泥沙水样中微塑料纤维的分离与泥沙去除研究

建立了一种泥沙水样中分离微塑料纤维和去除泥沙的方法。选取聚酰胺6(Polyamide 6,PA)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymers,ABS)、聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)颗粒,制备长度(1±0. 25) mm,宽度(200±30)μm的微塑料纤维;分别混合不同质量(0,0. 01,0. 05,0. 25,1. 25,6. 25 g)经30%过氧化氢消解和饱和氯化钠(1. 2 g/m L)、碘化钠溶液(1. 8 g/m L)浮选后的自然泥沙;以探究在不同泥沙质量下,静置阶段投加氯化钠颗粒对玻璃漏斗中微塑料纤维分离效率以及泥沙去除率的影响,并与不投加氯化钠和容量瓶浮选法作比较。结果表明,在静置阶段添加氯化钠颗粒效果较优,对3种微塑料纤维的平均分离效率和泥沙的平均去除率分别为87. 78%和98. 33%。实验结论可为微塑料分离提取方法的优化提供参考。     

江苏省近岸海域表层海水微塑料的组成与赋存特征

于2019年10月,对江苏省(连云港、盐城和南通3市)近岸海域6个站位进行了1个航次的表层海水微塑料采样,监测分析了微塑料的粒径、丰度和组分分布情况。结果表明,江苏省近岸海域表层海水中微塑料污染广泛存在,监测站位检出率100%。微塑料粒径分布为0.02~4.80 mm,微米级微塑料占比最高(总体粒径占比83.4%),6个站位中15,24,36和37站位毫米级微塑料占比较高,呈现距离海岸越近毫米级微塑料占比越高的趋势。微塑料的丰度为0.06~1.18个/m₃,平均丰度为0.33个/m₃,站位丰度排序为:36站位<26站位<37站位<24站位<15站位<59站位,其中站位最大丰度为站位最小的19.6倍。6个站位中,59站位的微塑料组分最多。所有微塑料组分中,乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)占比最高。微米级微塑料共有16种塑料组分,其中EVA占49.0%,聚氨基甲酸乙酯(PU)占24.3%;毫米级微塑料共有5种塑料组分,其中聚苯乙烯(PS)占比最高(43.3%)。     

微塑料污染监测现状与研究进展

微塑料(粒径小于5 mm的塑料颗粒和碎片)普遍存在于水体、陆地表层土壤和空气中,严重影响着生态环境安全及人类健康。微塑料污染监测是环境污染治理与生态保护的重要数据基础。首先,在介绍国内外微塑料监测和研究进展的基础上,分析了微塑料污染的来源及其在陆地和水环境中的赋存状态、迁移转化路径。其次,分析了发达国家和地区在微塑料原位监测网布设、样品采集、分析测试和数据模型等方面的技术特征,对国内微塑料监测技术与方法进行了总结。最后,结合现阶段我国在微塑料监测和污染防治方面的不足,初步提出了针对我国微塑料污染监测技术发展和监测体系建设的对策建议,阐述了数据模型方法在微塑料污染监测中的重要作用。研究成果可为我国“十四五”期间微塑料监测网络和监测体系建设等提供参考和借鉴。     

环境中土壤微塑料研究热点及趋势可视化研究

为探究微塑料的研究现状、热点及趋势,以Web of Science核心合集数据库及中国知网(CNKI)数据库为数据来源,利用CiteSpace等软件绘制作者及机构共现网络图谱、区域分布特征图谱、关键词共现网络图谱和参考文献共被引图谱等,对环境微塑料尤其是土壤微塑料的研究现状及热点进行可视化分析。结果表明:微塑料研究自2016年开始逐步加强,其中土壤微塑料的研究热度在2021—2022年迅速上升;对于土壤微塑料,丰度分布、污染机制和健康风险等是当前研究的热点;完善土壤微塑料检测方法体系,探寻合适的土壤微塑料污染治理和管控方法及对策,对于维护生态安全和保障人体健康具有重要意义。     

自动固相微萃取-气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法直接测定水体中的多环芳烃

建立了固相微萃取(SPME)与气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(GC-MS/MS)联用直接测定水体中16种多环芳烃的快速分析方法。通过实验,对固相微萃取纤维涂层的选择、萃取时间、萃取温度等萃取条件以及碰撞电压等参数进行了优化。实验结果表明,采用涂层厚度为100μm的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)萃取头,以350转/分钟(r/min)40℃下搅拌萃取40min,在GC进样口经280℃热解析6min后,以气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱的多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。在0.2~4.0μg/L的线性范围内,该方法对水中16种PAHs所得的回归方程均具有较好的线性关系,相关系数r值为0.9953~0.9995,检出限为0.001~0.02μg/L。16种PAHs的0.4μg/L加标水样的回收率平均值范围在71%~115%之间,6次平行测定的RSD范围在3.3%~15.6%之间。     

微塑料污染现状及对海洋生物影响的研究进展

综述了微塑料的主要来源、空间分布及我国水体和沉积物中微塑料的污染现状,以及微塑料与有机污染物的复合污染影响,并从海洋生物摄食微塑料、微塑料与污染物的复合生态风险、微塑料对水生生物的承载作用、微塑料在食物链中的传递及对人类健康的风险4个方面探讨了微塑料对海洋生物的影响。指出,采样方法和分析技术的标准化、微塑料-污染物复合体的毒性效应机制、微塑料对人类健康风险的评估是未来的重点研究方向。     

土壤微塑料监测技术现状及方法标准化建议

系统梳理土壤微塑料监测全过程技术方法,包括样品采集和制备、识别与定量、质量保证与质量控制(QA/QC)等环节,比较各方法优缺点,探讨土壤中微塑料监测方法标准化措施,建议完善土壤微塑料监测全过程QA/QC,制定涵盖全流程的监测技术规范,有序建立针对不同监测目标的分析方法标准体系,为土壤微塑料的监测与评估提供技术支撑。     

南京市主要饮用水源水中有机污染物的遗传毒性研究

运用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 /哺乳动物微粒体酶系 ( Ames)试验 ( DNA)、SOS/Umu试验 (基因 )和蚕豆根尖微核试验(染色体 )对不同季节 (枯、丰、平 )南京市主要水厂的水源水中有机污染物的遗传毒性进行了研究。以 XAD-2树脂为吸附剂 ,丙酮 -甲醇的混合液为洗脱液 ,浓缩水样中有机物 ,并对部分阳性水样进行了有机组分的定性分析 ( GC/MS法 )及其污染源调查。结果发现 ,不同季节水样均有不同程度的遗传毒性检出 ,其中以上元门水厂水质最劣 ;同时通过 GC/MS法分析 ,发现阳性水样中存在有美国 EPA所列的多种优先污染物以及其它黑名单上所属的有毒有害物质 ,应当引起足够的重视     

环境中的微塑料:赋存、检测及其危害

近年来，由个人护理品及废旧塑料直接或间接产生的微塑料不断地在各种环境介质中被检出，且微塑料会对生态系统产生各种危害，因此对微塑料的研究受到越来越广泛的关注。阐述了微塑料在水体、沉积物、沙滩和生物体中的赋存情况，介绍了微塑料的采集与分离方法，以及定性与定量分析方法。指出微塑料对环境及生物体产生的危害，提出现阶段研究存在的主要问题，并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

典型水生生物中微塑料的累积、清除及食物链传递效应

以环境中双壳类、鱼类及节肢类等水生生物为对象，介绍了其对微塑料的累积与清除，重点分析了微塑料特性、生物特性和食物等因素对微塑料生物累积与清除的影响，并进一步概述了微塑料沿水生食物链的传递效应，阐述了其对复合污染物食物链传递的影响过程。结果发现，微塑料在水生生物中的累积、清除与其自身尺寸、形态和聚合物类型等密切相关，水生生物的结构特异性是干扰微塑料从生物体内排泄的重要因素，有无食物的环境条件是调节双壳类和节肢类生物对微塑料累积与清除的重要路径；微塑料虽然可以通过食物链由低营养级向高营养级传递，但不一定会产生生物放大效应；微塑料的载体效应导致其复合污染物的食物链传递过程发生改变，共存污染物在生物体内的释放和吸收时间是调控微塑料复合污染物食物链传递能力的重要因素。     

Occurrence and behaviour of nonylphenol and octylphenol in Nanming River, Guiyang City, China

Occurrence, variation and behaviour of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were studied in surface water and groundwater in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Discharge of wastewater from Guiyang City was the main source of alkylphenols (APs) entering the aquatic environment. The concentrations of NP and OP in river water ranged from 40 to 1582 ng L(-1) and from below the lowest limit of detection (LOD) to 67 ng L(-1), respectively. NP and OP were also detected in groundwater. Both NP and OP exhibited spatial and temporal variations in river water and groundwater. It was found that concentrations of NP and OP in river water was low upstream and dramatically increased downstream, and higher concentration of NP was found in winter compared to that in summer. Proportions of NP and OP were trapped by suspended particulate matter (SPM), which accounted for 7.6-50.0% and 3.4-25.6% of their total concentration in the river water system, respectively. Seasonal changes in water flow were responsible for the temporal variations of APs. To determine the behaviour of APs along the river, a mass balance equation based on chloride was used. The results showed that a mixing process was the predominant factor to determine upstream APs concentrations; while the discharge of wastewater controlled the concentrations of APs downstream. Considering the adverse effect of APs on organisms, combined effect modeling was used to assess the toxicity to fish. It was found that the predicted mixture effect for APs in river water on fish vitellogenin induction was low upstream and medium downstream, respectively.     

Occurrence and distribution of benzothiazole in the Schwarzbach watershed (Germany)

This study quantifies the regional distribution of the micropollutant benzothiazole (BT) in river water by sampling 15 river sites in the Schwarzbach watershed (about 400 km(2)) from November 2008 to February 2010. Additionally, wastewater samples from three municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Germany were analyzed. BT was detected in all wastewater influent and effluent samples as well as in all river water samples collected downstream of wastewater discharge. This corroborates the ubiquitous occurrence of BT in the aqueous environment. Concentrations were between 58 and 856 ng L(-1) in the river water. The observed mean concentration at the outlet of the investigated catchment was 109 ng L(-1). With only a few exceptions, temporal and spatial variations of BT concentrations in river water were low. Rather similar BT concentrations over a wide range of river discharge indicate that dilution along the mainstream is negligible and, thus, supports the hypothesis that paved surface runoff during rain events is an important BT source not only for wastewater influent but also for river water. This was supported by detecting the highest BT concentrations at sampling locations close to the dense highway network around the city of Frankfurt. Since BT was also detected in river water collected from locations that were clearly unaffected by wastewater effluent discharge, surface runoff must be considered as a diffuse source of BT in river water.     

不同水体中环境类雌激素污染状况调查与分析

对80个不同水体样品进行了环境雌激素检测,共有42个样品为阳性(阳性率52.5%),阳性样品主要来自于医疗废水、市政排污口、污水处理厂及与工业污染源废水,水源水中未检出。42个阳性样品检测值均超过EPA标准规定的壬基酚4 d平均浓度限值(6.6μg/L),其中12个样品检测值超过了该标准中规定的壬基酚小时平均浓度限值(28μg/L)。     

Impact of wastewater treatment plant discharge of lidocaine, tramadol, venlafaxine and their metabolites on the quality of surface waters and groundwater

The presence of the anesthetic lidocaine (LDC), the analgesic tramadol (TRA), the antidepressant venlafaxine (VEN) and the metabolites O-desmethyltramadol (ODT) and O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) was investigated in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, in surface waters and in groundwater. The analytes were detected in all effluent samples and in only 64% of the surface water samples. The mean concentrations of the analytes in effluent samples from WWTPs with wastewater from only households and hospitals were 107 (LDC), 757 (TRA), 122 (ODT), 160 (VEN) and 637 ng L(-1) (ODV), while the mean concentrations in effluents from WWTPs treating additionally wastewater from pharmaceutical industries as indirect dischargers were for some pharmaceuticals clearly higher. WWTP effluents were identified as important sources of the analyzed pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in surface waters. The concentrations of the compounds found in surface waters ranged from 相似文献   

Occurrence of naproxen,ibuprofen, and diclofenac residues in wastewater and river water of KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa

The present paper reports a detailed study that is based on the monitoring of naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac in Mbokodweni River and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located around the city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. Target compounds were extracted from water samples using a multi-template molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction prior to separation and quantification on a high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photo diode array detector. The analytical method yielded the detection limits of 0.15, 1.00, and 0.63 μg/L for naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac, respectively. Solid-phase extraction method was evaluated for its performance using deionized water samples that were spiked with 5 and 50 μg/L of target compounds. Recoveries were greater than 80% for all target compounds with RSD values in the range of 4.1 to 10%. Target compounds were detected in most wastewater and river water samples with ibuprofen being the most frequently detected pharmaceutical. Maximum concentrations detected in river water for naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac were 6.84, 19.2, and 9.69 μg/L, respectively. The concentrations of target compounds found in effluent and river water samples compared well with some studies. The analytical method employed in this work is fast, selective, sensitive, and affordable; therefore, it can be used routinely to evaluate the occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals in South African water resources.     

Using environmental analytical data to estimate levels of community consumption of illicit drugs and abused pharmaceuticals

A solid phase extraction (SPE) method has been developed and applied in conjunction with a previously reported liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) procedure for the determination of illicit drugs and abused pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater and surface water samples at the ng L(-1) level. A full method validation was also performed and determined levels of analytical sensitivity were found to lie in the 1-10 ng L(-1) range using river water as a test sample matrix and a sample size of 500 mL. The developed procedure was successfully applied for the determination of the chosen analytes in wastewater treatment plants in Dublin, Ireland and rapidly expanding commuter towns in the surrounding counties. Cocaine was detected in 70% of the collected samples in the range of 25-489 ng L(-1), its primary metabolite, benzoylecognine (BZE) was also detected in the range of 22-290 ng L(-1). Other substances detected included morphine, Tempazepam and the primary metabolite of methadone.     

On-line solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to quantify pharmaceuticals, pesticides and some metabolites in wastewaters, drinking, and surface waters

A simple on-line method was developed for the analysis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides and some metabolites in drinking, surface and wastewater samples. The technique is based on the use of on-line solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionization (LC-ESI(PI)-MS/MS). The injection of only 1 mL of filtered water sample is used with a total analysis time of 20 min, including the period required to flush the SPE cartridge with organic solvent and reconditioning the LC column. Method detection limits were in the range of 2 to 24 ng L(-1) for the compounds of interest, with recoveries from 87 to 110% in surface as well as wastewater samples. Matrix effects were observed for some compounds without exceeding more than 25%. All results displayed a good degree of reproducibility, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 12% for all compounds. Moreover, at least 200 samples were analyzed without altering the performance of the pre-concentration column. This method was preferred over traditional off-line procedures because it minimizes tedious sample preparation, increases productivity and sample throughput. The analysis of various water and wastewater samples showed that caffeine, carbamazepine and atrazine could be detected in all the samples analysed and the selected compounds are always present in at least one of the sample types.     

Simultaneous quantitative monitoring of four indicator contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in different water sources of Central India using SPE/LC-(ESI)MS-MS

Environmental occurrence of CECs poses a great threat to both aquatic life and human health. The aim of this study was to optimize and validate SPE/LC-(ESI)MS-MS method for simultaneous quantitative monitoring of two sub-classes of CECs (pharmaceuticals and hormones) and to estimate the concentrations of select CECs in environmental water samples. For all the tested analytes, recoveries in laboratory reagent water were greater than 81%. Average percent (relative standard deviation) RSD of the analytes in recovery, repeatability, and reproducibility experiments were ≤?10%. Determination coefficients (r²) of primidone, diclofenac, testosterone, and progesterone were estimated to be 0.9979, 0.9972, 0.9968, and 0.9962, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) for primidone, diclofenac, testosterone, and progesterone were 4.63 ng/L, 5.36 ng/L, 0.55 ng/L, and 0.88 ng/L, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQ) for primidone, diclofenac, testosterone, and progesterone were 14.72 ng/L, 17.06 ng/L, 1.766 ng/L, and 2.813 ng/L, respectively. Average recoveries in environmental water and wastewater samples were greater than 74% and RSD were ≤?7%. Trace levels (68.33–125.70 ng/L) of primidone were detected in four environmental water samples, whereas diclofenac was not detected in any of the tested sample. Trace levels of progesterone were observed in two environmental samples (16.64 –203.73 ng/L), whereas testosterone was detected in STP inlet sample (178.16 ng/L).     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定污水中10种精神活性物质

建立了采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)同时测定污水中10种精神活性物质的分析方法。污水样品经甲酸与甲酸铵调节pH后,加入氘代内标混匀,离心并过滤膜后可直接上样分析。研究表明,在1~250 ng/L的线性范围内,10种精神活性物质的线性相关系数均大于0.992,定量限均低于0.5 ng/L。在3个加标水平下,10种精神活性物质的加标回收率为87.2%~114%,相对标准偏差为0.53%~3.60%(n=3)。将该方法应用于某区域10份生活污水样品的检测,在3份水样中检出吗啡、甲基苯丙胺、氯胺酮等精神活性物质,对应的质量浓度范围分别为3.41~9.55、0.90~1.63、1.06~1.78 ng/L。与经固相萃取前处理后的分析方法相比,该方法可在10 min内完成分离和检测的全过程,具有简单、快速、节约的优点,可用于污水样品中10种痕量水平精神活性物质的定量分析。