Simultaneous Fe(Ⅲ) reduction and ammonia oxidation process in Anammox sludge

In recent years, there have been a number of reports on the phenomenon in which ferric iron(Fe(Ⅲ)) is reduced to ferrous iron [Fe(Ⅱ)] in anaerobic environments, accompanied by simultaneous oxidation of ammonia to NO2-, NO3-, or N2.However, studies on the relevant reaction characteristics and mechanisms are rare. Recently, in research on the effect of Fe(Ⅲ) on the activity of Anammox sludge, excess ammonia oxidization has also been found.Hence, in the present study, Fe(Ⅲ) was used to serve as the electron acceptor instead of NO2-,and the feasibility and characteristics of Anammox coupled to Fe(Ⅲ) reduction(termed Feammox) were investigated. After 160 days of cultivation, the conversion rate of ammonia in the reactor was above 80%, accompanied by the production of a large amount of NO3-and a small amount of NO2-. The total nitrogen removal rate was up to 71.8%. Furthermore,quantities of Fe(Ⅱ) were detected in the sludge fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) and denaturated gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) analyses further revealed that in the sludge, some Anammox bacteria were retained, and some microbes were enriched during the acclimatization process. We thus deduced that in Anammox sludge, Fe(Ⅲ) reduction takes place together with ammonia oxidation to NO2-and NO3-along with the Anammox process.     

Effect of two biogas residues’ application on copper and zinc fractionation and release in different soils

Biogas residue (BR) is widely used as a new green fertilizer in agriculture in China. However, it often contains a high concentration of heavy metals so its application should cause our concern. An incubation experiment was conducted to study the risk of pig biogas residue (PBR) and chicken biogas residue (CBR) application on Liuminying soil (LS) and Yixing soil (YS). The soils were incubated for one, three and six months with 0, 2%, 4% and 6% addition of BRs. According to BCR extraction results, the PBR and CBR applications induced an increase in the concentration of exchangeable fraction of Zn. As for the concentration of exchangeable fraction of Cu, an increase was only observed in the treatments with PBR application. The heavy metal binding intensity also showed a similar trend. With the PBR application, for the LS and YS, the highest concentrations of exchangeable Zn increased 3.6 and 9.5 times, respectively, while the exchangeable Cu was increased by 52.6% and 187.1%. Dissolved organic carbon was the limiting factor for the exchangeable Cu while the exchangeable Zn was controlled by soil pH. PBR presented more agricultural risk than CBR when used as fertilizer. Meanwhile, BRs were more adaptable to LS than YS according to the heavy metal release results.     

Recovery of heavy metals from electroplating sludge and stainless steel pickle waste liquid by ammonia leaching method

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Tolerance of Physocypria kraepelini （Crustacean, Ostracoda） to water-borne ammonia, phosphate and pH value

This study evaluated the median lethal concentration (LC50) and safe concentration of water-borne ammonia, phosphate and pH value on Physocypria kraepelini, a freshwater Ostracoda with a static renewal test system. The results indicated that the LC50 values of ammonia for P. kraepelini were 1026.71, 859.98, 771.79 and 583.82 mg/L at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure, respectively, and the safe concentration range of ammonia for the long-term survival of P. kraepelini was less than 58.38 mg/L. The safe range of pH value for the survival of P. kraepelini was from 6.59 to 7.61. P. kraepelini has a high tolerance to ammonia, phosphate and pH value which are the main environmental factors in the serious eutrophication water.     

Equilibrium and kinetics of copper(Ⅱ) biosorption by Myriophyllum spicatum L.

The potential use of Myriophyllum spicatum L. biomass as a biosorbent for the removal of copper(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution was investigated in laboratory condition. The sorption experiments were undertaken to obtain copper (Ⅱ) biosorption properties of M.spicatum L., i.e. equilibrium time, the maximum capacity, and rate constants. Copper(Ⅱ) biosorption was fast and equilibrium was attaine1 within 35 min at initial copper(Ⅱ) concentration of 6 mg/L. Different isotherm models including the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson model, were used to investigate the sorption capacity and isotherm. These models showed an excellent match with the experimental data except for the Freundlich model. According to the Langmuir coefficients, the maximum sorption capacity of copper onto M. spicatum L. was 10.80 mg/g. The kinetics of copper(Ⅱ) sorption was also analysed and rate constants were derived. It was found that the overall sorption process was best described by the pseudo second-order equation, and that intraparticle diffusion was not the rate determining step. The results of this study showed that M. spicatum L. can be considered as useful vehicles for the removal and recovery of copper(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions.     

Adsorption characteristics of copper in rivers contaminated by acid mine drainage from copper mine

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Tolerance and biosorption of copper （Cu） and lead （Pb） by filamentous fungi isolated from a freshwater ecosystem

Filamentous fungi are able to accumulate significant amount of metals from their environment. The potential of fungal biomass as agents for biosorption of heavy metals from contaminated sediments is currently receiving attention. In the present study, a total of 41 isolates of filamentous fungi obtained from the sediment of the Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia were screened for their tolerance and uptake capability of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). The isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium simplicissimum and P. janthinellum. A. niger and P. simplicissimum, were able to survive at 1000 mg/L of Cu(II) concentration on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) while for Pb, only A. niger survived at 5000 mg/L concentration. The results showed that A. niger, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum have a better uptake capacity for Pb compared to Cu and the findings indicated promising biosorption of Cu and Pb by these filamentous fungi from aqueous solution. The present study was also determined the maximum removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) that was performed by A. niger. The metal removal which occurred at Cu(II) 200 mg/L was (20.910 0.581) mg/g and at 250 mg/L of Pb(II) was (54.046 0.328) mg/g.     

Influences of petroleum on accumulation of copper and cadmium in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor

Using the exposure simulation experiment, the action of petroleum affecting the accumulation of the trace metals including copper （Cu） and cadmium （Cd） in littoral polychaete Nereis diversicolor collected from the Shuangtaizi Estuary in Liaoning Province, China was examined. The results showed that there was a markedly non-linear relationship between the accumulation of Cu in worms and the experimental concentration of Cu in exposure solutions when the concentration of petroleum remained at 0, 100, and 220 μl/L, respectively. However, significantly non-linear relationship for worms exposed to Cd was observed only when the concentration of added petroleum was 0 and 220 μl/L. The accumulation of Cu in worms did not differ significantly among the three different levels of petroleum concentrations combined with various concentrations of Cu. So was the accumulation of Cd in worms （p〉0.05）. However, the addition of petroleum in exposure solutions brought about an increase in the accumulation of Cu in Nereis diversicolor, in comparison with single Cu pollution. On the other hand, when the concentration of added petroleum remained at 100 μl/L, the accumulation of Cd in worms was lower than that in worms exposed to various concentrations of only cadmium. However, the worms exposed to Cd and petroleum 220 μl/L did not show obvious and identical increase in the accumulation of Cd, compared with single Cd exposure. The accumulation of both Cu and Cd in worms did not increase significantly with the increases in concentrations of Cu or Cd in exposure solutions combined with petroleum （0, 100, and 220μl/L） under the experimental conditions. Although Nereis diversicolor is exposed to very high Cu and Cd in exposure solutions, accumulation and detoxification mechanisms are sufficient to cope with the extra metal influx in order to survive.     

Catalytic performance of copper and cerium oxides-based γ-Al_2O_3 on combustion of toluene

以γ-Al2O3为载体,以复合氧化物CuxCe1-xO2为活性组分,其中,x=0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,通过浸渍法制备了一系列CuxCe1-xO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂.在固定床反应器中评价了催化剂对甲苯的催化活性,通过XRD、SEM对催化剂进行表征,并运用ICP-MS分析并计算Cu、Ce的摩尔比以及活性组分的负载量.结果表明,在CuxCe1-xO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂中Cu、Ce摩尔比的实际值与理论值相近,活性组分的负载量在19%以上,而且对甲苯都有较好的低温催化活性,其中当x=0.2时,即Cu0.2Ce0.8O2/γ-Al2O3催化剂对甲苯的催化活性最高,其中T10=160℃,T90=265℃;当甲苯的进口浓度在700～3000mg·m-3时,进口浓度对Cu0.2Ce0.8O2/γ-Al2O3催化剂的催化活性影响较小,且经过连续80h的稳定性操作后转化率仍然保持在90%以上.     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

合成氨废水资源化处理技术研究进展

合成氨废水具有高氨氮的特点,高氨氮污水的治理是大家关注的焦点。文章介绍处理高氨氮废水的三种资源化回收技术,(1)以氨水形式回收氨氮的废水处理技术;(2)将氨氮制成硫酸铵回收利用的废水治理技术;(3)既能高效脱氮又能充分回收氨氮的磷酸铵镁(俗称鸟粪石)结晶沉淀法,其中重点介绍鸟粪石结晶沉淀法回收氨氮技术。这些废水处理技术有效地治理了高氨氮废水,具有节能减耗、无二次污染和污染物可得到充分回收利用等特点,是处理高浓度氨氮废水的可持续发展方向。     

水中污染物对阳离子交换膜分离去除Cu2+的影响

基于Donnan dialysis原理,在无外加电压作用下采用阳离子交换膜分离去除原水中的Cu2+,研究原水中可能出现的无机颗粒物,有机物质,EDTA酸、氨水、Fe3+、表面活性剂等对阳离子交换膜分离去除Cu2+效果的影响.研究表明:原水中添加二氧化硅、腐殖酸、EDTA酸、氨水、Fe3+、表面活性剂等物质,在长时间运行后均会对离子交换膜去除Cu2+有不同程度的影响;二氧化硅和非离子表面活性剂等污染物不会和膜及Cu2+发生物理化学反应,对膜去除Cu2+效果影响较小,相比空白样,Cu2+去除率下降约4%;氨水、阴离子表面活性剂等会导致Cu2+发生沉淀反应,腐殖酸会吸附Cu2+,使原水中游离态Cu2+浓度显著降低约50%;EDTA酸、氨水、阴离子表面活性剂等会与Cu2+形成络合物,对去除Cu2+有严重影响,相比空白样, Cu2+去除率分别下降约100%(EDTA酸)、78%(氨水)、56%(阴离子表面活性剂);阳离子表面活性剂存在时,其会大量占据膜内空间,Cu2+基本无去除;Fe3+在弱酸性或中性水中会水解生成氢氧化铁胶体,对去除Cu2+有一定影响,相比空白样, Cu2+去除率下降约12%.     

鸟粪石结晶反应在猪粪和玉米秸秆堆肥中的应用

控制堆肥化过程中的氨气排放是减少堆肥氮素损失的关键,应用鸟粪石结晶原理,以氢氧化镁［Mg(OH)₂］和磷酸（H₃PO₄）作为固定剂,按照摩尔比为1∶1,摩尔数为初始氮的15.4%添加到猪粪和玉米秸秆的堆肥物料中,通过26 d的密闭式底部强制通风静态堆肥.结果发现,添加固定剂的堆肥处理B中铵态氮含量显著提高,堆肥结束时,NH⁺₄-N含量为10.7　g·kg^-1,是未添加固定剂的处理A的3倍,全氮含量为36.9　g·kg^-1,比处理A提高10 g·kg^-1.同时,固定剂的添加促进了有机质的分解,堆肥结束时处理B的有机碳降解率比处理A高 2%,发芽率指数表明,处理B的腐熟度（96%）高于处理A（82%）.扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)及X射线能谱(energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,EDS)分析证实了堆肥产品中有MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O的存在.说明通过添加Mg(OH)₂和H₃PO₄,可以改变堆肥的理化性质,促进堆肥的降解和腐熟,并通过鸟粪石结晶反应将堆肥中的铵态氮固定下来,有效提高了堆肥的营养价值.     

鸟粪石沉淀法处理氨氮废水的影响因素及其产物性质研究

从废水中氨氮的资源化回收角度出发,通过试验研究了鸟粪石沉淀法的影响因素及其产物性质,结果表明:选取MgCl2与Na2HPO4分别作为镁源和磷源时,氨氮去除率可达90%;鸟粪石沉淀法处理氨氮废水的主要影响因素依次为pH值、N∶Mg摩尔比、初始氨氮浓度、N∶P摩尔比;对不同pH值条件下的试验产物进行的显微镜观测、电镜扫描和XRD衍射分析表明,在pH值为8～10时,其产物为斜方形结构的磷酸铵镁晶体。     

城市污染河道沉积物碳氮赋存对有机质分解的影响

以城市污染河道沉积物为研究对象,探究城市河道沉积物碳氮赋存特征对有机质分解过程的影响.结果表明,沉积物有机质含量较高是城市河道的显著特征;有机质65%以上以胡敏素类的惰性腐殖质的形式存在;有机氮是氮素的主要赋存形态,约占总氮的57.5%~91.3%;氨氮主要赋存于活性组分中,而惰性有机组分抗分解能力明显高于其他组分;氨氮饱和吸附后的沉积物有机质去除量明显减少,最高达到50%,表明氨氮也是限制有机质分解的重要因素.     

Phosphorus recovery from wastewater by struvite crystallization：Property of aggregates

Struvite crystallization is a promising method to remove and recover phosphorus from wastewater to ease both the scarcity of phosphorus rock resources and water eutrophication worldwide. To date, although various kinds of reactor systems have been developed, supporting methods are required to control the struvite fines flushing out of the reactors. As an intrinsic property, aggregation is normally disregarded in the struvite crystallization process, although it is the key factor in final particle size and therefore guarantees phosphorus recovery efficiency. The present study developed a method to analyze the characteristics of struvite aggregates using fractal geometry, and the influence of operational parameters on struvite aggregation was evaluated. Due to its typical orthorhombic molecular structure, struvite particles are prone to crystallize into needle or rod shapes, and aggregate at the corners or edges of crystals. The determined fractal dimension(Dpf) of struvite aggregates was 1.52–1.31, with the corresponding range of equivalent diameter(d0.5) at 295.9–85.4 μm. Aggregates formed in relatively low phosphorus concentrations(3.0–5.0 mmol/L) and mildly alkaline conditions(pH 9.0–9.5) displayed relatively compact structures, large aggregate sizes and high aggregation strength. Increasing pH values led to continuous decrease of aggregate sizes, while the variation of Dpfwas insignificant. As to the aggregate evolution, fast growth in a short time followed by a long steady stage was observed.     

Biological removal of air loaded with a hydrogen sulfide and ammonia mixture

The nuisance impact of air pollutant emissions from wastewater pumping stations is a major issue of concern to China. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are commonly the primary odor and are important targets for removal. An alternative control technology, biofiltration, was studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of unit systems packed with compost in terms of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions treatment, and to establish optimal operating conditions for a full-scale conceptual design. The laboratory scale biofilter packed with compost was continuously supplied with hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gas mixtures. A volumetric load of less than 150 gH2S/(m^3.d) and 230 gNH3/(m^3.d) was applied for about fifteen weeks. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia elimination occurred in the biofilter simultaneously. The removal efficiency, removal capacity and removal kinetics in the biofilter were studied. The hydrogen sulfide removal efficiency reached was very high above 99%, and ammonia removal efficiency was about 80%. Hydrogen sulfide was oxidized into sulphate. The ammonia oxidation products were nitrite and nitrate. Ammonia in the biofilter was mainly removed by adsorption onto the carrier material and by absorption into the water fraction of the carrier material. High percentages of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia were oxidized in the first section of the column. Through kinetics analysis, the presence of ammonia did not hinder the hydrogen sulfide removal. According to the relationship between pressure drop and gas velocity for the biofilter and Reynolds number, non-Darcy flow can be assumed to represent the flow in the medium.     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理制药废水试验研究

制药废水由于制药原料化学纯度较高,废水中常含高浓度氮、磷污染物,采用磷酸铵镁沉淀法可同时回收两种元素不仅可以有效同时去除两种污染物,而且可以得到附加值较高的磷酸铵镁盐,因此本研究用磷酸铵镁化学沉淀法小试实验处理制药废水,讨论了磷酸铵镁沉淀法pH、晶种、初始浓度对P0^3- 4和NI-14同时去除的影响。试验结果表明：投加镁盐,在pH=9．5的条件下,可去除90％PO^3- 4,同时可去除15％NH4,在Po^-3 4和NH4浓度较低时,投加晶种可使Po;一去除率提高20％,该法渴望为制药废水处理提供创造经济效益的经验。     

沸石生物滴滤器处理分散式生活污水的性能及生物膜特征

构建沸石生物滴滤器处理农村生活污水,研究了滴滤器的挂膜启动特征、进水水力负荷对滴滤器处理生活污水性能的影响.滴滤器采用连续进水的方式挂膜,挂膜26d后,COD和氨氮去除率分别达到85%和68%以上,且COD和氨氮相邻两次监测结果的相对偏差均低于10%,表明滴滤器挂膜成功,并基本达到了稳定的运行状态.滴滤器表现出对进水水力负荷变化较强的适应性,水力负荷为300L/（m²·d）时,滴滤器对COD、氨氮、TN、TP的平均去除率分别达到90.8%、87.1%、67.2%、90.1%.滴滤器对有机物和氮磷的去除途径结果表明,微生物降解和转化作用对污水中COD、氨氮、TN的去除贡献率最大,填料的吸附则是TP去除的主要途径,铁屑的氧化是影响填料吸附去除TP的重要因素.生物量及生物膜的分布特征表明,滴滤器内生物膜中细菌的多样性十分丰富.     

氢氧化镁处理酸性含铜废水的研究

以氢氧化镁作为水处理剂处理含铜酸性废水。考察了氢氧化镁用量、搅拌时间、温度及pH对处理效果的影响。结果表明：氢氧化镁对含铜污水的处理，操作简便、去除率高，可达99％以上。氢氧化镁回收后，经轻烧处理变成氧化镁，仍可以多次用来处理含铜废水，去除率可达98％以上。