太原市2013年环境空气质量变化特征分析

为全面了解太原市的环境空气质量状况及污染物的时间变化规律,本文选取太原市8个站点2013年1月至12月六种主要污染物(SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、O3、PM2.5)为期一年的监测数据,评价该市2013年环境空气质量的总体情况,研究各污染物在不同时间尺度的变化特征及相互之间的关系。结果表明,2013年太原市环境空气质量以良和轻度污染为主,首要污染物主要为PM2.5和PM10;SO2、NO2、PM10、CO和PM2.5的小时变化规律较为一致,都呈现"双峰型"的变化特征,O3则呈显著的"单峰型"变化规律;上述六种污染物具有明显的季节变化特征,SO2的浓度峰值主要集中在供暖期,NO2和O3—8h浓度在夏季要高于其他季节,PM10的浓度峰值出现在春季(3月)和秋季(10月),CO的浓度峰值集中在11月和12月,PM2.5的浓度峰值主要集中在冬季;相关性分析结果表明,SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5浓度日均值在全年各时段均具有很好的正相关性,化石燃料的燃烧可能是上述污染物质的共同来源。     

乌鲁木齐市夏季O3及其前体物变化规律浅析

利用2009年夏季乌鲁木齐市近地面大气O3及其前体物的自动监测数据，分析了O3浓度的分布特征和时间变化规律。探讨O3与其主要前体物NO2和CO的相关关系。结果表明，乌鲁木齐市夏季的O3污染较轻；O3浓度呈单峰型分布，O3浓度昼间高，夜间低；昼间O3与其主要前体物都呈负相关关系。     

机动车排气污染对城市道路空气质量的影响

通过对南京市珠江路道路空气质量的监测，掌握了机动车排气污染对街道空气质量的影响，分析了道路中NOx、NO2、CO的变化规律，以及污染物与车流量和大气扩散条件的关系．并通过与城市大气自动监测国控点监测数据的比较，得出国控点NOx、NO2浓度和道路中NOx、NO2浓度变化趋势一致．     

广东不同环境大气污染特性比较

利用2014年广东南岭背景站、天湖郊区站、磨碟沙城区站和受体区域桃源站SO2、NO2、PM10、O3、PM2.5与CO自动监测数据,分析不同环境大气污染特性。结果表明,4个站点的SO2、NO2、PM10与CO整体平均年均值较低,分别为14,28,59μg/m3和0.7 mg/m3;PM2.5整体平均值为36μg/m3,O3日最大8 h第90百分位数平均值为172μg/m3,二者高于国家二级标准限值。磨碟沙城区站和桃源站的污染物日变化规律较为明显,NO2、PM10和PM2.5在早晚交通高峰或紧接其后的时段出现峰值区。南岭背景站PM2.5质量浓度日间略高于夜间;O3未呈典型单峰分布,而是维持在较平稳、较高浓度水平。周末与工作日O3平均值的相对高低多与NO2、PM10和PM2.5的情况相反。4个站点O3日最大8 h值第90百分位数均未达标;南岭背景站和天湖郊区站O3值尤高,除10月外,在1月或6月也易出现O3高值。区域性的O3污染控制亟须深化开展。     

G20峰会期间长三角区域臭氧变化及管控效果评估

为了研究2016年二十国集团领导人峰会(G20峰会)期间长三角区域臭氧(O3)变化特征,评估管控措施对O3浓度的影响,利用2016年8月10日至9月20日杭州及周边地区的空气质量监测数据、气象数据以及排放清单数据,分析了O3和NO2浓度及气象条件的时空分布特征,研究了不同管控区域不同保障时期O3浓度的时空变化和O3敏感控制区的改变。结果表明:峰会保障期间对于一次排放污染物和细颗粒物的管控措施效果明显,但核心区的O3质量浓度高于严控区和管控区,分别高出11. 2、9. 2μg/m^3。日间的NOx管控导致O3日变化幅度增高接近50μg/m^3。在峰会保障期间,卫星数据和站点观测结果显示核心区O3由VOCs控制区转为NOx-VOCs协同控制区,整个长三角区域的O3生成对于NOx排放量更为敏感。管控措施越强,核心区的O3生成对于NOx排放越敏感,且O3浓度与NOx浓度的相关性越强。对NOx和VOCs的协同控制降低排放,是关系O3浓度管控的一项重要工作。     

河源夏季臭氧污染特征及其成因

2015年9月至2016年8月,在广东河源城区内采用在线连续观测,分析该地区近地面臭氧(O_3)及其前体物的变化规律和相关性,重点探讨了夏季O_3污染特征及成因。结果表明,河源市城区O_3总超标天数为10 d,主要集中在7—9月。O_3浓度变化呈现明显的春、冬季低,夏、秋季高的季节变化。O_3浓度日变化呈典型单峰特征,前体物主要呈双峰变化。O_3小时浓度和CO无明显的相关性,与NO2浓度呈现较高的负相关关系;气象及HYSPLIT-4模型计算综合分析结果表明,夏季污染时段河源高空、低空气团大部来自西南方向,夏季O_3污染主要来源于珠三角区域传输和本地源排放。     

聊城市春季交通源大气污染特征分析

为研究交通源空气污染状况，通过采用自动监测系统，于2009年春季期间，对在聊城市主干道附近布设的6个监测点的空气质量进行监测，获得了其空气污染物浓度特征：（1）所有监测点SO2、NOx日均值与O3小时均值均未超标，且O3污染指数很低，表明二次污染甚微；（2）CO是首要污染物，PM10次之，两者日均值超标率均为100％。分析了超标污染物与交通流量的关系，结果表明，PM10浓度与交通量有较高的线性相关性，而CO浓度与交通流量无显著相关性。     

2016年武汉市大气污染物时空分布特征及影响因素

利用统计学和GIS方法对2016年武汉市各区不同污染物的时空分布特征及相关性进行分析。结果表明：武汉市大气污染季节性特征明显，春季和冬季颗粒物（PM2.5、PM10）及NO2污染突出,夏季O3污染严重。污染物空间差异显著，主城区和东西湖区颗粒物及NO2污染严重，郊区O3污染严重。平均气温、平均水汽压与SO2、NO2、CO、PM2.5和PM10均呈显著负相关，而与O3呈显著正相关；降水量与SO2、NO2和CO呈显著负相关。     

太湖流域近地表主要温室气体本底浓度特征

根据2003年1月-2005年6月太湖流域近地表大气中主要温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O本底浓度的监测资料,研究了该流域近地表大气主要温室气体浓度的变化特征.结果表明,在观测时段内,该流域近地表大气CO2浓度呈上升趋势;CH4浓度呈逐年递减趋势;N2O浓度呈先减后增趋势.3种气体主要与人类活动、工农业生产和交通运输业发展有关,CO2浓度的季节变化明显,冬春季高,夏秋季低,最高值在12月,最低值在8月;CH4浓度由春至夏升高,由夏至秋至冬递减,最高值在7月,最低值在2月;N2O浓度没有明显的季节变化,它们主要受源汇强度变化影响.CO2浓度的日变化基本呈双峰态,是源汇强度变化和边界层稳定程度相互作用的原因,CH4浓度无明显日变化规律,N2O浓度日变化中的最高值总体呈现是夏、秋、春至冬逐渐延迟的状态.     

南京市街道峡谷机动车尾气污染特点和环境容量分析

通过对具有街道峡谷特征的南京市中山路机动车的车流量污染物质量浓度和气象要素的调查与监测，了解到中山路机动车尾气污染物中CO，NO x的质量浓度与车流量有关，成正比关系，日车流量高峰时间分别在10：00，14：00和18：00。中山路环境容量分析是通过污染物扩散模型对CO，NOx污染物质量浓度模拟，其模拟结果和实测结果相近：CO质量浓度的模拟和实测结果比值在[0.5,2]区间的比例为96％，NOx质量浓度的模拟和实测结果比值在[0.5,2]区间的比例为80％，表明模拟结果有效。     

马鞍山市城区主干道近地面空气质量调查

为调查马鞍山市城区主干道近地面空气质量状况,马鞍山市环境监测中心站于1999年1月19日～1月21日对城区3条主干道的5个监测点近地面空气质量进行了监测.结果表明,在城市整体环境空气质量良好的情况下,交通干道近地面空气污染较严重,主要污染源是机动车尾气,NOx、CO、TSP是特征性污染物,其中NOx平均分布浓度与车流量近似成正相关,从时间分布上看,NOx平均分布浓度早上最高,晚上次之,中午最低.指出,为改善城市的环境空气质量,必须加强对机动车尾气的监督管理.     

汽油车尾气遥感检测结果统计分析与限值制定

选取汽油车尾气中CO、HC、NO等3种气态污染物，以稳态工况法为基准，与车辆实际行驶时的遥感测试结果比对，从而制定相应的排放控制限值。建议遥感检测法对于CO、HC、NO的限值，2001年10月1日前注册登记的汽油车分别为3．0％、1000×10-6、3500×10-6，2001年10月1日起注册登记的汽油车分别为2．0％、500×10-6、2000×10-6。提出当机动车所有人对检测结果有异议时，可在规定期限内至指定机构按年检方法复检。     

Simultaneous determination of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen oxides using a battery-operated portable filter pack sampler

We developed a method to analyze atmospheric SO(x) (particulate SO(4)(2-)+ gaseous SO(2)) and NO(x) (NO + NO(2)) simultaneously using a battery-operated portable filter pack sampler. NO(x) determination using a filter pack method is new. SO(x) and NO(x) were collected on a Na(2)CO(3) filter and PTIO (2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl) + TEA (triethanolamine) filters (6 piled sheets), respectively. Aqueous solutions were then used to extract pollutants trapped by the filters and the resulting extracts were pre-cleaned (e.g. elimination of PTIO) and analyzed for sulfate and nitrite by ion chromatography. Recoveries of SO(2) and NO(x) from standard pollutant gases and consistency of the field data with those from other instrumental methods were examined to evaluate our method. SO(x) and NO(x) could be analyzed accurately with determination limits of 0.2 ppbv and 1.0 ppbv (as daily average concentrations), respectively. The sampler can determine SO(x) and NO(x) concentrations at mountainous or remote sites without needing an electric power supply.     

Analysis of the air pollution climate at a background site in the Po valley

The Po valley in northern Italy is renowned for its high air pollutant concentrations. Measurements of air pollutants from a background site in Modena, a town of 200 thousand inhabitants within the Po valley, are analysed. These comprise hourly data for CO, NO, NO(2), NO(x), and O(3), and daily gravimetric equivalent data for PM(10) from 1998-2010. The data are analysed in terms of long-term trends, annual, weekly and diurnal cycles, and auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions. CO, NO and NO(2) exhibit a strongly traffic-related pattern, with daily peaks at morning and evening rush hour and lower concentrations over the weekend. Ozone shows an annual cycle with a peak in July due to local production; notwithstanding the diurnal cycle dominated by titration by nitrogen oxide, the decreasing long term trend in NO concentration did not affect the long term trend in O(3), whose mean concentration remained steady over the sampling period. PM(10) shows a strong seasonality with higher concentration in winter and lower concentration in summer and spring. Both PM(10) and ozone show a marked weekly cycle in summer and winter respectively. Regressions of PM(10) upon NO(x) show a consistently greater intercept in winter, representing higher secondary PM(10) in the cooler months of the year. There is a seasonal pattern in primary PM(10) to NO(x) ratios, with lower values in winter and higher values in summer, but the reasons are unclear.     

CO and NO2 pollution in a long two-way traffic road tunnel: investigation of NO2/NOx ratio and modelling of NO2 concentration

The CO, NO and NO2 concentrations, visibility and air flow velocity were measured using continuous analysers in a long Norwegian road tunnel (7.5 km) with traffic in both directions in April 1994 and 1995. The traffic density was monitored at the same time. The NO2 concentration exceeded Norwegian air quality limits for road tunnels 17% of the time in 1994. The traffic through the tunnel decreased from 1994 to 1995, and the mean NO2 concentration was reduced from 0.73 to 0.22 ppm. The ventilation fan control, based on the CO concentration only, was unsatisfactory and the air flow was sometimes low for hours. Models for NO2 concentration based on CO concentration and absolute air flow velocity were developed and tested. The NO2/NOx ratio showed an increase for NOx levels above 2 ppm; a likely explanation for this phenomenon is NO oxidation by O2. Exposure to high NO2 concentrations may represent a health risk for people with respiratory and cardiac diseases. In long road tunnels with two-way traffic, this study indicates that ventilation fan control based on CO concentration should be adjusted for changes in vehicle CO emission and should be supplemented by air flow monitoring to limit the NO2 concentration.     

Light non-methane hydrocarbons at two sites in the Indo-Gangetic Plain

Measurements of light (C(2)-C(5)) non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were made along with ozone (O(3)), oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH(4)) at Hissar and Kanpur in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in India during the month of December, 2004. Air samplings during noon and evening hours provided an opportunity to study the emission characteristics and changes during this period at these sites. The mixing ratio of O(3) was higher during noon hours due to photochemical formation, while the levels of precursor gases showed elevated values during the evening hours on a clear sky day. On foggy days there is no such variation. The lower mixing ratios of O(3) observed on foggy days could be due to the slower rate of photochemical formation caused by a reduction in solar flux and surface deposition caused by the presence of a stable planetary boundary layer. Propene and ethene show the highest evening to noon ratio due to their faster reactivities with OH radicals. Correlations among different species of the measured gases indicate contributions of emissions from biomass and biofuel burning as well as fossil fuel combustion. Although qualitatively in relation to O(3), the propylene (propene) equivalents of NMHCs have been calculated to investigate their roles in O(3) photochemistry and compared with the data from Ahmedabad, an urban site in western India. The important result, which has emerged from the analysis of the observed data, is that while the total amount of these NMHCs is least at Hissar and highest at Ahmedabad, the total propylene-equivalent is highest at Hissar and lowest at Ahmedabad. Further, these two sites in the IGP show significant contributions, almost 72-77%, by propene and ethene while the contribution by these two gases at Ahmedabad is only about 47%. The surface level mixing ratios of O(3) could be treated as representative for the chemical characterization of air mass at a regional scale over the IGP as the month long trends of O(3) show significant similarity compared to the trends in precursors at the two sites.     

Differences between weekend and weekday ozone levels over rural and urban sites in Southern Italy

Air quality data from a network of 11 monitoring stations in the Apulia region of southern Italy during the summer of 2005 reveal a high frequency of ozone law limit violations. Since ozone is a secondary pollutant, air quality control strategies aimed at reducing ozone concentration are not immediate. Herein, we analyse weekly changes in concentration levels of ozone (O(3)), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and evaluate how the differences in primary emissions cause changes in the production of ozone. The comparison between weekend and weekday levels of O(3) and its precursors are direct evidence for the existence of the "ozone weekend effect." This effect was observed at all stations with a considerable variation in the overall ozone magnitude, including both traffic stations and non-traffic stations. Data from VOC measurements at traffic stations primarily indicated elevated levels of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX); all of these substances showed an overall decrease over the weekend. A single station indicated levels of non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and PM10, both of which did not demonstrate any weekly cycle. Analysis of weekly and diurnal cycles of O(3), NO(x), CO, NMHC, and PM10 indicates that higher weekend ozone levels result from a reduction in the emission of nitrogen oxides on weekends in VOC-sensitive regimes. This indicates that a reduction in VOC and NO(x) levels would be more effective than NO(x) reduction alone. Our results underscore the need for improved and more efficient VOC measurements.     

汽油车BASM排放检测方法关联规则研究

应用数据挖掘法对3720台次汽油车的BASM排放检测数据进行关联性分析，对汽车BASM排放检测方法中检测工况及排放污染物检测项目CO、HC、NOx间关联性进行研究，得出在BASM 5024工况下没有通过检测的车辆在BASM 2540工况检测的通过率只有5．7％，CO检测合格对HC的检测合格有76．5％的支持度，HC检测合格对NOx检测合格的支持度为58．9％，说明BASM 5024与BASM 2540检测工况具有较高的关联性，HC与CO存在较高的关联度，而HC与NOx的关联度不高。     

无锡市机动车尾气污染及防治初探

以无锡市市区3种典型道路作为研究对象，通过对道路二侧呼吸带空气中CO、NOx、HC、Pb、TSP等污染物浓度的分析，评述道路交通污染特征和治理效果，从而提出了治理交通污染的对策与建议。