持久性有机污染物调查工作在全疆全面启动

中国地域辽阔、涉及到二恶英类的行业众多，我国存在几乎所有的国际上已知二恶英类的各类污染源，因此，国家环保总局在2006年底下发了在全国开展持久性有机污染物调查的通知，要求在对我国二恶英类、杀虫剂类POPs的污染状况进行深入调查的基础上，进一步了解我国POPS污染现状，明确污染源和排放情况，逐步建立我国POPs污染源完善的管理机制和POPs污染源的动态信息库，形成相关的技术文件和监测技术体系。     

履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》成效评估监测进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)监测是开展履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》成效评估的重要内容之一。介绍了履约成效评估POPs监测的要求,综述了我国POPs监测能力建设和履约成效评估全球POPs监测进展。我国自2007年起开展了环境空气、水体和母乳中POPs的监测,所获得的监测数据可为评估我国POPs污染水平和环境与健康风险提供重要的技术支撑。还介绍了国外POPs监测动态,提出借鉴国外经验、建立环境和人体中POPs长效监测机制并开展持续性监测不仅是履约的需求,也可为保护我国生态环境和人体健康提供基础数据。     

《排污费征收使用管理条例》实施后的排污申报工作

简述了《排污费征收使用管理条例》对排污申报工作的要求。提出，各级环保部门应加大宣传力度，突出排污申报在排污收费与企业管理工作中的重要性；加大审核力度，督促排污者如实申报；加大核定力度，及时纠正排污申报中的违法行为；加大执法力度，依法保证及时、准确、合法、有序地开展排污申报工作，促使排污申报工作与排污收费工作真正融为一体。     

新疆二噁英类POPs排放现状调查及分析

在对新疆二噁英类POPs排放调查的基础上，归纳了新疆二噁英类污染物的主要来源和分布情况，分析了新疆二噁英类POPs排放源在环境监管中存在的问题，并提出了相应的建议，对今后新疆二噁英类POPs排放的管理、控制和削减有重要意义。     

全球POPs监测计划实施进展及我国开展POPs监测实践

持久性有机污染物(POPs)因其具有高毒性、持久性以及远距离迁移性而引起国际社会的广泛关注,各国家和地区持续开展了一系列POPs监测活动。文章介绍了国际上一些影响重大的区域和跨区域POPs监测计划及其特点,并结合国内外POPs监测进展,提出我国开展POPs监测的对策与建议。     

POPs废物处置技术筛选研究

采用层次分析法对国际上较为成熟的9种POPs废物处置技术进行综合评价,筛选了适合我国POPs废物处置的技术。从经济指标、环境指标和技术指标3个影响因素建立递阶层次结构模型,每个指标又细分为若干个子准则。根据模型及评价指标体系设计专家咨询表,发放给POPs相关领域的专家进行打分。采用matlab对评价结果进行数值分析,得...     

谈环境监测站的法律地位

作为各级环保职能部门的哨兵,为环保工作提供各种监测数据的环境监测机构是否具有法律地位?如何确认各级环境保护行政主管部门(以下简称环保部门)所属的环境监测机构的法律地位,这是必须弄清楚的,否则环境保护工作就不能正常开展.有人认为,查遍全国人大通过或国务院颁发的有关环保法规、条例、办法和决定,都找不到有关环保行政主管部门所属的各级环境监测机构的法律地位的条款,就是说,环境监测至今未立法,无法可依,不具法律地位,笔者认为这种说法是片面的.它割裂了环保部门与环境监测机构之间的从属关系,给人一种《中华人民共和国环境保护法》不涉及环保部门属下的环境监机构的假象.诚然,环境监测机构比起环保部     

主动采样技术在中国大气POPs监测中的应用

为了履行斯德哥尔摩公约,查明持久性有机污染物(POPs)在中国大气环境介质的存在水平,该研究首次采用主动采样技术,在中国境内大尺度范围内进行了环境大气中POPs的监测工作.利用主动采样技术,可以在短时间内采集数百立方米的大气样品.分别利用玻璃纤维滤膜采集大气颗粒物(固相)中的POPs,同时使用聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)吸附气态的POPs.该采样技术还便于样品的运输和保存.研究表明,大气主动采样技术可以很好地运用于区域大气POPs的监测工作并填补了我国在POPs履约监测中专用仪器设备的空白.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)的环境问题与研究进展

对持久性有机污染物(persistentorganicpollutants:POPs)的定义、来源和特征进行了介绍。阐述了POPs对环境安全性构成威胁的原因。分析了持久性有机污染物,特别是12类优先控制的"dirtydozen"的环境污染状况,并分析了这些物质在全球大气、水体和土壤中存在的量和来源。这些物质在不同生物体内的浓度存在差异,反映出它们在食物链上的生物累积和放大,也加剧了对环境和人体的毒害作用。总结回顾了有关POPs的相关基础研究,并对将来继续深入研究和对环境监测的指导意义进行了展望。     

依法征收排污费

我国环境保护的法律、法规对水、气、噪声、固体废弃物等征收排污费作了明确规定,征收排污费时要严格执行,依法收费,坚决克服和杜绝有法不依,执法不严或违法行政的现象。１　依法征收排污费征收排污费,要依据排污单位的排污申报数据和环境监测站的监测数据进行核算,确定其收费额。对于足额征收确有困难的企业,必须事先向环保部门提出申请,经环保部门审核认定后方可减收或缓收,不能采取协商收费的办法,协商收费会破坏环境保护法律、法规的严肃性。溧水县环保局近几年来坚持依法征收排污费,使收费工作步入了法制化轨道,促进了收费…     

Occupational and indoor air exposure to persistent organic pollutants: a review of passive sampling techniques and needs

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and related compounds such as PCBs, brominated flame retardants, organochlorine pesticides and PAHs is regarded as an important environmental risk factor for humans. Recently concerns about POPs resulted in the international protocol called the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Air quality standards (indoor, outdoor and occupational) for PAHs and other POPs will also be applied in the EU in the future. This will bring requirements for monitoring, to check for compliance and to reduce human exposures to POPs. This can occur from point sources and in various microenvironments, indoors, outdoors and in workplaces. Monitoring can be undertaken either by an active (pumped) method or using a passive (diffusive) air sampling (PAS) device. To date, PAS for POPs have mainly been used as integrating (long-term) samplers for ambient (outdoor) air. However, there are several reasons to develop PAS for monitoring of POPs in occupational and indoor environments. We discuss the potential advantages, limitations and developments needed, so that PAS can be used reliably and routinely indoors and in occupational settings for POPs.     

Bioaccumulation and related effects of PCBs and organochlorinated pesticides in freshwater fish Hypostomus commersoni

Few studies have investigated the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Brazilian native freshwater fish. In order to evaluate the bioavailability, potential risk to human exposure and the effects of POPs in the fish Hypostomus commersoni, muscle and liver samples of thirteen specimens were collected in a lake located in the city of Ponta Grossa (Parana State, Southern Brazil). Also, the liver and gills were considered for histopathological studies, and oxidative stress was investigated in the liver. Expressive concentrations of POPs were observed in the liver and muscle, with a total of 427 ± 78.7 and 69.2 ± 18.1 ng g(-1) dry weights of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), respectively. Negative correlations between the concentration of several POPs and glutathione S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found. Otherwise, the cholinesterase activity in the muscle and brain presented positive correlations with the concentration of POPs. The hepatic bioaccumulation of some banned pesticides like aldrin, dieldrin and DDT was associated with various histopathological findings in the liver and gills. Necrotic areas, fibrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and the absence of macrophage centers were observed in the liver, indicating both chronic exposure and immunological suppression. Neoplasic changes were observed in the gills, confirming the carcinogenic potential reported for some of the investigated pollutants. The current work was the first to study the bioaccumulation of POPs in H. commersoni, an important species in ecological aspects and as a vehicle to human exposure to PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs).     

Transport and fate of organochlorine pesticides in the River Wuchuan,southeast China

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as chlorinated pesticides are of global concern due to their widespread occurrence, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity to animals and human. This paper summarises recent research on 18 chlorinated pesticides in an important catchment in China, by determining their concentrations and behaviour in water, sediment, soil and plants. The concentrations of the total pesticides were in the ranges 187-893 ng l(-1) in river water, 8.53-210 ng g(-1) dry weight in soil, 2.66-13.45 ng g(-1) dry weight in river sediment, and 651-2823 ng g(-1) dry weight in plants. The predominance of beta-HCH as the major isomer of HCHs in all water, soil, sediment and plant samples was clearly observed, due to beta-HCH's resistance to biodegradation. On average beta-HCH accounted for 44%, 53%, 50%, and 46% of the total HCH concentration in water, soil, sediment and plant, respectively. Of the DDTs, DDE accounted for 48%, 43%, 53%, 55% of the total DDT, which suggested that DDT had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD, of which DDE was the more stable. The chlorinated pesticide levels in the River Wuchuan were generally below the guideline values in China, but some sites displayed levels in excess of EC Environmental Quality Standards for HCHs and DDTs. The results therefore provide important information on the current contamination status of a key agricultural watershed in China, and point to the need for urgent actions to evaluate the long-term fate and toxicity of such persistent compounds and an appropriate remediation strategy.     

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) and their Effects on Biodiversity: An Overview of the Atmospheric Pathways of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Suggestions for Future Studies

Atmospheric change comprises many phenomena, namely climate change, acidic deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion, SMOG, increasing trend of suspended particulate matter, and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Among HAPs, a particular group of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), such as some organochlorine pesticides, has shown a variety of toxic effects, altering the biodiversity of many ecosystems. Because of their persistence in the environment, and of their long range transport, the study of the global cycle of POPs is important in understanding how they can affect biodiversity. This can be accomplished by coupling different approaches: toxicity and ecological studies, emission estimates, and the use of global models.     

Determination of organochlorinated compounds and petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment sample IAEA-408. Results from a world-wide intercalibration exercise

A sediment sample from the intertidal mudflats of the Tagus estuary was prepared, homogenised and distributed globally to laboratories as the IAEA-408 intercomparison material for the analyses of organochlorinated pesticides, PCBs and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs). A total of 48 laboratories from 36 countries reported their results. The data from participants show that there still remain some difficulties with the accurate determination of organic contaminants such as pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). More consistent interlaboratory results were obtained for PCBs congeners. The final results of this intercomparison exercise enable individual participants to assess their performance and, where necessary, to introduce appropriate modifications in their analytical procedures. Furthermore, as a series of statistical criteria was fulfilled for a number of compounds, the sample IAEA-408 can now be used as a reference material for quality control in the determination of some persistant organic pollutants (POPs) in marine sediment samples.     

An assessment of the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants from contaminated soil

A procedure to assess the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from soil samples has been developed. The procedure is based on the use of simulated in vitro gastrointestinal extraction to remove POPs from soil matrices. The level of recovery, using this approach, is assessed following liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and analysis by gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD). The remaining soil residue is then extracted using pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) followed by GC-MSD analysis to assess the residual fraction. The residual fraction is monitored to determine the unavailable fraction i.e. not available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. The procedure was applied to four soil samples i.e. an aged, spiked soil and three certified reference materials (CRMs) contaminated with POPs. Recoveries of pesticides (lindane, endosulfan I, endrin, DDE, DDD and endosulfan II), phenols (cresol, TCP and PCP), and base neutral compounds (hexachloroethane, acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene and hexachlorobenzene) from aged, spiked soil following extraction with gastric fluid ranged from 0.8 to 8.3% while following intestinal extraction ranged from 5.5 to 13.5%, irrespective of POP. Recoveries of pesticides (lindane, endosulfan I, endrin, DDE, DDD and endosulfan II) from CRM 805-050 following extraction with gastric fluid were below the limit of detection while following intestinal extraction ranged from 5.3 to 12.8%. Recoveries of phenols (cresol, TCP and PCP) from CRM 401-225 following extraction with gastric fluid ranged from 1.6 to 2.0% while following intestinal extraction ranged from 4.1 to 5.4%. Recoveries of base neutral acid analytes (hexachloroethane, acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene and hexachlorobenzene) from CRM 107-100 following extraction with gastric fluid ranged from 1.4 to 4.0% while following intestinal extraction ranged from 6.6 to 12.7%. It has been found that the majority of POPs present i.e. >75%, would be excreted if consumed and not be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of humans.