汽车排放共享检测——以南京市汽油车遥测试验结果为例

以南京市汽油车遥测试验结果为例,对汽油车的单次遥测数据与年检数据进行分析,结果表明,2组数据之间不存在相关性,这可能是由于车速等检测环境的差异造成的。整体遥测值的变化并不会随着年检值的增加或减少而呈现某一趋势,车辆的单次遥测数据并不具有代表性,不能作为车辆是否超标的判定依据。在对汽油车遥测不合格次数、排放限值设定、遥测年检时间间隔等分析中发现,若将汽油车的NO、CO遥测排放限值分别设为2 000×10-6和5%,当汽油车的遥测不合格次数≥5次,或汽油车的遥测不合格次数达到3次,同时这3次的遥测时间距离年检不超过60 d(遥测在前,年检在后),那么在这些遥测不合格车辆中,有80%以上的年检结果也不合格,遥测与年检的检测结果判定较为一致。虽然两者的检测方法和排放标准不同,但都能有效筛选出排放超标车辆,而且遥测法更快速,也无需停车检测,不影响车辆行驶。     

汽油车BASM排放检测方法关联规则研究

应用数据挖掘法对3720台次汽油车的BASM排放检测数据进行关联性分析，对汽车BASM排放检测方法中检测工况及排放污染物检测项目CO、HC、NOx间关联性进行研究，得出在BASM 5024工况下没有通过检测的车辆在BASM 2540工况检测的通过率只有5．7％，CO检测合格对HC的检测合格有76．5％的支持度，HC检测合格对NOx检测合格的支持度为58．9％，说明BASM 5024与BASM 2540检测工况具有较高的关联性，HC与CO存在较高的关联度，而HC与NOx的关联度不高。     

离子色谱法测定地表水和饮用水中亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和氯酸盐

采用KOH梯度淋洗离子色谱法测定地表水和饮用水中ClO2-、BrO3-和ClO3-，在试验确定的条件下，3种离子与F-、Cl-、NO2-、NO3-、SO2-4、Br-、I-等7种离子分离度良好。 ClO2-、BrO3-、ClO3-在50．0μg/L～1000μg/L范围内线性良好，检出限分别为5．2μg/L、8．9μg/L、7．6μg/L，环境水样加标平行测定的RSD分别为2．1％～5．4％、4．1％～5．4％、2．5％～4．8％，两个质量浓度水平加标的平均回收率分别为93．7％～96．5％、90．3％～94．8％、98．7％～111％。     

滇池流域城市降雨径流污染负荷定量化研究

借助遥感影像处理软件ERDAS IMAGINE9．2和GIS技术对研究区QuickBird影像图进行下垫面类型分类和统计,在对降雨产流过程及地表径流污染特征研究的基础上,根据2008年的降雨总量,定量计算滇池流域全年城市降雨径流污染负荷。结果表明,流域内城镇区域屋顶、庭院、道路、绿地及其他类型面积比例分别为13．8％、11．6％、5．2％、3．8％及65．6％。2008年滇池流域城市降雨径流污染负荷COD、TN、TP分别为2．95×10^4t、1．24×10^3t、103t。滇池北岸昆明主城区内的建成区全年城市降雨径流污染负荷COD、TN、TP的产生量分别为2．39×10^4t、9．89×10^3t、8．24×10^3t,对滇池流域COD、TN、TP的贡献率总和分别为81．2％、79．5％、80．3％。     

沈阳市机动车大气污染物排放清单的研究

基于机动车主要污染物排放量计算方法,对主要污染物排放因子进行识别与修正,建立沈阳市机动车污染物排放清单。结果表明:沈阳市机动车污染物的排放总量为206 804. 3 t,CO、NOx、HC和PM10的排放量分别为128 500. 4 t、44 206. 3 t、32 104. 8 t和1 992. 8 t;机动车排放的各污染物二环以内的排放量占总量70. 0%以上,和平区、沈河区和铁西区是该市机动车污染物高排放区域;小型客车和出租车对CO、HC的排放分担率较高,重型货车和轻型货车是NOx、PM10的主要排放源;沈阳市机动车污染物主要来自汽油车和柴油车,新能源机动车排放量较低。     

不同动力公交流动微环境BTEX的浓度水平及健康风险

用热解析气相色谱法采集分析不同动力公交车微环境中苯系物,研究了江南某旅游城市公交汽油车、柴油车、电车、液化天然气车、油电混合车空气中苯系物的浓度以及主要公交站台的苯系物的浓度。结果表明,公交车微环境中苯系物平均浓度从高到低依次为汽油车>柴油车>油电混合车>液化天然气车>电车,其中汽油车苯含量最高,为(21.02±9.51)μg/m3,各动力公交车的苯暴露对公交司机致癌风险为2.32×10-6～4.79×10-6,超过了美国EPA制定的人体致癌风险限值。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定环境空气中恶臭硫化物成分

摘要：采用苏玛罐采样、冷阱顶浓缩处理样品、气相色谱质谱联用法测定环境空气中的甲硫醇、乙硫醇、甲硫醚、乙硫醚、甲乙硫醚、二甲二硫、二硫化碳等7种恶臭硫化物。结果表明，该方法的线性较好，7种硫化物的检出限为8．0×10-4～1．4×10-3mg／m3，混合标准气体平行测定时RSD范围在3．32％～6．17％，加标回收率为100％～117％。该方法对于环境空气恶臭硫化物的测定准确可靠，能够用于常规环境空气中恶臭硫化物的分析检测。     

北京地区PM_(2.5)与空气污染物的关系模型

为了研究北京地区PM2.5与空气污染物的质量浓度关系。从PM2.5监测网收集2013-04-01~2014-05-15期间PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3等主要空气污染物数据,用多元线性回归模型建立PM2.5与空气污染物的质量浓度关系。结果表明:北京地区PM2.5与空气污染物PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3的质量浓度相关系数分别为0.9172、0.6332、0.7683、0.8166和-0.1797,优化的拟合方程为:[PM2.5]=-22.5925+0.569109×[PM10]+23.94913×[CO]+0.113025×[BPM2.5],模型的估算值与观测值相关系数为0.9426,此方程能较好地模拟北京地区的PM2.5质量浓度。     

南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策

简述了南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策。对新机动车排气控制实施了新车上牌的环保注册登记目录制,鼓励生产厂家采用先进的排放控制技术,达到国家制定的排放控制目标和排放标准;对在用机动车排气控制实施检测／维护(I／M)制度,对尾气排放不达标车辆进行正常的维修和保养,保证其发动机处于正常技术状况;对高排放污染机动车辆,安装尾气净化装置,以改善机动车排放水平。定期检测中各类型车辆维护前后排气污染物削减结果表明,85％的高排放污染车辆能达标,且CO的削减率最高,达50％左右;定期检测中各类型车辆安装机内净化器前后排气污染物削减结果表明,二次补气机内净化器对CO的净化率为22．5％～30．0％,对HC的净化率为9．7％～30．0％;高能电子点火机内净化器对CO的净化率为5．4％～22．2％,对HC的净化率为17．2％～30．8％。不定期检测中,一些高排放污染车辆安装三元催化反应器后,其净化率可达80％～90％。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锰矿恢复区植物中重金属

采用硝酸-高氯酸消解体系、火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锰矿恢复区植物中重金属元素。方法线性良好，锰、铅、铜、铬、镉的检出限分别为0．026mg／L、0．011mg／L、0．004mg,／L、0．025mg／L、0．001mg／L，标准样品的测定结果符合要求，植物样品平行测定的RSD≤1．6％，加标回收率为83．4％-97．6％。     

南京市机动车排气监测与评价

通过对南京市机动车排气污染物的年检监测,表明南京市的汽油车、柴油车、摩托车排气合格率总体呈上升趋势,2002年全市机动车排气监测总合格率为99.9%,比1993年上升了8.6个百分点;汽车尾气达标率也呈上升趋势,2002年达83.8%,比1993年上升了2.6个百分点。对机动车排气路检结果表明,CO超标的车辆占84.4%,CO、HC两项指标都超标的车辆占31.1%。对各类汽油助力车排气监测结果表明,二冲程汽油助力车尾气中CO、HC排放量要高于四冲程汽油助力车的排放量。对各类正三轮摩托车排气抽检结果表明,大部分四冲程正三轮摩托车尾气排放污染物能达标,且排气管无碳烟;二冲程正三轮摩托车尾气中HC值偏高,排气管碳烟明显。     

Assessment of New Vehicles Emissions Certification Standards in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City

Light duty gasoline vehicles account for most of CO hydrocarbons and NOx emissions at the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC). In order to ameliorate air pollution from the beginning of 2001, Tier 1 emission standards became mandatory for all new model year sold in the country. Car manufacturers in Mexico do not guarantee the performance of their exhaust emissions systems for a given mileage. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the Tier 1 vehicles will stand the certification values for at least 162000 km with the regular fuel available at the MAMC. Mileage accumulation and deterioration show that certified carbon monoxide emissions will stand for the useful life of the vehicles but in the case of non-methane hydrocarbons will be shorter by 40%, and nitrogen oxides emissions above the standard will be reached at one third of the accumulated kilometers. The effect of gasoline sulfur content, on the current in use Tier 1 vehicles of the MAMC and the impact on the emissions inventory in year 2010 showed that 31000 extra tons of NOx could be added to the inventory caused by the failure of the vehicles to control this pollutant at the useful life of vehicles.     

南京市机动车污染物减排因素分析

以南京市机动车排污监控系统的实时检测数据为基础,简述了南京市机动车减排效果,在“十二五”期间南京市机动车保有量增长71.8%的背景下,实现了污染物排放量削减18.8%,单车平均排放CO、HC、NOx较3年前分别下降了33%,31%和36%;排放标准和使用年限二因素方差分析表明,其对NOx、CO和HC排放值的影响由大到小排序均为：油品质量〉排放标准〉使用年限。提出,进一步提升油品质量至关重要。     

Traffic emission factors of ultrafine particles: effects from ambient air

Ultrafine particles have a significant detrimental effect on both human health and climate. In order to abate this problem, it is necessary to identify the sources of ultrafine particles. A parameterisation method is presented for estimating the levels of traffic-emitted ultrafine particles in terms of variables describing the ambient conditions. The method is versatile and could easily be applied to similar datasets in other environments. The data used were collected during a four-week period in February 2005, in Gothenburg, as part of the G?te-2005 campaign. The specific variables tested were temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), carbon monoxide concentration (CO), and the concentration of particles up to 10 μm diameter (PM(10)); all indicators are of importance for aerosol processes such as coagulation and gas-particle partitioning. These variables were selected because of their direct effect on aerosol processes (T and RH) or as proxies for aerosol surface area (CO and PM(10)) and because of their availability in local monitoring programmes, increasing the usability of the parameterization. Emission factors are presented for 10-100 nm particles (ultrafine particles; EF(ufp)), for 10-40 nm particles (EF(10-40)), and for 40-100 nm particles (EF(40-100)). For EF(40-100) no effect of ambient conditions was found. The emission factor equations are calculated based on an emission factor for NO(x) of 1 g km(-1), thus the particle emission factors are easily expressed in units of particles per gram of NO(x) emitted. For 10-100 nm particles the emission factor is EF(ufp) = 1.8×10(15)×(1 - 0.095×CO - 3.2×10(-3)×T) particles km(-1). Alternative equations for the EFs in terms of T and PM(10) concentration are also presented.     

Air quality of Prague: traffic as a main pollution source

Political and economical transition in the Central and Eastern Europe at the end of eighties significantly influenced all aspects of life as well as technological infrastructure. Collapse of outdated energy demanding industry and adoption of environmental legislation resulted in seeming improvements of urban environmental quality. Hand in hand with modernization the newly adopted regulations also helped to phase out low quality coal frequently used for domestic heating. However, at the same time, the number of vehicles registered in the city increased. The two processes interestingly acted as parallel but antagonistic forces. To interpret the trends in urban air quality of Prague, Czech capital, monthly averages of PM(10), SO(2), NO(2), NO, O(3) and CO concentrations from the national network of automated monitoring stations were analyzed together with long term trends in fuel consumption and number of vehicles registered in Prague within a period of 1992-2005. The results showed that concentrations of SO(2) (a pollutant strongly related to fossil fuel burning) dropped significantly during the period of concern. Similarly NO(X) and PM(10) concentrations decreased significantly in the first half of the nineties (as a result of solid fuel use drop), but remained rather stable or increased after 2000, presumably reflecting rapid increase of traffic density. In conclusion, infrastructural changes in early nineties had a strong positive effect on Prague air quality namely in the first half of the period studied, nevertheless, the current trend in concentrations of automotive exhaust related pollutants (such as PM(10), NO(X)) needs adoption of stricter measures.     

2020年江苏省机动车排放污染分布特征及与大气质量耦合性研究

依据生态环境部2021年6月发布的《排放源统计调查产排污核算方法和系数手册》,结合本地实测数据,在对汽油车颗粒物(PM)排放系数进行测算的基础上,核算了2020年江苏省机动车PM、氮氧化物(NO_(X))、挥发性有机物(VOC_(S))的排放总量,分析了机动车排放污染分布特征及与大气质量的耦合关系。结果表明:2020年江苏省机动车PM、NO_(X)、VOC_(S)排放量分别为0.5×10^(4),3.71×10^(5),1.17×10^(5) t。从区域分布来看,苏州、南京、无锡3市的3项污染物排放总量及NO_(X)、VOC_(S)排放量均位列前3位,PM排放量位列前3位的是苏州、徐州、无锡。从车型、燃料类型和排放阶段来看,国Ⅳ及以下排放标准的汽油小型客车是机动车VOC_(S)排放控制的重点,国Ⅲ排放标准的重型柴油货车是机动车PM和NO_(X)排放控制的重点。分析区域机动车PM排放量与大气中PM_(2.5)来源解析结果的耦合关系,其间存在不同程度的正相关性,控制机动车污染对改善大气环境会产生积极成效,南京、徐州和盐城3市的成效会尤为明显。     

南京市街道峡谷机动车尾气污染特点和环境容量分析

通过对具有街道峡谷特征的南京市中山路机动车的车流量污染物质量浓度和气象要素的调查与监测，了解到中山路机动车尾气污染物中CO，NO x的质量浓度与车流量有关，成正比关系，日车流量高峰时间分别在10：00，14：00和18：00。中山路环境容量分析是通过污染物扩散模型对CO，NOx污染物质量浓度模拟，其模拟结果和实测结果相近：CO质量浓度的模拟和实测结果比值在[0.5,2]区间的比例为96％，NOx质量浓度的模拟和实测结果比值在[0.5,2]区间的比例为80％，表明模拟结果有效。     

Simultaneous determination of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen oxides using a battery-operated portable filter pack sampler

We developed a method to analyze atmospheric SO(x) (particulate SO(4)(2-)+ gaseous SO(2)) and NO(x) (NO + NO(2)) simultaneously using a battery-operated portable filter pack sampler. NO(x) determination using a filter pack method is new. SO(x) and NO(x) were collected on a Na(2)CO(3) filter and PTIO (2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl) + TEA (triethanolamine) filters (6 piled sheets), respectively. Aqueous solutions were then used to extract pollutants trapped by the filters and the resulting extracts were pre-cleaned (e.g. elimination of PTIO) and analyzed for sulfate and nitrite by ion chromatography. Recoveries of SO(2) and NO(x) from standard pollutant gases and consistency of the field data with those from other instrumental methods were examined to evaluate our method. SO(x) and NO(x) could be analyzed accurately with determination limits of 0.2 ppbv and 1.0 ppbv (as daily average concentrations), respectively. The sampler can determine SO(x) and NO(x) concentrations at mountainous or remote sites without needing an electric power supply.     

机动车排放细颗粒物精细化源谱构建及应用

利用真空瓶现场采样并结合单颗粒气溶胶质谱（SPAMS）技术,对主流品牌汽油车和柴油车排放细颗粒物进行组分分析和源谱构建。结果表明：汽、柴油车尾气源谱特征整体较为相似,相似度均值达到0.88,均以碳和钙为主要特征组分;部分柴油车特征源谱中硫酸盐特征较为明显,碳组分中OC特征突出;汽油车源谱特征中磷酸盐特征相对突出,且碳组分中短链元素碳占比较高。根据建立的源谱进行实际道路观测,结合风速、风向等气象要素分析,2021年2月1日—24日观测点位对应的移动源占比为33.5%,其中汽油车贡献21.0%,柴油车贡献12.5%。