喷射火对输油管道热影响实验平台设计与验证*

为研究油气并行管道中,天然气管道喷射火对相邻输油管道内流体与管壁的热影响,设计并搭建天然气喷射火对输油管道热影响实验平台。实验平台由环道及冷却系统、火焰系统、控制及数据采集系统3个部分组成。完成平台搭建并验证环道系统气密性后,以0#柴油为介质,开展验证实验。研究结果表明:火焰系统工作可靠且可控,冷却系统能够将柴油温度控制在初馏点以下,数据采集系统能够正常采集油品压力、温度、流量、管壁温度、火焰温度等预定数据,实验平台具备一定可行性与安全性。实验平台可进行在不同管道规格及材质、火灾形式、油品介质及流速条件下的热影响实验。实验平台结合材料性能进行测试,可研究喷射火对管材性能的影响,为油气并行管道的安全运行提供相关实验依据。     

An integrated quantitative hazard analysis method for natural gas jet release from underground gas storage caverns in salt rock. II: A sample computation and parametric study

It is of great importance and necessity to perform quantitative hazard analysis on possible accidental leakage from gas storage cavern in salt rock. To improve the working safety in the cavern, an integrated quantitative method for hazard analysis on natural gas jet release from caverns in salt rock was presented. In this paper, a sample of gas storage cavern in salt rock was analyzed to demonstrate the presented method. Furthermore, the factors that influence the hazard range of leakage accidents from gas storage cavern in salt rock were discussed. The results indicated that the release rate diminishes with increased pipe length due to friction in steady-state. Meanwhile, the hazard distance from production casing also diminishes with increased pipe length. As the pipeline gets as long as several kilometers, the predicted hazard distance will be constant. However, the hazard distance increases with increasing the operating pressure and pipeline diameter.     

Large scale high pressure jet fires involving natural gas and natural gas/hydrogen mixtures

A series of six large scale high pressure jet fires were conducted using natural gas and natural gas/hydrogen mixtures. Three tests involved natural gas and three involved a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen containing approximately 24% by volume hydrogen. For each fuel, the three tests involved horizontal releases from 20, 35 and 50 mm diameter holes at a gauge pressure of approximately 60 bar. During the experiments, the flame length and the incident radiation field produced around the fire were measured. The fires also engulfed a 1 m diameter horizontal pipe placed across the flow direction and about halfway along the flame. This pipe was instrumented to measure the heat fluxes to the pipe. The data obtained is compared with previous data obtained for various hydrocarbons at large scale.     

不同封闭情况下T型管道中瓦斯爆炸传播规律实验研究*

为研究不同封闭情况下T型管道中瓦斯爆炸的传播规律,在90°分岔管道中进行瓦斯爆炸实验,管道封闭情况为弱封闭（双PVC薄膜弱封闭）和强封闭（直管封闭或支管封闭）。实验结果表明:在瓦斯浓度为9.5%时,管道中各点处的瓦斯爆炸压力、火焰传播速度和火焰锋面振荡幅度最大,11%次之,8%最小。T型管道中,弱封闭端瓦斯爆炸压力不断减小;火焰传播速度先缓慢增大后减小,随后又快速增大。强封闭端,瓦斯爆炸压力增大;火焰传播速度先缓慢增大后略微下降,随后快速增大后又大幅度下降,甚至出现火焰锋面振荡现象。不同封闭管道中各测点的瓦斯最大爆炸压力和火焰传播速度大小比较可知,直管封闭管道＞双PVC薄膜弱封闭管道＞支管封闭管道。     

Estimation of safety distances in the vicinity of fuel gas pipelines

In this paper, safety distances around pipelines transmitting liquefied petroleum gas and pressurized natural gas are determined considering the possible outcomes of an accidental event associated with fuel gas release from pressurized transmission systems. Possible outcomes of an accidental fuel gas release were determined by performing the Event Tree Analysis approach. Safety distances were computed for two pipeline transmission systems of pressurized natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas existing in Greece using real data given by Greek Refineries and the Greek Public Gas Enterprise. The software packages chetah and breeze were used for thermochemical mixture properties estimation and quantitative consequence assessment, respectively. Safety distance determination was performed considering jet fire and gas dispersion to the lower flammable limit as the worst-case scenarios corresponding to immediate and delayed cloud ignition. The results showed that the jet fire scenario should be considered as the limiter for safety distances determination in the vicinity of natural and petroleum gas pipelines. Based on this conclusion, the obtained results were further treated to yield functional diagrams for prompt safety distance estimation. In addition, qualitative conclusions were made regarding the effect of atmospheric conditions on possible events. Thus, wind velocity was found to dominate during a jet fire event suppressing the thermal radiation effect, whereas gas dispersion was found to be affected mainly by solar radiation that favors the faster dissolution of fuel gas below the lower flammable limit.     

城市天然气管道风险特征与肯特法的改进

根据城市高压天然气管道特点,将适合于城市天然气管道风险分析的肯特评分法加以改进,包括调整评分项目和事故因素权重,使其成为适于城市天然气管道的风险分析法。将改进后的肯特评分法应用于常州21km高压天然气管道的风险评价,得出8个相对高风险管段,其分析结果可作为安全管理人员合理分配维护资源的理论依据。工程应用实例证明:改进后的肯特法具有较强的可行性,是城市高压天然气管道风险评估的有效工具。     

Experimental and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of leak shapes and sizes for gas pipeline

In this paper, a parametric study has been carried out to predict the exit velocity of air through the leakage in the pipe with the help of CFD software ANSYS Fluent. The effect of air pressure in the pipe and the shape of leakage have been studied. Further experiments were also carried out to determine the exit velocity for the defined shape of leakage by varying the air pressure in the pipe. Experimentally, the velocity at a distance of 8 cm from the location of a leak in the horizontal plane was obtained with the help of differential pressure transducers. Using the experimental results, the computational results were validated. The results of the parametric simulation study showed that even for a pressure of 2 bars the velocity profile at the leak location indicates the supersonic state where the Mach number is greater than 1. The study is useful because it may be used as a foundation for risk assessment and safety management in the case of flammable gas leaks through gas pipes.     

储气井螺纹连接安全性有限元模拟分析及实验研究

储气井是一种新型压力容器,其螺纹连接的安全性目前既没有经过充分的研究论证,也没有经过实践的充分检验.通过实验和有限元模拟方法,对储气井螺纹连接的安全性进行了分析研究,得出了以下结论:(1)储气井模拟构件在极限内压实验过程中,在管体发生强度失效前,螺纹连接接头部位先发生泄漏失效,表明螺纹连接接头是储气井的薄弱环节;(2)储气井在极限内压条件下的破坏模式为“漏而不破”,这一特性有益于保障储气井的安全;(3)螺纹沟槽对于井管管体而言是一种“损伤”,但其并没有增高螺纹连接接头部位的结构应力,原因是因为接箍起到了加强作用;(4)螺纹连接接头部位螺纹牙底存在应力集中,可能会导致疲劳失效,建议设计时予以重点考虑,内压疲劳实验结果显示螺纹连接接头的抗疲劳性能满足储气井一般工况要求.     

双护盾TBM不良地质段卡机脱困技术研究*

为确保双护盾TBM在不良地质中遭遇卡机事故时能快速安全脱困,依托某引水隧洞工程,研究双护盾TBM在断层破碎带段及软岩大变形段遭遇的卡机事故原因以及采用超前大管棚支护、环形扩挖法的技术难点。结果表明:双护盾TBM在断层破碎带段采用超前大管棚支护及软岩大变形段采用环形扩挖法,均能解决卡机事故问题,使其成功脱困。研究结果可为类似TBM卡机脱困提供工程借鉴。     

基于流固耦合的多弯管路系统动力学分析

为研究多弯管路系统的动力学特性,基于流固耦合和有限元原理,对充液L型管道的固有特性进行了数值模拟,并与TMM(传递矩阵法)进行了对比,证明了数值模型的合理性。建立了水下多弯管路的数值模型,进行了流固耦合模态分析,研究了壁厚、管径对管路固有频率的影响规律。并对非定常流下多弯管路系统的动力响应进行了分析,研究了壁厚和波动速度对管道振动的影响规律。研究结果表明:考虑管内、外流体与管道三者耦合时的管道固有频率比只考虑管内流体与管道二者耦合和不考虑耦合时小,但流固耦合作用对管道模态振型的影响较小;管道的固有频率随管径和壁厚的增大而增大, 气体与管道之间耦合作用对管道固有频率的影响小于液体;非定常流下,多弯管路的振动幅值随着壁厚的增大而减小,随着波动速度的增大而增大。     

煤改气村户内燃气设施安全现状与对策措施研究

为减少煤改气村户内天然气事故的发生,应用检查表对北京54个行政村1956户煤改气村用户户内燃气设施进行现场检查,对存在的安全隐患进行梳理,从工程、管理、用户3方面分析安全隐患产生原因,并提出保障煤改气村天然气安全使用对策措施。研究表明:壁挂炉间堆放可燃杂物、燃气管道及壁挂炉与电气设备间距不足、燃气管道穿墙未封堵等是其主要安全隐患;从设置专职安全运行员、设置网格综合服务站等5个方面提出对策措施。     

常州市燃气管网破坏的人工神经网络预测模型

作为一种高效清洁的能源,燃气已经成为城市能源中的重要一员,燃气管网破坏亦成为城市所面临的重大安全隐患。城市埋地燃气管网的破坏风险,往往受到多种影响因素的共同作用。通过分析常州市埋地燃气管网破坏的影响因素,确定了地面沉降、地裂缝、城市内涝、土壤腐蚀等4个风险评价因子。运用MATLAB中的人工神经网络工具,通过人工神经网络计算,优化了模型网络结构,建立了常州市埋地燃气管网破坏风险预测的人工神经网络模型。分析计算结果,并为常州市埋地燃气管网的安全防护提供了建议。     

Quantitative risk assessment of the Italian gas distribution network

European Critical Infrastructures include physical resources, services, information technology facilities, networks and infrastructure assets, which, if disrupted or destroyed would have a serious impact on the health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of the Member States.The gas distribution network is a critical infrastructure and its failure can cause damage to structures and injury to people.The aim of this paper is to analyze and then assess the risk of the Italian high pressure natural gas distribution network.The paper describes an application of a methodology for quantitative risk assessment.Failure frequencies considered in risk calculation were found in the European Gas pipeline Incident data Group (EGIG) database, whereas consequences were computed as a function of pipe diameter and operating pressure for each section of the network. The results of this quantitative risk assessment is the determination of local and social risks for the Italian North East Area.     

天然气管道不同孔径泄漏失效概率量化方法研究*

为研究不同孔径泄漏下天然气管道失效概率,首先基于EGIG数据库和UKOPA数据库天然气管道历史失效数据,计算由不同失效原因导致3种孔径泄漏所占比例;然后将我国管道各原因基础失效概率按照对应比例分别进行修正,获得较适用于我国天然气管道特点的不同孔径泄漏基础失效概率;最后分别考虑第三方破坏、腐蚀、施工缺陷/材料失效、误操作、自然力破坏5种失效原因,完成对天然气管道不同孔径泄漏基础失效概率的修正计算。研究结果表明:小孔泄漏、中孔泄漏和破裂泄漏的基础失效概率分别为0.173,0.128,0.048次/（103 km·a）;修正因子包括管径、埋深、壁厚、管龄、防腐层类型、管道所处区域,上述因子能够满足不同场景下天然气管道失效概率的修正计算;概率量化方法综合考虑失效原因、泄漏孔径以及管道本体信息,能够定量化预测天然气管道失效概率,为天然气管道定量风险评价提供数据支撑。     

Integrated leakage detection and localization model for gas pipelines based on the acoustic wave method

With the development of natural gas transportation systems, major accidents can result from internal gas leaks in pipelines that transport high-pressure gases. Leaks in pipelines that carry natural gas result in enormous financial loss to the industry and affect public health. Hence, leak detection and localization is a major concern for researchers studying pipeline systems. To ensure the safety and improve the efficiency of pipeline emergency repair, a high-pressure and long-distance circular pipe leakage simulation platform is designed and established by similarity analysis with a field transmission pipeline, and an integrated leakage detection and localization model for gas pipelines is proposed. Given that the spread velocity of acoustic waves in pipelines is related to the properties of the medium, such as pressure, density, specific heat, and so on, this paper proposes a modified acoustic velocity and location formula. An improved wavelet double-threshold de-noising optimization method is also proposed to address the original acoustic wave signal collected by the test platform. Finally, the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) method is applied to determine the leakage degree and operation condition. Experimental results show that the integrated model can enhance the accuracy and precision of pipeline leakage detection and localization.     

管道内天然气爆炸火焰及压力波传播规律实验研究

天燃气安全不仅仅局限在企业内部,而是面向全社会,关系到社会稳定和市民生命财产安全。随着天然气市场开拓和广泛利用,庞大的管网系统和多样的用气环境给安全工作提出了更高的要求。采用理论分析、实验研究相结合的方法研究了管道内天然气爆炸火焰及压力波的传播规律。应用直径为700mm,长度为93m的管道进行了三次天然气爆炸传播实验。得出爆源点最大压力值并不是整个爆炸过程的最大值;压力波最大压力值在爆源点附近先降低,然后上升到某一峰值之后再逐渐衰减;最大压力值在衰减过程中不是单调衰减,有点起伏;随着天然气浓度的增大,其爆炸平均升压速率反而减小;随着天然气浓度的增大,其爆炸平均升压速率反而在减小;爆源附近火焰传播速度较小,上升到某一峰值后逐渐衰减。     

液化天然气场站事故定量风险评价方法研究

液化天然气（LNG）具有低温、易挥发、易燃、易爆的特性,其场站安全问题凸显。研究结合某LNG汽车加注站加注枪或管道LNG溢出的可能性事故,对事故发生概率及后果进行定量分析,其中事故后果的确定采用DEGAD IS和LNGF ire3模型。文章结合相关文献提供的伤害准则数据,得出人员受伤等级和死亡率,进而确定事故造成的个人风险值。与英国、荷兰等国家和机构制定的个人风险标准进行比较,所得的个人风险大大低于标准极限值,同时表明将5kW/m2作为安全距离临界热辐射强度的合理性。     

放空管设计对超临界CO2管道放空影响研究

与天然气管道相比,超临界CO2管道放空时的降压可能导致管道内的低温,甚至形成干冰对管道及设备造成损伤,危害管道安全。针对超 临界CO2放空过程可能出现的潜在风险,建立了超临界CO2管道放空计算模型,借助OLGA软件对超临界CO2管道放空进行了稳态和动态模拟,并研 究放空管设计对管道放空的热力水力影响。研究表明:超临界CO2管道放空时管道沿线上各点之间的压力、温度变化差异不大;CO2首先由超临 界相变为气相,然后沿着气液相平衡线或气固相平衡线进行,管内温度降到一定值后逐步回升至管道埋地温度;放空管的直径对超临界CO2管道 放空过程的总时间、放空速率、最大温降以及是否生成干冰有直接影响;放空管高度对放空过程管内参数变化几乎无影响。     

一起煤气管道泄漏事故的剖析

通过对某公司通向居民生活区新建埋设煤气主管道发生泄漏事故的剖析，全面分析了引起泄漏事故的因素。找出了事故的原因。对预防煤气管道泄漏，确保煤气管道的安全畅通具有重要意义。对钢铁企业、市政建设等所涉及的各种埋地管道、电缆的安全运行具有参考价值。     

基于COMSOL的采空区埋管抽采参数优化数值研究

针对回采工作面上隅角瓦斯浓度超限问题,提出了回采工作面采空区埋管抽采的方法。以保德煤矿81307工作面为研究对象,运用数值模拟软件COMSOL模拟采空区无抽采和不同抽采参数条件下工作面内瓦斯分布规律,研究埋管抽采参数对上隅角瓦斯浓度的影响规律,确定最佳的采空区埋管抽采参数。同时进行现场抽采参数优化试验,对瓦斯浓度进行监测,研究结果表明:合适的布置间距、抽采负压和抽采流量能够有效解决上隅角瓦斯超限问题,试验期间内,上隅角瓦斯体积分数最大为0.74%,进风流中瓦斯体积分数最大为0.2%,工作面风流中瓦斯体积分数最大为0.45%,回风流中瓦斯体积分数最大为0.5%,均没有超过安全标准。