威海市秋季VOCs污染特征及来源解析

为探究威海市秋季挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染特征及来源，于2021年9月10—20日采用手工加密监测法对威海市秋季大气中VOCs进行监测，分析了气象因素对臭氧（O₃）及其前体物的影响和VOCs污染特征，并利用正交矩阵因子模型（PMF）方法对VOCs来源进行了研究。结果表明，威海市温度对O₃生成影响明显，尤其是高温、低湿、扩散较差气象条件下，有利于O₃前体物的反应消耗，促使O₃生成及累积。观测期间，威海市秋季φ（VOCs）平均值为47.84×10^-9，VOCs中体积分数占比最高的为含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs），占比为58.0%，其次为烷烃（21.6%）、卤代烃（10.2%）。O₃生成潜势（OFP）平均值为393.95μg/m³，对OFP的贡献占比最高的为OVOCs（74.1%），其次为芳香烃（12.6%）、烷烃（7.0%）和烯烃（5.4%）。PMF源解析结果显示，机动车尾气排放源、工艺过程源、船舶尾气排放源和溶剂使用源是威海市秋季VOCs排放主要来源，贡献占比分别为30.4%，23.9%，21.1%，16.5%。控制机动车排放和工艺过程排放是控制威海市秋季VOCs污染的重要途径。     

合肥市臭氧及其前体物污染特征及源解析

利用合肥市臭氧和VOCs连续观测数据分析了合肥市臭氧及其前体物污染特征,并使用NAQPMS模型研究了合肥市不同季节臭氧来源情况。结果表明:O₃已经成为影响合肥市环境质量的主要污染因子,O₃高值区主要集中在5—6月和9月。合肥市大气VOCs中烷烃含量最丰富,其次是烯烃、芳香烃和炔烃;主要物种为乙烷、丙烷、乙炔、正戊烷、乙烯、环戊烷、异戊烷、正丁烷、异丁烷和甲苯。合肥市O₃生成主要受VOCs控制,其中,烯烃是合肥市O₃生成贡献最大的关键活性组分,乙烯的OFP贡献率居首位。合肥市不同季节O₃来源差异较大,其中,本地排放是主要来源,夏季占比为50%,其余季节占比为30%~45%,O₃存在跨省长距离输送特征,主导风向的变化是造成合肥市臭氧来源季节性变化的重要因素。     

西安市某工业园夏季VOCs浓度特征及O3、SOA生成潜势

2020年7月30日—10月10日对西安市某工业园区大气中的70种VOCs开展了为期73 d的VOCs手工采样监测,分析了上、下风向2个点位VOCs浓度组成特征、O₃生成潜势和SOA生成潜势,并运用PMF进一步分析该区域VOCs的主要来源。结果显示：监测期间工业园区平均VOCs浓度为203.50 μg/m³,以甲醛和乙醛为主的醛酮类（148.37 μg/m³）是主要污染物,占TVOC浓度的57%~84%,其次是烷烃。通过上、下风向VOCs成分比较发现,醛酮类为高污染时段特征污染物,工业园区平均OFP为969.66 μg/m³,醛酮类对O₃生成的贡献最大,占TOFP的80%~97%,其次是烯烃。工业园区平均SOAFP为0.50 μg/m³,芳香烃对SOA生成的贡献最大,占TSOAFP的48%~98%,其次是烷烃。PMF源解析得到5个因子,分别为工业源、溶剂涂料、燃烧源、移动源及其他源,贡献率分别占35.2%、20.4%、18.3%、12.8%、13.3%,解析显示该区域受到下风向电子产业影响较大。     

衡水夏季典型时段VOCs污染特征及O3污染过程分析

选取臭氧（O₃）污染高发的7月为夏季典型月，采用自动观测设备，从前体物VOCs的浓度水平及O₃生成潜势（OFP），前体物、气象因素与O₃相关性等多方面研究了衡水市O₃污染影响因素，并剖析了一次典型的O₃污染过程，以期为衡水市夏季O₃污染防治提供科学参考。研究结果表明：衡水市VOCs主要组分浓度占比为烷烃 > 烯烃 > 芳香烃 > 乙炔，主要组分对总OFP的贡献为烯烃 > 芳香烃 > 烷烃 > 乙炔；O₃与前体物VOCs、NO₂存在负相关性，与温度存在正相关性；相对湿度低于48%时，O₃和相对湿度呈负相关性，相对湿度高于48%时，O₃和相对湿度呈正相关性；气团中VOCs化学组成稳定性较低，平均VOCs最大增量反应活性（MIR）较低，为4.855gO₃/gVOCs；衡水市7月2—4日重度污染过程受本地生成和区域传输叠加影响。     

盐城市城区VOCs污染特征及来源解析

2020年4—9月通过离线采样研究了盐城市城区大气中的挥发性有机物（VOCs）浓度水平及组成特征、臭氧生成潜势、二次有机气溶胶生成潜势以及毒性效应等多效应评估和来源贡献。结果表明：盐城市城区VOCs平均体积浓度为35.09×10^-9,盐塘湖公园站点浓度最高;盐城市VOCs主要组分为含氧有机物（OVOCs）和烷烃。通过挥发性有机物多效应评估发现,关键物种为乙醛、对二乙苯、丙酮、甲苯和间/对二甲苯等。采样期间对VOCs浓度的主要贡献来源为二次生成、工业排放和交通排放。     

杭州市大气VOCs浓度特征及其化学活性研究

2018年4月至2019年3月对杭州市城区大气中117种挥发性有机物（VOCs）开展了为期一年的手工采样观测，分析了VOCs各组分的浓度特征、臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成潜势。结果显示，观测期杭州市大气VOCs体积分数均值为（56.72±29.56）×10^-9，含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）、烷烃和卤代烃是其主要组分，分别占33.86%、30.70%、15.73%。VOCs体积分数前10位的物种为丙烷、甲醛、异丁烷、乙烷、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、正丁烷、丙酮、甲苯和1，2-二氯乙烷。杭州市VOCs的OFP为135.18×10^-9，各VOCs组分的OFP贡献为OVOCs（45%） > 芳香烃（22%） > 烯烃和炔烃（21%） > 烷烃（11%） > 卤代烃（1%），其中甲醛、乙烯和乙醛是OFP主要贡献者。SOA生成潜势为1.64 μg/m³，芳香烃是最重要的SOA前体物。SOA生成潜势最大的5种VOCs物种为甲苯、对/间二甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯和苯，因此控制来自机动车尾气和溶剂使用过程中产生的VOCs可有效降低SOA的生成。通过甲苯与苯体积分数比分析发现，杭州市城区芳香烃除了来自机动车尾气以外，在春、夏季和秋、冬季还分别受到生物质燃烧和涂料溶剂的影响；分析了乙烷与乙炔体积分数比、乙炔与CO体积分数比，发现杭州市气团的老化程度呈现整体较高的特点。     

工业园区和城区VOCs组成及化学活性的空间差异对清远大气臭氧污染分布的影响

工业化与城镇化交替演进使珠三角及其周边地区土地利用类型较为复杂。快速的城市化进程使城市建成区与大量村镇工业园区互相交错。这种变化势必会增加挥发性有机物(VOCs)在组分构成和空间分布上的复杂性,并对臭氧(O₃)污染的时空变化产生影响。为厘清这种排放的空间异质性特征及其对O₃污染分布的影响,分别选取可以代表清远市典型工业园区和城市建成区的站点开展观测研究。结果表明:工业园区和城市建成区VOCs浓度水平和污染特征有较大的空间差异,其中代表村镇工业园区的龙塘站VOCs日均浓度为30.42×10^-9,高于代表城市建成区的技师学院站(17.32×10^-9)。龙塘站二甲苯和甲苯的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)比技师学院站高57.6×10^-9,且该值相当于技师学院站排名前10位物种OFP的总和。气象分析表明:2个站点之间并非彼此的上、下风向,而是共同受到局地气团的影响。源解析结果表明:源排放是造成这种空间异质性的内因,其中交通源对技师学院的贡献更高,而工业相关排放源对龙塘的贡献更高。该研究进一步比较了周边站点O₃时间序列的一致性,并模拟2个站点的O₃生成速率。研究发现O₃在局地范围内变化较小,高VOCs排放的地点对局地O₃有较高的贡献,局地内不同地点的O₃生成过程也存在较大差异。据此,笔者提出O₃污染防控建议:短期内可通过技术手段和观测数据发现O₃污染的重要贡献点,并进行针对性的"散乱污"清理整治和涉VOCs行业综合整治,长期看应科学合理规划城市发展布局和产业布局,预留城市通风廊道,以有效减少O₃污染。     

中山市臭氧污染来源解析与敏感性分析

利用数值天气预报模式和嵌套网格空气质量预报系统的来源解析模块（WRF NAQPMS/OSAM）对中山市2019年9月1次臭氧（O₃）污染过程进行了模拟分析，并对O₃来源进行了解析。结果表明，WRF-NAQPMS/OSAM模型能较好地模拟出该时段的O₃浓度。此次污染过程区域传输对中山市O₃浓度贡献显著，平均贡献比例为82.9%，本地平均贡献比例为17.1%，对中山市O₃贡献最大的2个来源分别是溶剂源和交通源，平均贡献占比分别为43.0%和42.7%。另外，工业源的贡献也不可忽略，平均贡献占比为11.0%。中山市O₃总体上处于挥发性有机物（VOCs）控制区，结合臭氧生成潜势（OFP）分析和源解析结果，溶剂源、交通源和工业源排放的甲苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、1，2，3-三甲苯、正丁烷和异戊烷对O₃形成贡献显著，是中山市O₃污染治理应注意的重要前体物。建议中山市建立以VOCs控制为主导，VOCs和氮氧化物（NO_X）协同控制的长期O₃防控策略。     

走航溯源耦合在线监测分析喷涂企业排放VOCs对大气臭氧污染的影响

选择某喷涂企业附近环境空气为采样点位,在3个监测时段（5、9、11月）基于成分监测车在线监测107种挥发性有机物（VOCs）,分析环境空气中VOCs污染特征和成分,结合走航监测车进行溯源分析,利用MCM模式结合敏感性实验研究了臭氧生成机制。结果表明：5月A时段的VOCs总浓度（247.43 μg/m³）高于其他2个监测时段（134.29、107.07 μg/m³）,体现了VOCs季节性的变化趋势;3个监测时段VOCs浓度均以含氧有机物为主,其占比分别为44.36%、55.30%和37.90%,其次为芳香烃和烷烃,但不同监测时段同类VOCs占比各不相同,体现了不同季节VOCs浓度的差异性。3个监测时段均排在浓度排名前10位的物种有6种,分别为乙醇、丙酮、对/间二甲苯、苯、二氯甲烷和甲苯,说明该监测点位存在稳定污染排放源。走航溯源监测获得空气点位及附近喷涂企业内VOCs浓度和成分特征,结果显示环境大气中的VOCs主要组分来自喷涂企业厂区使用的挥发性溶剂的排放和油性漆的挥发排放。研究臭氧生成潜势（OFP）可知,芳香烃的OFP值在3个监测时段占比最高,对臭氧生成贡献较高的物种主要有对/间二甲苯、甲苯等芳香烃,乙醇和甲基丙烯酸甲酯等含氧有机物,异戊二烯和丙烯等烯烃类物种。MCM模式结果显示：5月A时段监测期间的臭氧光化学生成速率大于9月B时段和11月C时段,O₃生成过程主要受甲基过氧自由基（CH₃O₂）+NO 和过氧化羟基自由基（HO₂）+NO 控制。相对增量反应敏感性实验结果显示：3个监测时段臭氧生成均处于VOCs控制区,5月A时段,控制异戊二烯、芳香烃类物种可以大幅减少臭氧的生成,9月B时段需主要控制芳香烃和含氧有机物的排放,11月C时段则需控制芳香烃物种的排放。就VOCs单体而言,3个监测时段减少对/间二甲苯的浓度,对臭氧生成影响较大。走航溯源耦合在线监测方法可以实现臭氧污染快速原位溯源。     

遂宁市夏季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2019年7-8月在四川省遂宁市实验学校、遂宁中学、金鱼小学、石溪浩4个点位同步开展为期20d的挥发性有机物(VOCs)离线观测,分析了遂宁市VOCs浓度时空分布特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和VOCs主要来源。遂宁市TVOC体积浓度为39.4×10^-9,占比较高的组分为OVOCs和烷烃,体积浓度分别为15.6×10^-9和13.3×10^-9,占比分别为39.5%和33.6%。遂宁中学、金鱼小学、石溪浩24 h平均体积浓度分别为29.8 ×10^-9、58.4 ×10^-9、30.0×10^-9;加密点实验学校的小时平均浓度为22.9×10^-9。遂宁市总OFP为166.7 μg/m³,占比最大的为烯烃(33.1%)。实验学校、遂宁中学、金鱼小学、石溪浩OFP浓度分别为101.2、134.4、243.6、122.1 μg/m³。金鱼小学采样点位于工业园区下风向,受工业园区企业排放源影响,VOCs浓度和OFP值均明显高于其他点位。PMF模型源解析结果表明:遂宁市VOCs来源占比最大的为工业排放源,达32%;其次为机动车尾气源、燃烧源,占比均达17%;油气挥发源、天然源、溶剂使用源分别占13%、11%、10%。工业源、机动车尾气来源占比最高的均是金鱼小学,分别为39%、30%;天然源占比较高的是实验学校(13%)和石溪浩(10%)。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.     

Radionuclide Concentrations in Benthic Invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska

Concentrations of 13 radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ¹²⁹I, ⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, ⁹⁰Sr, ⁹⁹Tc, ²⁴¹Am, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, ²³⁸U were examined in seven species of invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands, in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska, using gamma spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and alpha spectroscopy. Amchitka Island was the site of three underground nuclear test (1965–1971), and we tested the null hypotheses that there were no differences in radionuclide concentrations between Amchitka and the reference site (Kiska) and there were no differences among species. The only radionuclides where composite samples were above the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) were ¹³⁷Cs, ²⁴¹Am, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, and ²³⁸U. Green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus), giant chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), plate limpets (Tectura scutum) and giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) were only tested for ¹³⁷Cs; octopus was the only species with detectable levels of ¹³⁷Cs (0.262 ± 0.029 Bq/kg, wet weight). Only rock jingle (Pododesmus macroschisma), blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus) and horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) were analyzed for the actinides. There were no interspecific differences in ²⁴¹Am and ^239,240Pu, and almost no samples above the MDA for ²³⁸Pu and ²³⁶U. Horse mussels had significantly higher concentrations of ²³⁴U (0.844 ± 0.804 Bq/kg) and ²³⁸U (0.730 ± 0.646) than the other species (both isotopes are naturally occurring). There were no differences in actinide concentrations between Amchitka and Kiska. In general, radionuclides in invertebrates from Amchitka were similar to those from uncontaminated sites in the Northern Hemisphere, and below those from the contaminated Irish Sea. There is a clear research need for authors to report the concentrations of radionuclides by species, rather than simply as ‘shellfish’, for comparative purposes in determining geographical patterns, understanding possible effects, and for estimating risk to humans from consuming different biota.     

Kelp as a Bioindicator: Does it Matter Which Part of 5 M Long Plant is Used for Metal Analysis?

Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms, including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized. However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese). The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts. In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year. Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play a role in a subsistence diets.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。