建设项目环评报告书中存在的水环境监测问题及解决方法

项目建设前的环境质量(包括水环境质量)是环境影响评价的基础,预测项目建设后的环境质量是环境可行性评价结论的依据,环境质量的表征数据是通过环境监测工作取得,环境监测的规范性要求,开展监测要得到的数据必须具备"五性",才能表征某一监测地区的环境质量。由于环境评价的中介服务性,以及时间与经费的关系,对环境监测点位、频次进行压缩与省略,使得监测数据无法保障其代表性,影响建设项目环境影响报告书得出可信的结论。如何保障监测数据的质量,以最少的监测点、最恰当的监测时期、最少的监测频次,取得最有代表性的数据表征建设项目周围的环境质量,从而确保评价依靠的环境质量基础可靠,评价结论可信,是一个值得探讨的问题。     

履行职责 开拓创新 全面加强环境监测质量管理工作——在部分省级环境监测站环境监测质量管理座谈会上的讲话

1提高认识,重视环境监测质量管理工作大家都知道,环境监测是环境保护工作的重要基础和技术支撑,是环境管理不可缺少的重要手段.环境监测信息是否准确,分析的结论是否客观,将直接影响到环境决策的正误.而环境监测数据、信息是监测工作最重要的成果,是分析判断环境问题最基本的前提.获取真实有效的监测数据和信息是环境监测的直接目的.数据和信息的有效性包括监测样品的时空代表性(即优化的监测点位和科学的采样频次),实验数据的科学准确性(即有标准规范的分析方法、优良先进的仪器设备、自动便捷的监测手段和现代可靠的高新技术)和监测行为的合法有效性(即监测人员须持证上岗、仪器设备须计量认证、分析结果须经全过程的质量保证和质量控制),因此,提高对环境监测质量管理工作重要性的认识,重视环境监测质量管理工作是各级环保部门做好环境监测工作的前提,要通过你们共同的努力,扎实的工作在监测机构内部营造一种重视环境监测质量管理,重视监测全过程质量保证和质量控制的工作氛围,将环境监测质量管理工作抓紧抓实.2履行职责,充分发挥环境监测质量管理工作的作用十多年来,环境监测技术得到了长足的发展,环境监测管理形式也发生了较大的变化,目前发布的“两项制度”是对19...     

蝗虫群落与生物生态监测

从动物生存的环境可以推断出该条件下的动物生态类型,相反从动物的生态类型上也可以推断出该地区的生态环境条件.生态环境条件是动物生存的决定因素,蝗虫群落的组成及其分布与其生活的环境息息相关,象土壤和植被的关系一样,有一定的规律性,不同的植被类型常有不同的蝗虫群落发生,同时植被类型的不同蝗虫的优势种也有差异.从地形及植被类型(即蝗虫的生境代表类型)来看,     

浅析环境监测的活力和动力

我国的环境监测工作随着环保事业同步发展,已走过15个春秋,这是创业的15年,发展的15年,环境保护事业的每一发展、进步无不洒下了监测人员的辛勤汗水和创造性的劳动。 15年的实践是极其丰富而宝贵的。监测站在环保事业的地位和作用是什么,监测站存在的主要问题是什么,如何正确评价这支队伍,如何充分发挥监测人员的聪明才智?如何不断提高监测为环境管理服务的意识与水平以适应日益扩大的环境管理内容和要求及商品经济市场的冲击?无疑,监测部门应总结经验,研究问题,提高认识,深化改革。而作为环境监测的主管部门则更有义务与责任关心监测的发展,建设,及面临的困难,制定积极的方针,政策,提出宏观的指导性的意见,引导基层解决存在的问题。 陈纲琦同志的《浅析环境监测的活力与动力》一文以江苏省环境监测近年来的工作实践,对监测站面临的形势作了分析,阐明了观点.文中所涉及的问题是监测部门比较关心和急需解决的问题,欢迎大家踊跃来稿深入探讨,以求相互沟通,统一认识,促进环境监测事业的健康发展。     

生活污水处理过程中的恶臭气体治理——改进型活性炭吸附法

采用二级生化处理工艺的生活污水处理系统，在一段时间后会产生氨气、硫化氢等有刺激性的气体，对人们的生活和休闲造成一定的影响．在人们使用的各种臭气处理的方法中，一种改进型的活性碳吸附法越来越受到人们的重视，有望推广应用到更多的实际处理过程。     

建立微型大气污染自动监测站的设想

由数个监测子站和一个中心站组成的大气污染自动监测系统对于及时、全面、准确了解一个城市或地区的大气质量状况以及随时掌握系统本身的运行状况具有独特的优越性,有条件的城市和地区建立这样的监测系统无疑是可行的。然而这样完整的监测系统耗资大,一般省会城市建成“一对五”系统耗资都在百万元左右,需要一支经过训炼的多学科的专业技术人员维护管理系统的运行,这对于中小城市和企业的环境监测部门筹建这样的监测系统从财力和技术力量上来说,是具有相当大的困难。     

一种划分水期的简易方法

对于一个地区来说,河流的流量变化是有一定的规律,而不同地区,其枯、丰、平三个水期的月份可能不尽相同.重要的是,实地采样时的那一段时间里河流的流量是否属所处水期的流量范围.有时,会出现这样的情况,即在认为的丰水期内采样,而采样时的河流流量     

环境监测采样的误差来源及其质量保证

一、前言 任何环境监测计划及其实施的关键之一是保证样品具有代表性。样品的代表性广义上是指样品具有代表性的时间、空间的特性;狭义上指采样误差符合规定的采样要求。前者属采样布点的问题,后者则属采样技术的问题。由粗劣的采样方案所获得的样品往往不具有所要了解的总体的代表性,因而是无效的。同样,忽视采样过程产生的误差,不仅使监测结果的不确定度大大增加,而且严重歪曲了采样的目的。因此,有了一个比较周密合理的采样布点方案还不够,还必须有一个符合采样要求的质量保证计划与之配合,这样,才能保证环境样品的代表性。     

加入WTO环境监测站面临的机遇和挑战

介绍了加入WTO后我国环境监测面临的形势。指出为适应开放式的环境监测市场的激烈竞争 ,必须加快推进环境监测站的实验室认可工作 ,加强环境监测站的能力建设 ,提高环境监测的现代化水平 ,提升环境监测站的社会形象 ,以环境监测站雄厚的整体实力占领环境监测市场。     

对当前城市建设问题的思考

文章在指出当前城市建设中出现问题及其原因的基础上，着重从生态城市的创建、城市特色的塑造、城市景观的设计以及历史遗存的保护等方面作出有益的探讨，以期促进人们对城市可持续发展重要性的认识，推动城市建设的健康发展．     

Effects of Copper Sulfate and Copper Nitrate in Aquatic Medium on the Restoration Potential and Accumulation of Copper in Stem Cuttings of the Terrestrial Medicinal Plant, Portulaca Oleracea Linn

The stem cuttings of the terrestrial, ornamental plant, Portulaca oleracea, grew well in distilled water by producing adventitious roots and leaves. However, when exposed to various concentrations of sulfate and nitrate salts of copper resulted in a suppression of root growth, increase in initiation time of roots and sprouts and decay of stem cuttings from the cut open end, decrease in number of leaves with an increase in concentration of copper in the growth medium. Accumulation of copper increased with increasing concentrations of both copper sulfate and copper nitrate. However, copper accumulation was greater in copper nitrate than in copper sulfate treatment. Hence, copper in the presence of nitrate is more toxic than in the presence of sulfate. The accumulation factors in all treatment concentrations were greater than 1, hence P. oleracea is a copper accumulator.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.     

合肥市环巢湖地区种植业面源污染监测与评价

通过2016-2018年在合肥市环巢湖5个县区主要农田周边沟渠中采集水样,监测农田氮磷流失浓度,并评价该区域种植业面源污染状况。结果表明,这3年该区域种植业TN、TP流失的平均质量浓度分别为3.48 mg/L、0.602 mg/L,均高于地表水Ⅴ类水质标准。2016年与2017年TN、TP浓度差异不大,2018年较前两年TN浓度有所提高,TP浓度相比显著降低。巢湖市农田沟渠水中TP浓度高于其他县区,TN浓度相对较低;NO-3 N浓度庐江县高于其他县区;NH 3 N地区间几乎没有差异。TP和NH 3 N浓度均为秋季高于夏季,TN和NO-3 N浓度均为夏季高于秋季。     

宁波市颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度水平、分布及来源分析

讨论了2003年宁波市颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度水平、分布及来源,结果表明,PM10中PAHS占TSP中总量的83%,PM2.5中的PAHS占TSP总量的54%,颗粒物中多环芳烃主要存在于小于10μm的颗粒中。颗粒物中多环芳烃季节变化特征明显,夏季最低,冬季最高。汽车尾气对PM10中多环芳烃的贡献率达56%,汽车尾气是颗粒物中多环芳烃的主要来源。     

江苏省茶园和农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留与污染特征分析

于2018年4—6月采集了江苏省10个市的茶园和农田表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱仪分析样品中12种拟除虫菊酯类农药的质量比和组成。结果表明,江苏省茶园和农田土壤中广泛检出拟除虫菊酯类农药,总量分别为27.1~50.7,56.9~97.0 ng/g。研究区域的拟除虫菊酯类农药含量存在差异,但组成相近,均是高效氯氟氰菊酯和联苯菊酯的比例较高。与国内其他地区土壤相比,江苏省茶园和农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯含量处于中等水平。     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity in the Arctic

The Canadian Arctic is characterized by a high variation in landform types and there are complex interactions between land, water and the atmosphere which dramatically affect the distribution of biota. Biodiversity depends upon the intensity, predictability and scale of these interactions. Observations, as well as predictions of large-scale climate models which include ocean circulation, reveal an anomalous cooling of northeastern Canada in recent decades, in contrast to the overall significant increase in average annual temperature in the Northern Hemisphere. Predictions from models are necessary to forecast the change in the treeline in the 21st century which may lead to a major loss of tundra. The rate of change in vegetation in response to climate change is poorly understood. The treeline in central Canada, for example, is showing infilling with trees, and in some locations, northerly movement of the boundary. The presence of sea ice in Hudson Bay and other coastal areas is a major factor affecting interactions between the marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Loss of ice and therefore hunting of seals by polar bears will reduce bear and arctic fox populations within the region. In turn, this is likely to have significant effects on their herbivorous prey populations and forage plants. Further, the undersurface of sea ice is a major site for the growth of algae and marine invertebrates which in turn act as food for the marine food web. A rise in sea-level may flood coastal saltmarsh communities leading to changes in plant assemblages and a decline in foraging by geese and other consumers. The anomalous cooling in the eastern Arctic, primarily in late winter and early spring, has interrupted northern migration of breeding populations of geese and ducks and led to increased damage to vegetation in southern arctic saltmarshes as a result of foraging. It is likely that there has been a significant loss of invertebrates in those areas where the vegetation has been destroyed. Warming will have major effects on permafrost distribution and on ground-ice resulting in a major destabilization of slopes and slumping of soil, and disruption of tundra plant communities. Disruption of peat and moss surfaces lead to loss of insulation, an increase in active-layer depth and changes in drainage and plant assemblages. Increases of UV-B radiation will strongly affect vulnerable populations of both plants and animals. The indigenous peoples will face major changes in life style, edibility of food and health standards, if there is a significant warming trend. The great need is for information which is sensitive to the changes and will assist in developing an understanding of the complex interactions of the arctic biota, human populations and the physical environment.     

基于环境一号卫星CCD数据的巢湖叶绿素a的动态监测

环境一号卫星CCD数据具有获取周期短、空间分辨率高等特点,能够及时准确地监测叶绿素a的浓度变化和分布,其在内陆湖泊水质遥感监测方面具有良好的应用前景。文章通过星地同步地面实验,建立起巢湖水体的叶绿素a浓度遥感反演模型,利用2009年4月至2010年3月的环境一号卫星CCD数据,分季节对巢湖叶绿素a行动态监测和分析。结果表明,巢湖叶绿素a具有明显的时空分布特征,夏季叶绿素a浓度最高,冬季最低,秋季高于春季;西半湖湖区叶绿素a浓度一般高于东半湖湖区,西北部和中部湖区空间变化比较大,东部湖区变化较小。     

Mercury in Tree Swallow Food, Eggs, Bodies, and Feathers at Acadia National Park, Maine, and an EPA Superfund Site, Ayer, Massachusetts

We monitored nest boxes during 1997–1999 at Acadia National Park, Mt. Desert Island, ME and at an old-field site in Orono, ME to determine mercury (Hg) uptake in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs, tissues, and food boluses. Also, in 1998–1999 we monitored nest boxes at Grove Pond and Plow Shop Pond at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site in Ayer, MA. We recorded breeding success at all locations. On average among locations, total mercury (THg) biomagnified 2 to 4-fold from food to eggs and 9 to 18-fold from food to feathers. These are minimum values because the proportion of transferable methyl mercury (MeHg) of the THg in insects varies (i.e., 35%–95% of THg) in food boluses. THg was highest in food boluses at Aunt Betty Pond at Acadia, whereas THg in eggs was highest at the Superfund site. A few eggs from nests at each of these locations exceeded the threshold (i.e., 800–1,000 ng/g, wet wt.) of embryotoxicity established for Hg. Hatching success was 88.9% to 100% among locations, but five eggs failed to hatch from 4 of the 11 clutches in which an egg exceeded this threshold. MeHg in feathers was highest in tree swallows at Aunt Betty Pond and the concentration of THg in bodies was related to the concentration in feathers. Transfer of an average of 80%–92% of the Hg in bodies to feathers may have enhanced nestling survival. Residues of Hg in tissues of tree swallows in the Northeast seem higher than those of the Midwest.     

Possible Routes for Lead Accumulation in Feral Pigeons (Columba Livia)

This study examined possible routes for lead (Pb) accumulation in resident pigeons collected from rural, urban, and four industrial sites in Korea. The accumulation pattern of Pb was comparable to the study sites. The highest Pb concentration was found in the bone, followed by kidney, liver, and lung of pigeons. Highest Pb residues in bones were found in urban (Seoul), and two industrial complex areas (Busan and Ulsan), which were about 15 times higher than rural area (Duckjuk island), and followed by Ansan and Yochon industrial areas. Regional Pb variations in liver, kidney, and lung tissues were also similar pattern with the bone Pb difference. These findings indicate that Pb accumulation in tissues of pigeons may be affected by the Pb exposure in their respective habitats. Crop contents and gizzard materials were investigated as representing the ingested items. No difference of Pb concentration was observed in major foods (maize and/or wheat) of crop contents in the study sites except Busan, whereas variations of Pb levels in gizzard materials were indicative of a similar pattern with tissue Pb differences. The Pb concentration in tissues of pigeons did not correspond well to the atmospheric Pb levels. With regard to possible Pb sources, ingested items especially materials present in the gizzard are important sources for Pb contamination to pigeons because Pb-containing sources may be expected to present in roadside particles, dusts, paint chips and building flakes. However, air Pb value being low may not affect significant as the regional variations in tissues of pigeons.