解磷接种物对垃圾堆肥中难溶性磷酸盐的转化及在农业上的应用

为了提高城市垃圾堆肥的速效磷含量，对供试的７种垃圾堆肥的解磷强度及解磷微生物进行了分析，并以分离富集的解磷微生物制成解磷菌剂进行了青菜盆栽及大田小区对比试验。结果表明：供试垃圾的解磷强度一般为１１７００～１６１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ；每ｇ垃圾堆肥含３．５～８．６亿个解磷微生物。出现的解磷能力强的微生物有芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｐｐ．）、假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐｐ．）、节杆菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐｐ．）、黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ．）、产碱菌属（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｓｐｐ．）和赛氏杆菌属（Ｓｅｒｒａｔｉａｓｐｐ．）等。它们可分别使昆阳磷矿粉和／或摩洛哥磷矿粉释放２８４００～４６６００ｍｇ／ｋｇ和２９１００～３６９００ｍｇ／ｋｇ可溶性磷，利用解磷接种物可使垃圾堆肥提高２３～２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ速效磷，在往堆肥中添加植物物质和磷矿粉的情况下效果更好。将拌有解磷菌剂的垃圾堆肥在红壤荒地上施用，对青菜有良好的增产效果。     

寄生曲霉产生絮凝剂的培养条件及其絮凝特性

从霉菌中筛选得到一株絮凝性较强的寄生曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｕｓｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃｕｓ）．通过条件试验，确定寄生曲霉产生絮凝剂的最佳条件为：蔗糖作碳源，ＮａＮＯ３或脲或谷氨酸作氮源，初始ｐＨ为３．０，温度为２８℃，摇床的转速为１４０ｒ／ｍｉｎ．寄生曲霉在酸性条件下对高岭土具有很强的絮凝性，且有较高的热稳定性．     

城市生活垃圾中酞酸酯的微生物降解

从酞酸酯生产厂排污沟中分离到４株酞酸酯降解菌，分属镰孢属（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ　ｓｐ．）、醇母属（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ　ｓｐ．）、不动杆菌属（Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒ　ｓｐ．）、黄单孢菌属（Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓ　ｓｐ．）。在酞酸酯剂量为５０、２５μｇ／ｍＬ水平的纯培养条件下，４株单菌对酞酸酯的降解率达到７２％－７７％，混合菌的降解率还可提高近１０％。在垃圾堆肥中酞酸酯剂量为１９７μｇ／ｇ的水平下，将降解菌回接堆肥后，不动杆菌属和混合菌对酞酸酯的降解率最高，分别达到７２％和６９％。     

Al~（3＋）对绿豆根生长和根类细胞核仁的影响

研究了不同浓度铝离子［ｃ（Ａｌ３＿）＝１０１，１０－２，１０－３，１０－４和平共处０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）］对绿豆（ＰｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｒａｄｉａｔｕｓＬ．）根生长及根尖细胞核仁的影响．结果表明：ｃ（Ａｌ３＋）在１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ以上时对根生长和根尖细胞核仁都有着抑制作用．该仁受毒害后．核仁物质外溢细胞质内，严重时核仁物质几乎占据整个细胞质．该现象在分生组织细胞和根冠细胞中都可以观察到．     

马氏甲烷八叠球菌S－6的一个染色体区段的表达、序列分析和结构分析

用一组多克隆抗体对马氏甲烷八叠球菌（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｓａｒｃｉｎａｍａｚｅｉ）Ｓ－６菌株的基因组ＤＮＡ文库进行了筛选．仅选出ｐ６０Ａ克隆能对马氏甲烷八叠球菌中可发生细胞形态学变化菌株的抗血清发生阳性反应．对ｐ６０Ａ克隆的双链ＤＮＡ进行了序列分析．识别出一开式阅读框架（ｏｐｅｎｒｅａｄｉｎｇｆｒａｍｅＰ，ＯＲＦＰ）．表达的蛋白是ＯＲＦＰ编码的蛋白的３倍，并得到ＯＲＦＰ蛋白的三聚体，在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ中表现出整体蛋白的迁移行为．同时，此表达蛋白抗１０％ＳＤＳ，６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ尿素及热处理．基因结构分析表明，ＯＲＦＰ具有与Ｍ．ｂａｒｋｒｉｍｃｒＡ有同源性的核糖体结合位点和一个与甲烷细菌启动子共有序列相似度达７７％的启动子序列．使用参照序列分析表明，由ＯＲＦＰ演绎的氨基酸序列，具有高密度的带电荷的氨基酸和占优势的β－层迭构型．对此表达蛋白作了Ｎｅｕｒｏｓｒｏｒａｃｒａｓｓａ的ｐｏｒｉｎ蛋白抗血清试验，以研究其可能功能．检验了Ｍ．ｍａｚｅｉＳ－６细胞的蔗糖梯度制备物，对此原细胞中的ＯＲＦＰ蛋白作了定位．结果表明，ＯＲＦＰ蛋白可能是一种古细菌Ｐｏｒｉｎ，其在Ｍ．ｍａｚｅｉＳ－６中的表达，可能象大肠杆菌那样与渗透压调节有关．     

原生质体转化构建有机磷农药降解工程菌

降解有机磷农药甲胺磷、敌敌畏和对硫磷的菌株地衣芽孢杆菌 Ｐ１２（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经溶菌酶处理获得原生质体,加入降解乐果的供体菌 Ｇ１ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ,经ρ（ Ｐ Ｅ Ｇ６ ０００） ＝ ３００ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 诱导,在液体再生培养基中振荡培养ｔ＝ ２０ ｈ ,使其恢复细胞壁后,离心收集菌体,涂布于含乐果的基础培养基上,经筛选得一转化子 Ｊ Ｐ Ｚ．其菌落形态明显不同于出发菌株,乐果平板连续传代１０ 次,性状保持稳定．在θ＝ ３０ ℃,１００ ｒ／ｍｉｎ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对ρ（ 甲胺磷） ＝ ０ ．５ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 敌敌畏） ＝ ０ ．２ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 对硫磷） ＝ ０ ．１ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 乐果） ＝ ０ ．３ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 的降解率分别为 Ｒｄ ＝ ７９ ．１ ％ ,４６ ．７ ％ ,２９ ．４ ％ 和４６ ．４ ％ ．     

一株高浓度苯胺降解菌的分离

通过驯化培养,从含苯胺的化工废水处理厂生化曝气池污泥中分离出一株高效苯胺降解菌 Ｈ６２ ,在苯胺浓度低于３ ０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 的无机盐培养基中均可生长． Ｈ６２ 利用苯胺的最适温度为３０ ℃,最适ｐ Ｈ 为８ ．０ ,当苯胺浓度在６００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 以下时,对该菌不表现出明显抑制作用．在含苯胺８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 的无机盐溶液中,通气量为０ ．４ Ｌ／ｍｉｎ ,３０ ℃,培养１５ 小时可使苯胺去除率达１００ ％ ．经鉴定,该菌株为不动杆菌属（ Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐ ．） ．     

不同培养方式下兽疫链球菌发酵生产透明质酸的研究

对摇瓶的分批和补料、小罐的分批和流加发酵生产透明质酸（ＨＡ） 进行了比较研究,并对发酵机制进行了初步的探讨．在耗糖量相同的情况下,分批发酵比多次加料或流加发酵具有更高的ＨＡ产量和转化率;分批发酵初糖７％ ,发酵２４ ｈ 左右,产ＨＡ３．６ ｇ／Ｌ,转化率５．３ ％ ,流加发酵初糖３％ ,１５ ｈ 耗糖７％ ,此时,ＨＡ 为３ ．０ ｇ／Ｌ,转化率Ｙｐ／ｓ４．２％ ,继续发酵至２０ ｈ ,产ＨＡ４ ．０％ ,此时转化率Ｙｐ／ｓ３ ．６％ ,两种发酵所产ＨＡ 的Ｍｒ 均为２ ．０×１０６ ． 分批发酵中ＨＡ、副产物乳酸都和菌体生长相偶联,流加发酵中乳酸和菌体生长是偶联的,其含量均不断增加,ＨＡ含量表现为在菌体生长前期与之偶联,而后下降．流加发酵的菌体比生长速率远高于分批发酵．     

培养条件对产酸克雷伯氏菌SG-11生物合成IAA影响的研究

研究了产酸克雷伯氏菌（Ｋｌｅｂｉｓｅｌｌａ ｏｘｙｔｏｃａ）ＳＧ－１１菌株的培养条件对其ＩＡＡ生物合成的影响。结果表明：该菌生长到稳定期时才开始大量产生ＩＡＡ；在基本培养基中，该菌对不同氮源的利用有别，在以（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４为氮源时，ＩＡＡ的产量最高，作为碳源的葡萄糖当加入浓度为６ｇ／Ｌ时，游离态ＩＡＡ的产量最高；在ＬＢ培养基中，当ｐ（Ｏ２）由正常值降低１／４时，ＩＡＡ的产生量陡然下降，灭菌前，把     

微生物降解蔬菜残留农药研究

从富集培养物中筛选到以甲胺磷为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＪ５和以乐果为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＬ３，经鉴定分别为芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｐ．）和假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）．它们利用甲胺磷、乐果生长的最适条件及在无机盐培养基中农药最大耐受浓度分别为ｐＨ７．５，ｔ＝３５℃，ρ＝１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ和ｐＨ７．５，ｔ＝３０℃，ρ＝２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ．在无碳基础培养基内单菌株培养８ｄ，５２４ｍｇ／Ｌ的甲胺磷好气降解４２．５％，厌气降解３５．９％，２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的乐果好气降解５０．２％，厌气降解１６．４％．小区试验表明，ＮＭＪ５、ＮＭＬ３的菌液制剂对普通白菜的变种南农矮脚黄（Ｂｒａｓｉｃａｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓｓｐ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．ｖａｒ．ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓＴｓｅｎｅｔＬｅｅ）中残留的甲胺磷、乐果有明显的去除作用．     

天然沸石对番茄及土壤中铅的影响

为探索沸石对轻度铅污染土壤的修复效果及农业安全生产可行性,利用盆栽试验研究了不同沸石添加量及不同沸石粒级等因素对不同生长时期番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）植株铅质量分数、累积量和土壤铅质量分数的影响。结果表明,添加天然沸石可提高土壤有效铅质量分数,不同程度地增加番茄地上部生物量,具有提高番茄茎叶铅质量分数及积累量、果实产量的趋势,也具有降低收获期根部铅质量分数及积累量的趋势。18g·kg-1是提高地上部生物量,抑制土壤铅污染、茎叶和根部铅积累的最佳沸石添加量,但有促进果实铅积累的趋势;沸石添加量为10g·kg-1则在提高土壤有效铅质量分数的同时可抑制果实铅的积累。中粒级沸石可抑制果实铅积累,大粒级为削减根部铅积累量促进茎叶铅积累的最佳沸石粒级,小粒级沸石则可抑制收获期茎叶铅的积累。     

产氢新种Ethanoligenens harbinese B49的氮素营养与代谢特征

从氮源角度研究了一株产氢新种Ethanoligenens harbineseB49发酵葡萄糖和糖蜜的产氢特性及其营养需求,以及酵母粉对产氢菌E.harbinese B49生长和产氢的特殊效应.试验结果表明,在以葡萄糖为底物条件下,以酵母粉替代蛋白胨作为唯一氮源可以大大提高E.harbineseB49的产氢能力,单位体积产氢量从1700mL L-1培养基提高到2400mL L-1培养基,产氢能力提高40.35%.该条件下去除维生素液,E.harbinese B49的产氢能力不受影响.从E.harbinese B49产氢动力学分析可以看出,对数生长期处于12~22h期间.从对数期开始迅速产氢,并且一直持续到稳定前期,产氢速率达到16.8mL/h,生物气中最大氢含量为41%.驯化后的E.harbinese B49利用糖蜜为底物产氢,糖蜜COD为13g L-1时,单位体积最大产氢能力为1576mL L-1.当培养基中额外加入0.5g L-1酵母粉时,可以大大促进E.harbinese B49发酵糖蜜产氢的能力,单位体积氢产量达到1960mL L-1,提高了24.4%,比产氢率达到150.8mL(H2)/g(COD).以牛肉膏、蛋白胨、尿素为氮源时,E.harbineseB49产氢量提高较小.图4表2参16     

选择性萃取方法在生物膜上铁、锰氧化物分离中的应用

1　IntroductionSurfacecoatings (biofilmsandassociatedminerals)existonallkindsofsolidphasesinnaturalaquaticenvironments.FeandMnoxideswerefoundedtobethemostimportantcomponentsofsur facecoatingsfortheirhighadsorptioncapacity[1—3].Tostudytherelativeroleofdif…     

Direct production of hydroxymethylfurfural from raw grape berry biomass using ionic liquids and metal chlorides

We report for the first time the direct conversion of raw grape berry biomass to hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) using ionic liquid solvents with metal chloride catalysts. Exploiting raw plant biomass as a biorefinery feedstock is innovative for sustainable chemical industry. The use of the raw biomass to synthesize compounds can indeed lead to less energy consumption and less CO₂ emissions. Using raw plant biomass skips pretreatment steps that are required to produce biomaterials such as carbohydrates or cellulosic biomass. Here, grape berry biomass was used as a raw chemical feedstock for the production of hydroxymethylfurfural, a key platform intermediate for syntheses of future renewable biofuels. We examined 3 ionic liquid solvents, 3 reaction temperatures, 5 chloride catalysts, and 5 concentrations of HCl. We found an increasing HMF yields depending on reaction conditions. 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride was most effective for HMF synthesis. Addition of HCl or metal chlorides alone showed little improvement. The highest HMF yield of about 100 mg HMF per mL of grape biomass extract was obtained using 0.3 M HCl, [OMIM]Cl, and CrCl₂ at 100°C for 3 h. Our study provides a model system of sustainable production of valuable compounds from raw plant biomass.     

ETU mineralization in soil under influence of organic carbon content,temperature, concentration,and depth

The mineralization of ¹⁴C‐ETU was measured by the evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ and described with a mathematical model consisting of two terms — one term describing the immediate mineralization of ¹⁴C‐ETU and another term describing the first order degradation of humus and/or biomass, where ¹⁴C had been built in. The influence of pesticide concentration, depth of soil, and incubation temperature showed combined interaction effects on the amount of ¹⁴CO₂ formed during the process and on the degradation rate of the pesticide. With the addition of soil extract, a combined effect between concentration and addition of organic extract was seen for the degradation rate, while a three‐way interaction between depth, concentration and organic extract was seen for the formation of ¹⁴CO₂. Degradation of ¹⁴C‐ETU can thus not be described only through investigations of one single of the mentioned parameters.     

Phytoplankton-zooplankton relationships in the Western Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas

Regressions of biomass and daily food requirements of herbivorous zooplankton on daily primary production were calculated, using assumptions based on data collected in various sea areas of the western Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas. A regression coefficient (1.470) of calculated herbivorous biomass on observed daily primary production is significantly higher than unity (P<0.01). This indicates that the herbivorous biomass sustained by unit amount of primary production is large in the more productive high latitudes, and small in the less productive tropical sea areas. This is attributed to relatively larger food requirements per unit biomass of the tropical herbivores as compared with those found in cold waters. Despite distinct areal differences in the herbivorous biomass-primary production ratios, the calculated daily food requirement of herbivores was in direct proportion to the daily primary production, when equilibrium had been established between phytoplankton and zooplankton. Under conditions of limited food supplies, the small body size of the tropical herbivores may be advantageous both in reducing the total energy consumption per individual, and in inducing rapid growth and reproduction. Therefore, the low ratio of biomass to primary production in the tropics could beregarded as a result of possible regulation of tropical herbivores to scarce food conditions rather than as evidence of failure of adaptation to such conditions.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of biofuels from biomass

A sustainable source of energy production can be provided using renewable resources. For instance, biomass is transformed into biofuels using several techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, an effective thermochemical process. Here we review results on biofuels obtained from lignocellulosic and algal biomass using supercritical fluids. Biofuel yield and composition are controlled by operating conditions such as extraction temperature, pressure, biomass and solvent type, and the presence of catalysts. The extraction temperature is the major factor controlling biofuel yield. Biofuel yields can also be improved with the use of catalysts. Major compounds in biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass are phenols, catechols, guaiacols, syringols, syringaldehydes, syringyl acetone, acids, and esters. Most of these compounds are produced by lignin decomposition in lignocellulose. Furfural and derivatives are produced by the decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose. Fatty acid alkyl esters are formed from lignin fragmentation by condensation of compounds bearing C–O or C=O. Prominent compounds in biofuels from algal biomass are saturated or unsaturated fatty acid alkyl esters.     

南黄海大型底栖生物次级生产力研究

根据2000年秋季和2001年春季在南黄海24个大面站进行的大型底栖生物定量采集样品资料,利用Brey’s(1990)的经验公式对调查海区进行了大型底栖生物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.结果表明,该海域大型底栖生物平均栖息密度在2000年秋季为154.2个/m2,与2001年春季的147.8个/m2相当,平均生物量以去灰干重计,秋季为6.92g/m2,远高于春季的2.81g/m2;年平均次级生产力以去灰干重计,为4.98gm-2a-1.与生物量的分别格局相似,次级生产力在所调查海域的西南和东南部有两个高生产力分布区域,而该二区域正好在黄海冷水团的两侧,由此验证大型底栖生物的生物量和次级生产力受海水温度的影响较大.平均P/B值在研究海域为1.10a-1.与渤海研究结果比较,证明了底栖生物群落生产力随水深增大而下降,P/B值随水温升高而升高.图2表2参31     

The Existence and Removal of Evaporable 137Cs-Containing Compound(S) From the Extract of Lichen Cetraria Islandica

The aim of the work described here was to investigate the existence of evaporable ¹³⁷Cscontaining compound(s) in lichen and to suggest a possible way of dealing with a phenomenon during lichen exploitation. A sample of lichen, Cetraria islandica, was submitted to aqueous extraction and the extract was monitored to be ¹³⁷Cs-radioactive. It was heated according to the experimental schedule and the resulting vapour passed over a layer of activated charcoal. By measuring the decrease in the radioactivity content of the lichen extract after heating and the radioactivity of the adsorbent it was found that a significant amount of the extracted ¹³⁷Cs could be evaporated and bound to the charcoal adsorbent (40.6%). If not captured, this radiocaesium may lead to air pollution, especially of immediate breathing space.     

施垃圾堆肥拌CaCO3对蔬菜中重金属的累积影响

垃圾堆肥拌施ＣａＣＯ３对蔬菜中重金属的累积效应试验结果显示：单施垃圾肥会增加蔬菜中重金属的累积量，但若施垃圾堆肥同时拌施ＣａＣＯ３（按施垃圾堆肥量的０．５％或１％），则可有效地降低蔬菜中重金属的累积水平．与单施垃圾堆肥相比，拌施ＣａＣＯ３能使番茄中Ｐｂ含量下降２９％－４１％；Ｃｒ下降５％－４６％，Ｃｄ下降９％－４２％；Ｃｕ下降２％－２４％；ＡＳ下降４％－６０％；有的元素如Ｐｂ和Ｃｄ甚至能降到本底值（即不施垃圾肥者）以下。青菜中Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ａｓ的含量下降较明显。试验还显示：施垃圾堆肥拌施ＣａＣＯ３，土壤中重金属可提取总量低于单施垃圾堆肥者。