粗壮女贞中的新单萜配糖体

从粗壮女贞（Ｌｉｇｕｓｔｒｕｍ ｒｏｂｕｓｔｕｍ）叶子中分离鉴定了４个新的单萜配糖体,命名为粗壮女贞甙Ｄ、Ｇ、Ｈ和Ｌ．通过滤谱及化学方法,它们分别鉴定为香叶醇３‘－Ｏ－μ－Ｌ－南鼠李糖基－４’－顺式香豆酰基－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖甙（１）,６－羟基－３,７－二甲基－２Ｅ,７葵二烯醇３‘－Ｏ－α－Ｌ－吡喃鼠李糖基－４’反式香豆酰基－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖甙（２）,６－羟基－３,７－二甲基－２Ｅ,７－葵二烯醇     

雷公藤新的降倍半萜成分

从贵州产雷公藤（ＴｒｉｐｔｅｒｙｇｉｕｍｗｉｌｆｏｒｄｉＨｏｋＦ．）中分离得到８个化合物,其中一个为新的降倍半萜化合物雷公藤酮（１）,根据光谱（ＩＲ,１ＨＮＭＲ,１３ＣＮＭＲ,ＨＲＭＳ,ＣＤ等）数据分析并通过Ｘ射线晶体分析确定了结构;另外７个化合物分别鉴定为雷公藤素（２）,（±）６氧２（４′羟基３′,５′二甲氧苯基）３,７二氧杂二环［３．３．０］辛烷（３）,ｔｒｉｐｔｅｒｉｆｏｒｄｉｎ（４）,雷公藤内酯酮（５）,雷公藤内酯醇（６）,雷公藤内酯甲（７）和对乙氧基乙酰替苯胺（８）．其中,３和８均为首次从该植物中分离得到．用二维核磁共振谱对３的氢谱和碳谱进行了指定     

川滇蔷薇和多苞蔷薇化学成分的研究

从川滇蔷薇和多苞蔷薇中共分得１０个单体,经光谱方法和与标准化合物比较,鉴定出７个化合物为：ｅｕｓｃａｐｈｉｃ ａｃｉｄ（１）,槲皮素（２）,齐墩果酸（３）,胡罗卜苷（４）,β－谷甾醇（５）,３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－葡萄糖－（６－Ｏ－对羟基反式香豆酰基）－山奈素苷（６）和山奈素（７）。     

芒苞草的化学成分

从芒包草（Ａｃａｎｔｈｏｃｈｌａｍｙｓ ｂｒａｃｔｅａｔａ Ｐ． Ｃ． Ｋａｏ）全草的甲醇撮物中分离出６个晶体,经波谱分析和与标准品对照,将它们分别鉴定为：豆甾醇（Ⅰ）、豆甾醇葡萄糖甙（Ⅱ）、７α－羟基豆甾醇（Ⅲａ）和７β－羟基豆甾醇（Ⅲｂ）的混晶、棕榈酸（Ⅳ）、ｅｕｓｃａｐｈｉｃ ａｃｉｄ（Ⅴ）、和槲皮素－３’,４’７－三甲醚（Ⅵ）。实验表明甾醇类化合物是该植物的主要次主代谢产物。这是该单种属科     

BACILLUS SP. BT-7木聚糖酶基因克隆与鉴定

报道了从一株有较高半纤维素酶活性的Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｐ．ＢＴ７克隆内切木聚糖酶基因的结果．以大肠杆菌ＸＬ１ｂｌｕｅ为宿主菌,采用水解圈检测法,在含有ＲＢＢ木聚糖（４氧甲基Ｄ葡萄糖苷Ｄ木聚糖Ｒｅｍａｚｏｌ亮蓝Ｒ）的平板上分离到能水解ＲＢＢ木聚糖的阳性克隆３个,对它们进行的限制酶作图和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析表明,它们属于３种不同的内切木聚糖酶基因     

岩豆凝集素分子中色氨酸残基的化学修饰及其荧光光谱研究

从岩豆（Ｍｉｌｌｅｔｔｉａ ｄｉｅｌｓｉａｎａ Ｈａｒｍｓ ｅｘ Ｄｉｅｌｓ）种妇中分离纯化得到的岩豆凝集素（简称ＭＤＬ）经链霉蛋白酶水解,测得其分子中含有４个色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基。用Ｎ－溴代丁二酰亚胺（ＮＢＳ）对ＭＤＬ分子中的色氨酸残基进行化学修饰,在无变性剂存在下有３．６个Ｔｒｐ残基被修饰,在变性条件下可修饰３．８个Ｔｒｐ残基。修饰后ＭＤＬ活性均丧失,且甘露糖对ＭＤＬ活性雎有保护作用。表明Ｔｒ     

腺叶香茶菜的化学成分研究

从腺叶香茶菜［Rabdosiaadenoloma（Hand．－Mazz．）Hara］地上部分的乙醇提取物中共分离出10个化合物．经EIMS、1HNMR和13CNMR等波谱和化学方法分别鉴定为：effusaninA（1）、effusaninE（2）、洋芹素－4＇，7－二甲醚（3）、β－谷甾醇（4）、柳杉二醇（5）、Uvaol（6）、白桦酸（7）、齐墩果酸（8），乌苏酸（9），齐墩果酸－3－O－α－L－鼠李吡喃糖基（1→2）［β－D－葡萄吡喃糖基－（1→4）］－α－L－阿拉伯吡喃糖甙（10）．其中8的含量高达1％以上．上述化学成分均为首次从该植物中分离得到．     

攀枝花苏铁的化学成分

首次从攀枝花苏铁（Ｃｙｃａｓｐａｎｚｈｉｈｕａｅｎｓｉｓ）的茎、雄花、雌花和种子中共分离出７个化合物．经波谱分析和化学方法分别鉴定为：佳味酚β芸香糖苷（１）,穗花杉双黄酮（２）,罗汗松双黄酮甲（３）,５,５″,７,７″,４′,４－六羟基（２′,８″）双黄酮（４）,β谷甾醇（５）,胡萝卜苷（６）和棕榈酸（７）．其中１和４均为首次从苏铁植物中分离得到     

微生物降解蔬菜残留农药研究

从富集培养物中筛选到以甲胺磷为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＪ５和以乐果为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＬ３,经鉴定分别为芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｐ．）和假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）．它们利用甲胺磷、乐果生长的最适条件及在无机盐培养基中农药最大耐受浓度分别为ｐＨ７．５,ｔ＝３５℃,ρ＝１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ和ｐＨ７．５,ｔ＝３０℃,ρ＝２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ．在无碳基础培养基内单菌株培养８ｄ,５２４ｍｇ／Ｌ的甲胺磷好气降解４２．５％,厌气降解３５．９％,２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的乐果好气降解５０．２％,厌气降解１６．４％．小区试验表明,ＮＭＪ５、ＮＭＬ３的菌液制剂对普通白菜的变种南农矮脚黄（Ｂｒａｓｉｃａｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓｓｐ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．ｖａｒ．ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓＴｓｅｎｅｔＬｅｅ）中残留的甲胺磷、乐果有明显的去除作用．     

硅营养缓解水稻幼苗Cd、Cr毒害的生理研究

两系法杂交稻“培杂山青”和常规稻“双桂３６”幼苗经较高浓度的Ｃｄ２＋（ｃ＝９．６～３８．４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）或Ｃｒ３＋（ｃ＝７．５～２５．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理可使其叶片光合速率、叶绿素（ａ＋ｂ）含量、叶绿素ａ／ｂ比值、叶片可溶性糖、淀粉及可溶性蛋白质含量降低，而叶片的ＰＯＤ活性提高；低浓度Ｃｄ２＋（ｃ＝４．８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和Ｃｒ３＋（ｃ＝２．５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理幼苗对上述生理指标有提高作用，但ＰＯＤ活性稍降低．加Ｓｉ（Ｎａ２ＳｉＯ３）［ｃ（ＳｉＯ２）＝１．３３１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ］的Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ处理比不加Ｓｉ的Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ处理的幼苗叶片上述生理指标明显提高，且明显降低其ＰＯＤ活性．说明Ｓｉ在不同程度上起到缓解Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ对水稻幼苗的毒害作用．而ｃ（Ｃｒ３＋）＝２５．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ是“双桂３６”幼苗的致死浓度     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.