地面水中氨,硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐,氯化物,正磷酸盐,总硬度和硅酸盐的同时测定

用AQUA800辨别分析仪同时测定地面水中的氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氯化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐,是一种简便、迅速、准确、可靠的测定方法,样品无需预处理,精密度试验其变异系数分别为1．24％、2．18％、2．02％、2．67％、2．35％、3．57％、4．78％,加标回收率分别为103．5％、101．0％、95．0％、99．2％、97．6％、101．5％、98．0％,方法检测限分别为氨0．022mg／L,硝酸盐0．015mp／L,亚硝酸盐0．002tug／L,氯化物0．47mg／L,正磷酸盐0．015mg／L,总硬度17．6mg／L,硅酸盐0．55mg/L,能满足地面水中辨别分析仪同时测定氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐点化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐分析测定的要求。     

《宁波环境科学》征稿启事

《宁波环境科学》是经浙江省新闻出版局批准(浙内准字第B046号),由宁波市环境保护局主管,宁波市环境保护科学学会主办,是宁波市环保专业中、高级职称(不含教授级)评审的论文确认期刊。刊物立足宁波,面向全国,开辟的主要栏目有:局长(管理)论坛、学术研究、学科动态、交流争鸣等,内容涵盖节能减排、环境管理、环境规划、环境监测、环境科研、污染治理、环境执法、环境评价、环境健康、环境教育、生态文明、循环经济、清洁生产、综合信息等。规格为A4,页码为64,季刊。2008年6月创刊。为办好刊物,面向社会征稿。征稿简则如下     

洞庭湖表层沉积物中重金属污染特征、来源与生态风险

选择洞庭湖9个有代表性的样点,研究了洞庭湖表层沉积物中重金属的空间分布特征、主要来源与生态风险。结果表明,洞庭湖Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr的含量分别为0.60~20.70、0.090~0.640、10.4~83.7、17.9~70.9、16.9~95.8、59.0~199.0 mg/kg,Cd、As出现超过土壤环境质量三级标准的现象,是主要重金属污染物;Cd、Hg的空间分布相似,表现为南洞庭湖区西洞庭湖区东洞庭湖区;As、Cu、Pb、Cr的空间分布相似,表现为南洞庭湖区东洞庭湖区西洞庭湖区。相关分析结果显示:As、Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb之间呈显著正相关,Cr与其它重金属之间没有显著的相关性。主成分分析结果表明,第一主成分的Hg、As、Cd主要受工矿业采冶支配,第二主成分的Cr、Pb、Cu主要与生活污水排放和农业生产有关。沉积物质量基准法初步评价结果表明,洞庭湖Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr等重金属均具有引起较低生态风险的可能性,部分点位Cd、As、Cr具有引起较高生态风险的可能性。受Cd、As含量较高的影响,南洞庭湖区具有较高的生态风险。     

西南某省14种尾矿重金属浸出量及总量分析

研究中国西南某省不同类型尾矿的重金属浸出量及总量,为尾矿的污染防范、环境管理和综合利用提供参考和建议。采集了14种类型共164个有代表性尾矿进行浸出毒性试验,并分析其中79个典型尾矿样品的9种重金属含量,以评估其污染风险和综合利用价值。结果表明,有5种类型共7个样品出现浸出毒性超标,分别为铅锌矿、镍矿、银矿、铁矿、锰矿,总体超标率为4.3%。超标元素分别为砷、镉、锌、铅、铜、镍等6种元素,最大超标倍数分别为砷18.3倍、锌4.8倍、镉3.0倍、铅0.56倍、铜0.32倍、镍0.16倍;尾矿含有较多重金属,其中砷、锌、铅、铜含量较高,最高分别达到11.75%、2.60%、1.01%、0.29%,不同类型尾矿其重金属含量各有不同,铅锌矿尾矿的重金属总量最高。总体上,该省绝大多数尾矿为普通固废,少部分为危险废物,砷、镉、锌、铅、铜、镍等6种元素存在污染风险,其中砷元素是最主要污染物;尾矿由于重金属含量较高而有一定的综合利用价值。     

鄱阳湖沉积物重金属空间分布及潜在生态风险评价

通过分析鄱阳湖沉积物重金属空间分布特征,评价其潜在生态风险,并探讨了主要重金属污染来源。结果表明:鄱阳湖沉积物7种重金属元素Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn含量平均值分别为0.67、0.078、17、51、72、42.9、117 mg/kg,除Cd外,其余6种元素均明显高于相应的背景值。从空间分布来看,Cd、Cr含量总体呈现东南、西北部偏高的现象,而Hg、Cu、Pb含量总体呈现东南部偏高的现象,As、Zn的含量分布相对平均。Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种金属元素之间存在极显著相关性,表明这些元素污染具有同源性。潜在生态风险评价结果显示,单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为CuHgPbCdAsCrZn;从综合潜在生态风险分析来看,整个湖区的RI值为46.4~476.3,平均值为165.4,属于中等潜在生态危害,其中湖区东南部综合潜在生态风险最高。Cu、Hg、Pb等重金属主要来自乐安河流域工业排放。     

PM2.5中金属元素在线监测与滤膜采集-实验室检测比对

在2017年2月、5月、8月、11月期间各选取20 d连续采样,采用在线监测和滤膜采集-实验室检测2种方法分析南京市大气PM_(2.5)中多种金属元素,并将两方法的测定结果作比对分析。结果表明,K、Fe、Zn、Cu、Pb、Se、V、Ni元素日均值总体相近,其余元素略有差异;Pb、As、V元素相关系数R~2均在0.70及以上,Cu、K、Mn元素相关性略差,均具可比性。Fe、Zn、Ca、Al、Ba、Cr、Ni元素测定更偏向采用滤膜采集-实验室检测法,K、Mn、Pb、Cu、As、V、Se元素测定2种监测方法均可,若要快速且长期监测数据,则在线监测法更好。     

不同地域人发中重金属污染特征与来源解析

以某高校新生发样为研究样本,将生源地分为东北、西北、西南、华北、华南、华中、华东7个地域,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对发样中所含铬、铜、镍、铅、锌进行测定,通过非参数检验及偏相关性检验分析不同地区发样中重金属含量与性别、身体质量指数(BMI)的关系。结果显示,所采集发样中铬、铜、镍、铅、锌的含量变化范围依次为0.22~101.84、0.36~112.24、0.70~128.75、1.39~136.13、1.12~719.50μg/g;发样中重金属浓度的地区排序为东北>华东>华北>西北>华中>西南>华南。聚类分析和主成分分析结果显示,不同地区发样中重金属的来源有所差异:东北、西北、华北地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于燃煤、工业生产过程、机动车排放,方差贡献率分别为39.47%、25.78%、22.89%;华中、华东、西南、华南地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于工业生产过程、机动车排放、冶金化工过程,贡献率分别为47.76%、27.51%、18.24%。相关性检验显示,男性发样内铬、铜、镍、铅含量高于女性。其中,偏胖或偏瘦女性存在较高的铅暴露风险;40.2%的男性发锌含量低于正常值下限,24.4%的女性发锌含量低于正常值下限,且偏瘦女性发内缺锌现象显著;男、女发铜含量高于正常值上限的比例分别为91.8%、85.6%,存在不同程度的铜暴露风险。     

基于PMF模型的矿区土壤重金属来源解析

通过在某矿区采集农田土壤和菠菜样品,分析其中重金属含量,基于相关性分析和PMF模型对该矿区农田土壤重金属来源进行解析。结果表明,研究区土壤中Cd、As、Zn、Cr和Cu 元素明显富集,分别是当地土壤背景值的5.7倍、4.4倍、2.4倍、1.5倍和1.3倍;相关性分析结果显示,研究区内Cu、Zn、As、Cd元素存在一定的相关性,可能具有同一污染源;PMF模型结果说明,研究区土壤中重金属主要来源分别为工业污染源、自然母质源、交通污染源和农业污染源,其对当地土壤重金属污染贡献率分别为39.8%、22.8%、21.6%和15.8%。     

典型金属冶炼城市降尘中重金属污染特征及风险评价

2021年1-3月,采集湖南省某典型金属冶炼城市不同功能区的降尘样品,分析测定了17种重金属元素含量,其中15种重金属元素含量超出了湖南背景值,分别为Ag、Fe、Cd、Ti、Sb、Tl、Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Mo、Ni、Cr、Ba、Mn。采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价模型对大气降尘中重金属可能造成的生态风险和健康风险进行评价。结果表明:受长期的有色金属冶炼影响,Ag、Cd、Fe、Sb、Ti、Tl 6种重金属达到了极重度污染,Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Mo在中度污染程度以上。工业区的综合生态危害指数远高于工业居民混合区、工业农业混合区、居民区和交通区,达到了极强生态危害级别。健康风险评价结果显示:大气降尘中As和Pb存在非致癌风险,As、Cd和Ni存在致癌风险,且经口摄入是最主要的暴露途径。与青少年和儿童相比,大气降尘中重金属对成人造成的风险较高,且成年女性面临的风险高于成年男性。     

千岛湖沉积物中碳、氮、磷的分布特征及污染评价

通过测定千岛湖柱状沉积物中有机质（OM）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）含量,分析其污染分布特征,并评价污染水平。结果表明,千岛湖沉积物中OM、TN、TP平均值分别为1.44%、1.86mg/g、0.89mg/g。空间分布差异明显,城区库湾、新安江干流沿线污染相对较重;垂直分布,OM、TN、TP整体上均从湖底由下而上呈逐步上升变化过程。相关性分析表明,该湖沉积物中OM、TN、TP具有较高的同源性,氮、磷多以有机形式存在。C/N值表明,该湖沉积物中有机质主要来自内源的水生生物分解。评价结果显示,综合污染指数范围为1.1～4.2,该湖整体上处于重度污染水平,TP污染重于TN;有机指数范围为0.04～0.52,整体上属于轻度污染水平。     

环境监测实验室认可的思考

阐述了环境监测站开展实验室认可的意义及实验室认可的理念。指出开展实验室认可是适应加入WTO后与国际接轨的需要，是适应体制改革和市场经济发展的需要，是提高环境监测技术和质量水平的需要。提出实验室认可的理念是：服务客户，赢得市场；领导作用，制胜关键；全员参与，共同提高；按章行事，减忧增效；建立机制，培育人才；持续改进，不断完善。     

挥发酚实验用水的探讨

本文对挥发酚实验用水进行探索及改进．直接采用蒸馏水代替无酚水为实验用水。应用于质控考核工作中，取得较理想的显著效果。结果表明．精密度、准确度都符合分析要求，并能降低成本，省时、省电、提高工效，可广泛应用于环境监测工作中，具有普遍实用价值。     

Assessment of heavy metal levels in sediment samples of Kapulukaya Dam Lake (Kirikkale) and lower catchment area

In this study, the concentrations of 13 elements (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn, Co, As, Pb, Cu, Mo, Hg, and Cd) were determined in the sediments of three different sites in the Kapulukaya Dam Lake between May 2007 and November 2008. They ranged from 1.47 to 4.64 for Al, 0.92 to 3.48 for Fe (in percent), 326.60 to 1053.00 for Mn, 98.00 to 1,116.00 for Cr, 24.70 to 127.10 for Ni, 14.80 to 124.20 for Zn, 11.0 to 43.20 for Co, 5.00 to 29.30 for Cu, 9.10 to 69.70 for As, 8.60 to 34.00 for Pb, 2.50 to 5.20 for Mo, 1.00 to 1.60 for Hg, and 0.50 to1.80 for Cd in microgram per gram dry weight sediment. The contamination degree of the sediment was assessed on the basis of enrichment factor and corresponding sediment quality guideline. The calculated enrichment factors (EF, measured metal vs. background concentrations) indicated that the effect of man-made activities on the occurrence of concentrations could be accounted for the majority of heavy metals namely Mn, As, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Mo, and Cd, whereas such affect was not detected for Hg and Pb. The maximum values of the EF were represented by As, minimum values by Hg at all sites. Mean EF values were 36.60 and 0.70 for As and Hg, respectively. This study has clearly assessed a certain level of heavy metal pollution in the region, based particularly on the findings from sediment.     

Evaluating forest management practices using a GIS-based cellular automata modeling approach with multispectral imagery

The objective of this study was to develop an integrated geographic information system (GIS) cellular automata (CA) model for simulating insect-induced tree mortality patterns in order to evaluate the influence of different forest management activities to control insect outbreaks. High-resolution multispectral images were used to determine susceptibility of trees to attack, whereas the GIS-based CA model simulated the effectiveness of clear-cuts and thinning practices for reducing insect-induced tree mortality. The results indicate that thinning susceptible forests should be more effective than clear-cutting for reducing tree loss to insect outbreaks. This study demonstrates the benefits of an integrated approach for understanding and evaluating forest management activities and expresses the need for spatial analysis and modeling for improving forest management practices.     

Soil Contamination Due to Heavy Metals from an Industrial Area of Surat, Gujarat, Western India

The pollution of soil is a source of danger to the health of people, even to those living in cities. The anthropogenic pollution caused by heavy industries enters plants then goes through the food chain and ultimately endangers human health. In the context, the knowledge of the regional variability, the background values and anthropogenic vs. natural origin of potentially harmful elements in soils is of critical importance to assess human impact. The present study was undertaken on soil contamination in Surat, Gujarat (India). The aims of the study were: i) to determine extent and distribution of heavy metals (Ba, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Sr, V and Zn) ii) to find out the large scale variability, iii) to delineate the source as geogenic or anthropogenic based on the distribution maps and correlation of metals in soils. Soil samples were collected from the industrial area of Surat from top 10 cm layer of the soil. These samples were analysed for heavy metals by using Philips PW 2440 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The data reveal that soils in the area are significantly contaminated, showing higher levels of toxic elements than normal distribution. The heavy metal loads of the soils in the study area are 471.7 mg/kg for Ba, 137.5 mg/kg for Cu, 305.2 mg/kg for Cr, 51.3 mg/kg for Co, 79.0 mg/kg for Ni, 317.9 mg/kg for Sr, 380.6 mg/kg for V and 139.0 mg/kg for Zn. The higher concentrations of these toxic metals in soils need to be monitored regularly for heavy metal enrichment.     

The Costa Rican Experience with Market Instruments to Mitigate Climate Change and Conserve Biodiversity

Two decades of developing relevant legal and institutional regimes for the sustainable and nondestructive use of natural resources have framed Costa Rica's pioneer approach to mitigate climate change and conserve its rich biological diversity. This policy framework provides an appropriate context for the actual and proposed development of market instruments designed to attract capital investments for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation, and allows the establishment of mechanisms to use those funds to compensate owners for the environmental services provided by their land. As a developing economy. Costa Rica is striving to internalize the benefits from the environmental services it offers, as a cornerstone of its sustainable development strategy.     

The Pollution Load by Nitrogen and Phosphorus IN the Jadro River

The objective of the investigations of the Jadro River, located in Croatia, was to estimate the nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Jadro River spring and its streamflow by calculating the load in kg/day or tons/year and to compare this with the load for the maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) for drinking water (Official Bulletin, No 46/94) expressed in kg/day or tons/year.Daily pollution loads at the Jadro River spring for total N ranged from 0 to 304 kg, for NH₃-N from 0 to 38 kg, for NO₃-N from 0–1321 kg and for PO₄-P from 0–92 kg in the period from September 1993 to September 2003. When compared with MAC loads the results prove that the Jadro River spring is not polluted by nitrogen compounds and phosphorus.The average annual load for total N ranged from 10 to 33 t, for NH₃-N from 0.25 to 5.15 t, for NO₃-N from 40 to 190 t, and for PO₄-P from 0.3 to 11.5 t. The nitrogen compounds and phosphorus loads vary from one year to another without any constant decreasing or increasing trends. The annual average loads compared with the average annual MAC loads (especially for NH₃-N and PO₄-P) show that there were no threats of constant pollution of the spring.The loads for total N and PO₄-P along the Jadro River flow from the spring to the fishpond entrance were monitored over a five year period from September 1999 to September 2004. The results show no regularities. The highest annual total nitrogen load of 45 t was recorded at the entrance to the fishpond during the 2002/2003 period. The highest annual PO₄-P load of 10 t was measured at the Vidović Bridge during the 2003/2004 period; however, the concentrations of N and P did not exceed the MAC concentrations which are prescribed for drinking water.According to the investigation results of the daily and average annual loads compared with MAC loads for drinking water, it can be concluded that the Jadro River spring and its streamflow are not polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus.     

Counterpart Models in Facility Location Science and Reserve Selection Science

Five classes of zero–one programming models for discrete facility location problems are compared to counterpart models for the selection of conservation reserves. The basic problem of siting facilities to cover demand for services is analogous to the problem of selecting reserves to support species diversity. The classes of models include the set covering and maximal covering models, as well as models for backup and redundant coverage. Issues of reliability and uncertainty are addressed by chance constrained covering models and maximal expected covering models. Exact and heuristic solution approaches are discussed. Multi-objective and economic issues are considered.     

Plant Phenology in Western Canada: Trends and Links to the View From Space

One feature of climate change is the trends to earlier spring onset in many north temperate areas of the world. The timing of spring flowering and leafing of perennial plants is largely controlled by temperature accumulation; both temperature and phenological records illustrate changes in recent decades. Phenology studies date back over a century, with extensive databases existing for western Canada. Earlier spring flowering has been noted for many woody plants, with larger trends seen for species that develop at spring's start. Implications for ecosystems of trends to earlier spring arrival include changes in plant species composition, changes in timing and distribution of pests and disease, and potentially disrupted ecological interactions. While Alberta has extensive phenology databases (for species, years, and geographic coverage) for recent decades, these data cannot provide continuous ground coverage. There is great potential for phenological data to provide ground validation for satellite imagery interpretation, especially as new remote sensors are becoming available. Phenological networks are experiencing a resurgence of interest in Canada (www.plantwatch.ca) and globally, and linking these ground-based observations with the view from space will greatly enhance our capacity to track the biotic response to climate changes.     

Apportionment of Recycle to Industrial Reuser and Consumer

Reusable products (e.g., packaging) feature a finite lifetime: After a number of trips, if not discarded by the consumer, they are sent for material recycling by the industrial reuser. A method for analytical determination of recycling of no longer reusable products by the industrial reuser is proposed. Industrial reuser recycling is shown to depend nonlinearly on the lifetime and on the reuse retention factor, which is dimensionless and ranges from zero to one. As the retention factor increases, the industrial reuser becomes the main recycler, while recycling from consumer waste recovery disappears and vice versa as the ratio tends to zero. This implies that for highly reusable packaging, post-consumer collection and recycling systems may be unnecessary, and recycling should be credited to the refilling/packaging industry. The total number of reuse trips and the annual reuse frequency have no impact on the industrial reuser recycling level. The results may serve for environmental monitoring of packaging products for apportionment of recycling credit and of reuse/recycling incentives to industry and to post-consumer recycling systems and for planning and sizing of packaging waste recovery facilities (collection, transportation, separation).