重庆市“十一五”污染物总量控制研究

选取了二氧化硫、化学需氧量和氨氮作为重庆市“十一五”期间主要的污染物总量控制指标，并介绍了这几种污染物总量控制目标的测算方法，根据重庆市的有关规划以及环境保护的需要，测算出了“十一五”期间水污染物、大气污染物的总量控制目标，为制定重庆市的总量控制计划提供了参考，同时对“十一五”期间总量控制的实施提出了有益的建议．     

北京首都机场绿色滑行时间估算

采用北京首都机场2014年实际CDM地面放行数据确定航空器的污染物排放量与离场排队飞机数量和落地滑入飞机数量的强关联性,构建包含这两个解释变量为影响因素的多元线性回归模型,用以估算几种常见机型在首都机场地面运行时的最小污染物排放量和绿色滑行时间。对比实际污染物排放量与最小污染物排放量,得出首都机场离场地面污染物排放量远远超过最小污染物排放量。     

城市河流,湖库中痕量有机污染物的测试方法

采用ＧＤＸ－５０２大孔树脂和ＧＣ－ＭＳ等仪器对城市河流，湖库中的痕量有机污染物进行测试分析，共检出５８种有机污染物，其中含有多种美国ＥＰＡ公布的重点污染物。因而为痕量有机污染物的研究建立了灵敏度高，分辨率好的测试方法。     

南京市空气质量时间变化规律及其成因

对南京市工业区——迈皋桥、居民区——草场门、清洁区——玄武湖3个监测点连续1年的SO2、NO2、PM103种空气污染物监测数据按时间段进行了统计，分析了3种空气污染物日变化规律及相互关系。指出大气扩散条件的日变化和污染物排放的日变化是造成空气污染物日变化的主要原因。     

监测污染物排放总量的可行性分析

污染物排放总量（以下简称排污总量）的监测是当前环境监测系统的一项重要工作，已经提出要控制其总量的污染物涉及水、气、渣三大要素，有１２种之多。但是，提出这样一件相当复杂的新任务，现在看来似乎事先并没有进行可行性分析。因为就监测系统来说，对于这件工作，无...     

环境质量评价中关键污染因子的确定方法

介绍了几种在环境质量评价中关键污染因子的确定方法，在此基础上提出了一种新的关键污染因子的确定方法－－动态污染指数判别法。经过实例运用分析表明，该方法物理意义明确，简便易用。通过对某个时间段内污染物原始监测数据的灰色处理，从动态演变中找出关键因子，客观地判别各污染因子所起的作用，对各因子在下一个时间段的发展趋势作出预测判断，增加了评价的准确性。     

煤气化过程中气态污染物采样分析的研究进展（续）

通过考察气态污染物采样方法的基本原理，对比分析国内外常压采样系统和加压采样系统的设计特征，选择煤气化过程中5种常见气态污染物为分析对象，列举常用的化学分析法和仪器分析法，为加压气化装置采样系统的设计提供参考材料和建议，归纳了一些有助于提高气态污染物检测数据可靠性的措施，希望能为煤气化过程中（特别是加压煤气化过程中）气态污染物采样系统的设计提供思路和借鉴。     

煤气化过程中气态污染物采样分析的研究进展

通过考察气态污染物采样方法的基本原理，对比分析国内外常压采样系统和加压采样系统的设计特征，选择煤气化过程中5种常见气态污染物为分析对象，列举常用的化学分析法和仪器分析法，为加压气化装置采样系统的设计提供参考材料和建议，归纳了一些有助于提高气态污染物检测数据可靠性的措施，希望能为煤气化过程中（特别是加压煤气化过程中）气态污染物采样系统的设计提供思路和借鉴。     

对GB 3095- 1996《环境空气质量标准》的浅议

GB3095-1996《环境空气质量标准》(以下简称《新标准》)代替GB3095—82《环境空气质量标准》(以下简称《旧标准》)，并对总悬浮颗粒物等14种术语的定义和对环境质量的分区、分级有关内容进行了改动，调整补充了污染物项目、取值时间、浓度限值和数据统计的有效性规定。但是通过几     

1000系列环境空气自动监测系统与24h手动监测数据对比实验

1000系列自动监测系统代替了24h手工监测，实现了环境空气质量监测的现代化，对2种方法进行对照实验，对于考核1000系列自动监测系统的性能和监测数据的连续性具有重要意义．经过2种方法的对比实验，对于低浓度污染物二氧化氮2种方法的监测数据基本一致，但对于高浓度污染物二氧化硫的监测，1000系列自动监测数据明显高于24h手工监测，文中对于二者存在差异的原因进行了分析．     

Assessment of cyclodextrin-enhanced extraction of crude oil from contaminated porous media

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cyclodextrin (CD) on the extraction of Macondo well oil from contaminated porous media over a range of hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPβCD) concentrations. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset on this type of CD yet assembled for an actual crude oil. The results showed that HPβCD can significantly increase oil extraction efficiency, demonstrated by increasing concentrations of all tested normal alkanes (nC(15)-nC(35)) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aqueous phase with increasing CD concentration. A linear relationship between the extraction enhancement effect and CD concentration were verified experimentally and high correlation coefficients for total PAHs (R(2) = 0.82) and alkanes (R(2) = 0.99) were determined. For a 20% CD solution, 3.13 wt% of alkanes and 32.12 wt% of total PAHs were extracted to the aqueous phase, which was significantly more than what was extracted with water only (0.04% and 0.21% for alkanes and PAHs, respectively). This result shows that the remediation of oil contaminated media can be significantly enhanced through the use of HPβCD solutions in flushing or pump and treat operations to remove sorbed oil. The CD extraction enhancement effect decreases with increasing n-alkane chain length for the carbon number range tested. CD significantly enhanced PAH extraction from sand and the enhancement effect increased in the order of parent compounds < C-1 substituted < C-2 substituted < C-3 substituted for most PAHs tested. This study provides important information to assess the feasibility of using CD as a near-shore agent to enhance the cleanup of oil contaminated porous media.     

The organic composition of diesel particulate matter, diesel fuel and engine oil of a non-road diesel generator

Diesel-powered equipment is known to emit significant quantities of fine particulate matter to the atmosphere. Numerous organic compounds can be adsorbed onto the surfaces of these inhalable particles, among which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered potential occupational carcinogens. Guidelines have been established by various agencies regarding diesel emissions and various control technologies are under development. The purpose of this study is to identify, quantify and compare the organic compounds in diesel particulate matter (DPM) with the diesel fuel and engine oil used in a non-road diesel generator. Approximately 90 organic compounds were quantified (with molecular weight ranging from 120 to 350), which include alkanes, PAHs, alkylated PAHs, alkylbenzenes and alkanoic acids. The low sulfur diesel fuel contains 61% alkanes and 7.1% of PAHs. The identifiable portion of the engine oil contains mainly the alkanoic and benzoic acids. The composition of DPM suggests that they may be originated from unburned diesel fuel, engine oil evaporation and combustion generated products. Compared with diesel fuel, DPM contains fewer fractions of alkanes and more PAH compounds, with the shift toward higher molecular weight ones. The enrichment of compounds with higher molecular weight in DPM may be combustion related (pyrogenic).     

典型废酸油渣中54种VOCs和16种PAHs的分布特征研究

通过运用GC-MS方法对3家润滑油生产企业废酸油渣中的54种挥发性有机物(VOCs)和16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性及定量分析。结果表明,54种VOCs有12种被检出,检出率为22.2%,其中1,2,4-三甲苯在75个样品中均有检出,检出率为100%。54种VOCs质量分数为ND～12.5 mg/kg,其中质量分数较高的化合物为苯(0.6～11.9 mg/kg)、萘(1.0～12.5 mg/kg)、1,2,4-三甲苯(0.5～10.2 mg/kg)。16种PAHs有12种被检出,检出率为75%,其中萘、菲、芘、苯并[a]蒽和■在58个样品中均有检出,检出率为100%。16种PAHs质量分数为2～2 160 mg/kg,其中质量分数较高的化合物为■(25～2 160 mg/kg)、芘(10～207 mg/kg)、苯并[a]蒽(5～108 mg/kg)。同一个企业不同油样之间的VOCs和PAHs检出种类和质量分数存在明显差异,各目标物质量分数与总量之间并不完全相关,这与油源、生产工艺以及样品的风化程度有关。客观上,大部分样本存在不均匀性,因此桶装废酸油渣样品检测应关注采样环节,应根据样品特点采集足够的样本数,保证测定结果真实可靠。     

克拉玛依市中心城区颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征

在克拉玛依市中心城区布设4个采样点,在供暖期和非供暖期分别同步采集4个点位大气中不同粒径的颗粒物,采用HPLC进行分析并计算2个采样期内PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度和种类。结果表明:中心城区供暖期PM_(10)中PAHs浓度为56.19 ng/m3,PM_(2.5)中PAHs浓度为48.85 ng/m3;中心城区非供暖期PM_(10)中PAHs浓度为18.86 ng/m~3,PM_(2.5)中PAHs浓度为14.53 ng/m~3。不同采样期PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中PAHs浓度变化趋势相同,均为供暖期明显大于非供暖期。中心城区供暖期大气颗粒物吸附的PAHs以4环以下的组份为主,非供暖期则是5~6环的高环数组份偏多。分析结果表明克拉玛依市中心城区供暖期颗粒物中PAHs来源于燃煤排放叠加机动车排放,与中心城区集中供热锅炉关系密切;非供暖期则是以机动车排放污染为主。     

杭州湾上虞工业园区环境空气中苯系物的调查及其特征

用活性炭吸附空气中有机物苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯,二硫化碳解吸后用毛细管气相色谱法同时测定,各组分线性响应良好,曲线相关系数均大于0.995;灵敏度高,检出限在0.01～0.03μg/ml之间;回收率在82.4%～105.8%之间。苯、甲苯、二甲苯均未超过GB 16297—1996中规定的0.5、0.3、1.5mg/m3,也未超过新污染源大气污染物排放限值中规定的0.4、2.4、1.2mg/m3,苯乙烯浓度也远小于恶臭污染物排放标准GB 14554—93中规定的一级标准3.0mg/m3,虽然工业园区及其周边大气环境均能检测出苯系物,但都在国家相关标准范围内。     

同步荧光光谱法测定环境水样中的多环芳烃

为了建立快速测定水体中多环芳烃的方法,用恒波长同步荧光法对14种多环芳烃混合标样进行了分析。在优化的实验条件下,对环境水样进行分析,可以鉴别出11种多环芳烃。14种PAHs在0～1000ng/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r均不小于0.9988,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.06%～1.67%之间(n=6)。14种PAHs的检出限在0.072～3.9ng/ml之间。该方法应用于污水、样河水样、池塘水样中的多环芳烃检测取得了良好的效果,回收率分别为82.2%～111.0%、86.0%～107.0%、88.0%～106.2%(n=5)。     

Using discriminant analysis to assess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in Yongding New River

Yongding New River has been polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are carcinogenic and mutagenic. In three periods (the abundant water period, mean water period, dry water period), ten sites (totally 30 samples) in Yongding New River were clustered into four categories by hierarchical cluster analysis (hierarchical CA). In the same cluster, the samples had the same approximate contamination situation. In order to eliminate the dimensional differences, the data in each sample, containing 16 kinds of PAHs, were standardized with normal standardization and maximum difference standardization. According to the results of the cubic clustering criterion, pseudo F, and pseudo t ² (PST2), the proper number of clustering for the 30 samples is 4. Before conducting hierarchical CA and K-means cluster analysis on the samples, we used principal component analysis to obtain another group data set. This data set was composed of the principal component scores which are uncorrelated variables. Hierarchical CA and K-means cluster analysis were used to classify the two data sets into four categories. With the classification results of hierarchical CA and K-means cluster analysis, discriminant analysis is applied to determine which method was better for normalization of the original data and which one was proper to cluster the samples and establish discriminant functions so that a new sample can be grouped into the right categories.     

An examination of the toxic properties of water extracts in the vicinity of an oil sand extraction site

The industrial extraction of oil sands (OS) in northern Alberta, Canada, has raised concerns about the quality of the Athabasca River. The purpose of this study was to examine the toxic properties of various water extracts on Oncorhynchus mykiss trout hepatocytes. The water samples were fractionated on a reverse-phase C(18) cartridge and the levels of light-, medium- and heavy-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Primary cultures of trout hepatocytes were exposed for 48 h at 15 °C to increasing concentrations of the C(18) extract corresponding to 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5X concentrations from upstream/downstream sites in the Athabasca River, lake and groundwater samples, OS tailings and interceptor well-water samples. Changes in cell viability, phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes (cytochrome P4501A and glutathione S-transferase activities), oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation LPO) and genotoxicity (single and double DNA strand breaks) were monitored in post-exposure cells. The water samples decreased cell viability and increased all the above endpoints at thresholds of between 0.02 and 0.1X the water concentration. The most responsive biomarker was DNA damage but it also offered the least discrimination among sites. LPO was higher at sites downstream of the industrial operations compared to upstream sites. A decision tree analysis was performed to formulate a set of rules by which to identify the distinctive properties of each type of water samples. The analysis revealed that OS tailings and interceptor waters were characterized by an increased concentration in light PAHs (>42 μg L(-1)) and this fraction represented more than 85% of the total PAHs. These samples also inhibited GST activity, which could compromise the elimination of genotoxic PAHs present in the system. An analysis of groundwater samples revealed a contamination pattern similar to that for OS tailings. There is a need for more research into specific biomarkers of toxicity from OS tailings compounds such as naphthenic acids, light PAHs among others, which are a characteristic fingerprint of OS extraction activities.     

Groundwater contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon due to diesel spill from a telecom base station in a Nigerian City: assessment of human health risk exposure

Diesel pollution of groundwater poses great threat to public health, mainly as a result of the constituent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, the human health risk exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in diesel contaminated groundwater used by several families at Ring Road, Jos, Nigeria (as caused by diesel spill from a telecom base station) was assessed. Prior to the groundwater being treated, the residents were using the water after scooping off the visible diesel sheen for purposes of cooking, washing, and bathing. Until this study, it is not clear whether the groundwater contamination had resulted in sub-chronic exposure of the residents using the water to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the extent of the PAHs posing a health risk. The diesel contaminated groundwater and uncontaminated nearby groundwater (control) were collected and analyzed for PAHs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The dosage of the dermal and oral ingestion entry routes of PAHs was determined. The estimation of the non-carcinogenic health risk was via hazard quotients (HQ) and the associated hazard index (HI), while the estimation of the carcinogenic health risk was via lifetime cancer risks (LCR) and the associated risk index (RI). Obtained results indicate that the exposure of the residents to the PAHs may have made them susceptible to the risk of non-carcinogenic health effects of benzo(a)pyrene and the carcinogenic health effects of benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene.     

Distributions, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil at Ji’nan city, China

Surface soil (0-5 cm) samples from 17 sampling sites including different functional areas at Ji'nan city in Shandong Province of China were collected and analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total PAH concentrations were in the range from 1.31 mg kg(-1) to 254.08 mg kg(-1) (dry weight), and the average level of total PAHs was 23.25 mg kg(-1). The highest total PAHs concentrations were found in steel and iron plant at industrial areas. The total PAHs concentrations in industrial areas were markedly higher than those in other different functional areas. According to comparing total PAHs concentration in Ji'nan city to that of other urban areas, it was found that total PAHs concentrations were 6 to 137 times higher than other areas because of some specific sampling sites such as steel and iron plant and one main roadside. The results showed that PAHs in topsoil of Ji'nan city were suffered from strong pyrogenic influence, especially in industrial areas. However about 52.9% soil samples were mainly originated from both pyrogenic and petrogenic mixed sources based on Flu/Pyr ratios and Phe/Ant ratios. Furthermore, It was found that all individual PAHs except Fle were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with LMW, HMW, total PAHs and SOM, and individual PAHs except Fle in soils were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with each other. The nemerow composite index to assess the environmental quality showed that the soil sample of steel and iron plant in industrial areas and one main roadside were heavy pollution of PAHs, and about 47% soil sampling sites were safety, about 53% soil sampling sites were got different grades of PAHs pollution.