌氧释磷速率和反硝化脱氮速率的影响。结果表明,随着末段溶解氧的提高,污泥容积指数SVI从140降至100左右,后又升高到120~170;系统的硝化效果提高,氨氮的去除率从60%升高到80%以上再到90%以上;总氮的去除效果也有显著提高,平均去除率从54%升高到63%再到67%;虽然磷的去除效果有所加强,总磷的平均去除率从41%升高到59%再到69%,但仍难达标。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.