不同氧浓度下脱脂餐厨垃圾燃烧特性及动力学研究

利用热重分析法和Coats-Redfern积分法,对不同氧浓度下脱脂餐厨垃圾的燃烧特性进行研究,得到了各试样的着火温度、燃烬温度及综合燃烧特性指数,并通过燃烧动力学分析得到各试样的活化能。实验结果表明,燃烧温度从室温升至1 000℃时,脱脂餐厨垃圾燃烧过程可分为3个失重阶段:水分析出阶段、挥发分析出及燃烧阶段和固定碳燃烧阶段;随着氧浓度的升高,脱脂餐厨垃圾最大失重率以及燃烧特性指数等燃烧特性参数都有显著变化。根据Coats-Redfern积分法计算得低温和高温阶段的活化能分别为83.76~91.2 k J/mol和95.25~141.7 k J/mol。     

城市生活垃圾典型组分的热解动力学分析

利用热分析仪对城市生活垃圾中典型组分的热解过程进行了热重分析实验，采用不同形式的反应机理函数对实验结果进行了线性拟合计算，得到了针对不同组分的最合理的反应机理函数形式，并求出了相应的反应活化能E及频率因子A，由此构建了能更准确地反映垃圾各组分的热解反应过程的动力学模型。计算结果表明，垃圾中多数组分的热解过程用扩散模型来表示最为合理。     

船舶垃圾燃烧失重特性研究

在不同升温速率和不同O2气氛下对船舶垃圾(CSW)的燃烧特性进行热重分析,并使用不同方法对其进行动力学参数求解。根据船用焚烧炉的特点,选择温度范围为100~1 100℃,结果表明:CSW燃烬物较少,只有6.02%(质量分数);根据微分热重(DTG)曲线,燃烧的温度区间分为3段,其中在200~600℃反应基本完成,在600~800℃反应的物质较少。CSW在气氛O2/N2(体积比)=30∶70下的燃烧性能是3种气氛中最好的。在气氛O2/N2=30∶70下,通过FWO法计算得CSW的平均活化能为162.588kJ/mol,通过KAS法计算得CSW的平均活化能为160.677kJ/mol。     

城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程研究及数值模拟

研究城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程，建立了垃圾在炉排炉移动床内燃烧过程中垃圾体积变化、水分蒸发、挥发分析出及燃烧、垃圾颗粒的移动、气-固两相热传递、焦炭燃烧等各个反应阶段的热化学模型，采用一维非稳态模型分别建立了床层内气固两相介质控制方程。通过对炉排上垃圾焚烧过程的数值模拟研究，获得料层中温度分布、料层高度、炉床机械负荷、气相中反应物组分和污染物浓度分布。利用建立的模型对某大型垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧过程进行数值仿真，对燃烧过程、烟气成分进行预测，为垃圾焚烧炉排炉的设计和燃烧控制提供理论依据。     

生活垃圾与煤混合燃烧特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对生活垃圾与煤混合试样的燃烧特性及热反应动力学进行了实验研究,考察了不同配比混合试样的着火温度、燃尽温度、最大燃烧速率及最大燃烧速率温度等燃烧特征参数,并用Coats-Redfern积分法对其进行了燃烧动力学分析,确定了燃烧动力学方程,求出了反应活化能Ea及指前因子A。实验结果表明:生活垃圾与煤混合燃烧时均保持各自的燃烧特性;混合燃料中随着生活垃圾掺量的增加,热重曲线向低温区转移,燃尽点逐渐降低,综合燃烧特性指数明显增大,生活垃圾能改善煤的燃烧性能;生活垃圾及其与煤混合燃烧出现两个燃烧阶段,分别遵循二级和一级反应机理,煤燃烧只出现一个燃烧阶段,遵循一级反应机理;混合燃料燃烧反应活化能Ea与指前因子A存在动力学补偿效应。     

循环流化床锅炉燃烧城市生活垃圾的研究进展

城市生活垃圾（MSW）产量的与日俱增及环保要求的不断提高，使循环流化床（CFB）燃烧技术逐渐在MSW的回收和利用方面扮演越来越重要的角色。简要分析了国内外采用分类回收及综合利用、卫生填埋、堆肥和一般焚烧方法处理MSW的不足之处以及采用CFB燃烧技术的优越性，重点介绍了国内外采用CFB燃烧装置焚烧MSW的研究和应用现状，指出了目前存在的问题及努力的方向。采用CFB燃烧装置焚烧MSW关于SO２、NOx、CO排放的实验研究和运行结果令人满意，但对HCl、二恶英及重金属排放还需要进一步研究。试验及实际运行结果都表明，采用CFB燃烧装置对MSW进行焚烧处理是切实可行的，它将是未来解决MSW问题的重要手段。     

船舶塑料垃圾热解特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析(TGA)研究船舶塑料垃圾在不同升温速率和不同气氛下的热解特性,并得到了热解动力学参数。结果表明,船舶塑料垃圾的热解过程主要有3个阶段,比一般塑料热解复杂;随着升温速率增大,最大热解速率和最大热解速率温度等热解特性参数也增大,反应变得更剧烈;N2/CO2比为4∶1时,热解反应进行得最完全,固体残留率最少。动力学分析表明,采用3个连续一级反应模型能很好地拟合实验数据;不同的升温速率和气氛比对反应各阶段活化能均有不同程度的影响。     

垃圾中典型组分热重分析研究

采用热重分析法研究了不同升温速率下垃圾中典型组分的热失重行为.根据热重分析曲线和实验数据,对不同加热速率条件下垃圾中典型组分的热失重行为进行了比较分析,结果表明,随着升温速率的加大,典型组分TG曲线对应的温度升高.DTG结果与组成成分的性质相关,橡胶塑料类的最大失重速率随着升温速率的加大而升高.纸类不同升温速率下对应的最大失重速度变化不大.     

城市垃圾处理与可持续发展

随着社会经济的发展、城市化进程的加快、以及人民生活水平的提高,城市生活垃圾日益增多,而自然资源日趋匮乏,城市污染防治和资源再生利用已成为国家现代化建设中的一个越来越紧迫的问题,针对国内外城市垃圾处理现状,介绍了目前城市垃圾无害化、减量化、资源化的处理技术,并对城市的可持续发展的对策进行了探讨.     

生活垃圾灰渣对生物质的热解特性及动力学的影响

生活垃圾热解焚烧产生的热灰渣可以作为热解过程的热载体。为研究灰渣对生活垃圾中生物质热解的影响,在热重分析仪中将生活垃圾的典型组分木屑和纸屑分别与2种垃圾灰渣混合热解,并进行热解动力学研究。结果表明,城市生活垃圾的热解焚烧炉灰渣(A灰)可以提高木屑和纸屑的热解转化率,比理论值高出4%～5%。农村生活垃圾热解焚烧炉的灰渣(B灰)对纸屑热解具有促进作用,但对木屑的热解没有显著影响。动力学研究表明,混入A灰后,木屑热解的第1、第2阶段的表观活化能都大幅降低,与其提高木屑的热解转化率的结果相一致。B灰也使得木屑的热解第1阶段活化能降低。此外,A灰和B灰均可以显著降低纸屑第1段热解的活化能。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。