K+、Ca2+、Mg2+对高盐肝素废水处理的影响

高盐废水的生物处理效率因盐分对活性污泥系统的抑制作用而受到很大的限制。寻求降低盐抑制作用,提高生物处理效率的方法和技术是目前研究的热点。针对SBR工艺处理高盐肝素钠生产废水的活性污泥,从金属离子间的拮抗效应出发,研究了K+、Ca2+和Mg2+3种金属离子对污泥性能的影响。结果表明,K+、Ca2+和Mg2+添加量分别为40、50和150 mg/L时,COD去除率比对照组分别提高了2.8%、8.0%和3.8%,其余添加量下无明显改善;K+、Ca2+和Mg2+添加量分别为100、200和20 mg/L时,氨氮去除率比对照组分别提高了39.8%、9.8%和28.4%,其中Ca2+对氨氮去除效果的改善能力最差,同时在最佳添加量下讨论了这3种金属离子对污泥浓度以及污泥沉降速率的影响。     

腐殖活性污泥A-OSA工艺污泥减量及污染物去除效能

通过在厌氧-好氧-沉淀-厌氧(anaerobic-oxic-settling-anaerobic,A-OSA)工艺中添加复合腐殖生物填料,使之形成腐殖活性污泥A-OSA(humic activated sludge A-OSA process,HS-A-OSA)工艺后,研究了污泥在厌氧反应池内不同停留时间(3、5.5和7 h)的HS-A-OSA工艺污泥减量效果、污染物去除效能及污泥沉降性能的影响。结果表明,在同等条件下,与A-OSA参照工艺相比,HS-A-OSA工艺的污泥产量降低了16.3%~23.0%,化学需氧量(COD)去除率略高,氨氮(NH+4-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的去除率分别提高了7.0%~11.2%、9.9%~10.4%和11.9%~13.8%,污泥体积指数(SVI)稳定在66.8 m L·g-1左右。综合考虑认为,对于HS-A-OSA工艺而言,系统中的活性污泥在厌氧反应池内停留时间为5.5 h时,污泥减量及污染物去除效果最佳。     

生物铁法去除维生素B1生产废水中COD的试验研究

生物铁法是一种新型的强化活性污泥法,处理高浓度、难生物降解维生素B1生产废水具有很大的优势.当进水COD浓度维持在8000 mg/L时,COD的去除率可达94%以上,比普通活性污泥法高出9.7%.生物铁法污泥絮凝沉淀效果好,能保证系统有较高浓度的回流污泥,从而使曝气池的污泥浓度得到提高,COD的去除率也会相应地提高.     

新型活性污泥的培养及其处理高盐有机废水

在好氧反应器中,将海泥通过海水和营养物质培养成新型的活性污泥,在处理含盐废水时有较好的活性和沉降性能,对这种新型的活性污泥我们称其为海洋活性污泥。通过10周的培养,海泥的污泥体积指数（SVI）从最初的19 mL/g升高到70 mL/g,对有机废水处理12 h后高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）降解率达到90%,氨氮降解率达到45%。在污泥培养时,营养物质投加频率为一日一次最有利于污泥的培养,又葡萄糖比淀粉更有利于污泥的培养。对于含盐有机废水的处理,海洋活性污泥也比传统活性污泥有优势,甚至对于含盐量6%的高盐有机废水,处理12 h后能达到CODMn降解率达为70%,氨氮降解率达到30%。当NaCl浓度高于6%,海洋活性污泥仍具有一定的活性,但仍能观察到明显的抑制作用。此外,海洋活性污泥具有比传统活性污泥更强的盐度变化抗性,甚至在低盐度下盐浓度变化时,海洋活性污泥的氨氮降解稳定性也优于传统活性污泥。     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养及其性能

为考察不同接种污泥培养好氧硝化颗粒污泥的可行性,分别采用絮状活性污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种污泥,在气升内循环序批式反应器(SBAR)中进行好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养,探讨不同性质的种泥对好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养及其性能影响.结果表明,以絮状活性污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥均可培养出好氧硝化颗粒污泥,其颗粒成熟时间分别为62和80 d,SVI为25.52和27.68 mL/g,氨氮去除率为93.15％和75.43％,COD去除率在90％以上,SOUR、Zeta和EPS显著提高,微生物活性及疏水性能增强,以絮状活性污泥培养的好氧硝化颗粒污泥性能更优.     

矿化污泥生物反应器处理生活垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液

经长时间稳定化形成的矿化污泥中,含有种类丰富和数量繁多的降解性微生物,具有处理渗滤液的潜力。建立3个矿化污泥生物反应器,即C1(粉煤灰0%),C2(粉煤灰9.1%),C3(粉煤灰16.7%),以处理垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液。在单级矿化污泥反应器中,当进水COD和NH3-N分别约为1350和900 mg/L时,水力负荷为17.7～70.8 L/(m3.d),COD去除率可超过65%,氨氮的去除率可超过94%。粉煤灰的加入一定程度上降低了COD去除率,但有助于氨氮的去除。在二级矿化污泥生物反应器中(即C3～C1串联),水力负荷为35.4 L/(m3.d)的工况下,当COD、TOC、IC和NH3-N分别为1 500～2 500,500～900,1 200～1 600和1 200～1 450 mg/L时,出水可达到COD<300 mg/L,TOC<180 mg/L,IC<100 mg/L,NH3-N<5 mg/L。但是,矿化污泥生物反应器对渗滤液总氮的去除率较低,仅为20%左右。     

污泥回流对流化床生物膜—A/O活性污泥耦合工艺的影响研究

设计一套流化床生物膜(MBBR)—A/O活性污泥耦合装置处理城镇污水,考察了污泥回流对耦合工艺处理效率的影响,研究了系统中生物膜相和悬浮相微生物在有机物降解和脱氮反应中的活性差异。实验结果表明,当系统进水COD在200~400mg/L,进水氨氮在8.0~32.0mg/L,污泥回流比为1/8时,水力停留时间为12.4h,系统COD去除率平均值达81.4%,TN去除率平均值达70.6%,系统对较难降解城镇污水的处理具有明显的技术优势。污泥回流降低了生物膜相微生物的活性,而提高了悬浮相微生物活性,但生物膜相微生物活性速率仍高于悬浮相微生物活性。与传统活性污泥工艺相比,MBBR—A/O活性污泥耦合工艺将高活性生物膜引入,使悬浮污泥浓度极大降低,有助于减少污泥回流能耗与处理成本,具有明显应用价值。     

解偶联剂与电气石协同作用对污泥性能的影响研究

为提升解偶联剂的污泥减量效果并缓解其对微生物的影响,在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中添加不同浓度的解偶联剂(双香豆素)和电气石,分析两者协同作用对SBR系统中活性污泥产量及性能的影响。研究结果表明,当双香豆素投加量由10mg/L增加到40mg/L,污泥的表观产率由0.19降至0.15,下降约20%,污泥减量作用明显增强,但COD去除率由76.7%下降至76.3%,SBR内的亚硝酸盐氮积累量增加,TN去除率由87.5%降至80.3%,污泥沉降性能有所降低,污泥活性有所提高。40mg/L双香豆素与100g电气石协同作用下,SBR内污泥的表观产率降至0.13,COD去除率提高至82.6%,SBR内亚硝酸盐氮积累量显著降低,TN去除率可达88.9%,污泥沉降性能及污泥活性均有所提高。电气石可以改善高浓度双香豆素所导致的负面影响,不会提高系统污泥产率。     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化粪产碱杆菌处理高氨氮污泥厌氧消化液

具有异养硝化-好氧反硝化特性的粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis No.4)直接处理污泥厌氧消化液中的高浓度氨氮时,在60 h内氨氮(原始浓度441 mg/L)去除率约为18%。沼液中碳源验证实验表明,乙酸可作为其优质碳源。因而,可以通过外加乙酸钠的方式来解决污泥厌氧消化液碳源不足的问题。当污泥消化液中添加足够的碳源-乙酸钠使得C/N为10时,Alcaligenes faecalis No.4的脱氮效果良好,氨氮的去除率达到了98%以上。研究结果表明,在利用粪产碱杆菌处理高浓度氨氮沼液时,酸化污泥作为外加碳源的方式具有其理论可行性。     

无机碳强化处理焦化废水EGSB反应器运行效能

为实现处理焦化废水的颗粒污泥的快速培养,进而高效处理焦化废水,在22~27℃环境温度下,平行运行2个EGSB反应器,用焦化废水驯化处理啤酒废水颗粒污泥,对微氧运行(与厌氧对比),有机营养物添加(厌氧、微氧运行)、无机碳营养添加(厌氧、微氧运行)3种情况时的污染物质(COD)去除效果进行实验研究。研究结果表明:与厌氧相比,微氧运行能够明显强化焦化废水中毒性污染物质的去除。在焦化废水驯化初期,多次水质冲击(1 500 mg·L~(-1)COD,220 mg·L~(-1)氨氮→2 000 mg·L~(-1)COD,70 mg·L~(-1)氨氮→700 mg·L~(-1)COD,104~220 mg·L~(-1)氨氮),微氧运行时COD平均去除率为24.8%(厌氧运行时仅为5.16%)。微氧运行虽然保证了污泥床的有效膨胀,但COD去除率的提高仍然有限。有机营养物的添加并没有使得COD去除率大幅提高,厌氧时为22.8%,微氧时为37.5%。无机碳营养(碳酸氢钠)的添加能够大幅提高焦化废水中COD去除率,厌氧时提高到53.8%;微氧时提高到75.4%,增幅分别达到31.0%和37.4%。微氧运行条件与无机碳营养的耦合作用能强化焦化废水中COD的去除,快速驯化培养处理焦化废水颗粒污泥。通过给处理焦化废水微氧EGSB反应器内添加碳酸氢钠,40 d就能完成高活性颗粒污泥的培养,高效处理焦化废水中各种污染物质。进水COD、酚类、氰化物和硫氢化物分别为54.8—1 927 mg·L~(-1),10.1—154.3 mg·L~(-1),0.9—57.8 mg·L~(-1)和66.7—340.4mg·L~(-1)、进水流量1.2 L·h-1、HRT10 h时,COD去除率达到78%~86%,酚类、氰化物、硫氢化物的平均去除率分别高达98.9%、93.1%和97.5%。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.