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1.
This is the first study related to the effects of cadmium (Cd) on the development and hatching of eggs of Loligo vulgaris. The eggs were exposed to concentrations varying from 10 to 100,000 μg Cd/l for up to 1 month. During the study period natural
sea water salinity (37 PSU), ambient temperature (ranging 16.5–21.5°C) and light conditions of 12-h light: 12-h dark for 744-h
were used prior to the hatching. For 96-h, mortality rate of 100% of the eggs was found at cadmium concentration of 100,000 μg
Cd/l, and the same mortality rate of the eggs were found at 1,000 and 10,000 μg Cd/l for 744-h and 696-h, respectively. Hatching
took place between hours 456 and 576 in the control group and between hours 480 and 576 in 10 and 100 μg Cd/l groups. Total
hatching rates were calculated to be 98.2 ± 1.6% for control group, 99.4 ± 0.6% for 10 μg Cd/l group and 98.6 ± 1.2% for 100 μg
Cd/l group. Hatching successes were estimated as 69.5 ± 13.8% for control group, 84.5 ± 8.2% for 10 μg Cd/l group and 76.9 ± 5.9%
for 100 μg Cd/l group. In the 100,000 μg Cd/l treatment, the egg degeneration began from animal pole of the eggs in 16 h,
and 50% and 100% of them died in the initial stage at 72-h and 96-h, respectively. In the 10,000 μg Cd/l group, the eggs which
reached at stage 19 (IX) were deformed and 50% and 100% of them died at 312-h and 696-h, respectively. In 1,000 μg Cd/l group,
however, the eggs developed abnormally from stage 21 (X–XI) and reached at stage 29 (XIX), and 50% and 100% of them died in
624-h and in 744-h, respectively. There were significant differences in survival rates of the eggs among the concentrations
(p < 0.05). The current study demonstrated that Cd adversely affects the development, survival and hatching of L. vulgaris eggs; however, no mortality was observed in 10 μg Cd/l and 100 μg Cd/l groups. 相似文献
2.
Ranipet industrial area is about 120 km from Chennai on Chennai-Bangalore highway and is a chronic polluted area identified
by Central Pollution Control Board of India. It is one of the biggest exporting centers of tanned leather in India. The total
number of industries located in and around Ranipet town are 240 tanneries along with ceramic, refractory, boiler auxiliaries
plant, and chromium chemicals. Studies were carried out to find out the contamination of surface water bodies due to industrial
effluents. The results reveal that the surface water in the area is highly contaminated showing very high concentrations of
some of the heavy/toxic metals like Cadmium ranging from 0.2 to 401.4 μg/l (average of 51.1 μg/l), Chromium 2.4–1,308.6 (average
of 247.2 μg/l), Copper 2.1–535.5 μg/l (average of 95.5 μg/l), Nickel 1.6–147.0 μg/l (average of 36.7 μg/l), Lead 6.4–2,034.4 μg/l
(average of 467.8 μg/l) and Zinc 20.8–12,718.0 μg/l (average of 3,760.4 μg/l). The concentration levels of these metals are
much above the permissible limits in surface water and are health hazards especially for the people working in the tannery
industries. It was observed that the people in the area are seriously affected and suffering from occupational diseases such
as asthma, chromium ulcers and skin diseases. Distribution of metals, their contents at different locations, and their effects
on human health are discussed in this paper. 相似文献
3.
Sunlu U 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,114(1-3):273-286
Bio-monitoring of some heavy metal levels (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu) in whole edible soft parts of Mytilus galloprovincialis (L. 1758) was conducted in Turkish Aegean Sea coast during the period of September 2002–August 2003 seasonally. Moreover, some physico-chemical environmental parameters, also have been analysed in the same region. The values of some physico-chemical environmental parameters in coastal waters of Turkish Aegean Sea were changed between; 9.0–27.0 ∘C for temperature, 31.93–40.45 psu for salinity, 7.35–8.48 for pH and 4.05–9.50 mg/l for dissolved oxygen. The levels of trace elements in whole edible soft parts including interstitial fluids of Mediterranean mussels M. galloprovincialis (L. 1758), sampled from 6 different regions of Turkish Aegean Sea coast have ranged between; 0.04–0.52 μg Cd/g wet weight, 0.49–1.72 μg Pb/g w.w., 0.95–1.85 Cu/g w.w., 16.11–37.15 μg Zn/g w.w. The highest values for all trace metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu) were measured in inner part of Izmir Bay (station 3) and lowest in Sigacik and Gulluk Bay (station 5, 6). Generally heavy metal levels are lower than the results in soft mussel tissues reported from Mediterranean regions. 相似文献
4.
This study presents concentration levels of pollutants (lead, and cadmium) in tissues (livers, kidneys, muscles, and bones)
of shorebirds (Kentish Plovers (n = 5), Mongolian Plovers (n = 2), Dunlins (n = 6), Great Knots (n = 10), Terek Sandpipers (n = 10)) from Yeongjong Island, Korea in the East Asian–Australian migration flyways during the autumn migration in 1994–1995.
Lead concentrations in livers, in kidneys, in muscles, and in bones were significantly different among shorebird species.
Lead concentrations in livers of Kentish Plovers (4.76 ± 2.72 μg/wet g), Mongolian Plovers (2.05 μg/wet g), Dunlins (3.77 ± 1.07 μg/wet
g), and Great Knots (4.27 ± 3.19 μg/wet g) were less than the toxic level, and lead concentrations in livers of Terek Sandpipers
(1.20 ± 0.94 μg/wet g) were at the background level. Cadmium concentrations in livers, in kidneys, in muscles, and in bones
did not vary among shorebirds, and concentrations of cadmium in livers and in kidneys were at background level (respectively,
approximate 1 μg/wet g, approximate 2.67 μg/wet g) in all shorebird species. We suggest that interspecific differences of
lead and cadmium concentrations were attributed to differences in exposure time and differences of diet, microhabitats in
wintering ground. In livers and kidney of shorebirds from Yeongjong Island, lead and cadmium concentrations were higher than
other locations previously reported. 相似文献
5.
Subba Rao N 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,136(1-3):437-447
Trace elements are essential for human health. However, excess concentrations of these elements cause health disorders. A
study has been carried out in Visakhapatnam environs, Andhra Pradesh, India to ascertain the causes for the origin and distribution
of iron content in the groundwaters. Fifty groundwater samples are collected and analyzed for iron. The content of iron ranges
from 400 to 780 μg/l. A comparison of groundwater data with rock and soil chemistry suggests that the concentration of iron
(400–530 μg/l) in the groundwaters is derived from the rocks and soils due to geogenic processes. This concentration is taken
as a natural occurrence of iron in the groundwaters of the study area for assessing the causes for its next higher content
(>530 μg/l). Relatively higher concentration of iron (540–550 μg/l) is observed at some well waters, where the wells are located
nearby municipal wastewaters, while the very high concentration of iron (610–780 μg/l) is observed in the industrially polluted
groundwater zones, indicating the impact of anthropogenic activities on the groundwater system. These activities mask the
concentration of iron caused by geogenic origin. Hence, both the geogenic and anthropogenic activities degrade the groundwater
quality. Drinking water standards indicate that the iron content in all the groundwater samples exceeds the permissible limit
(300 μg/l) recommended for drinking purpose, causing the health disorders. Necessity of close monitoring of groundwater quality
for assessing the impact of geogenic and anthropogenic sources with reference to land use/land cover activities is emphasized
in the present study area to protect the groundwater resources from the pollution. 相似文献
6.
Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead, and exposure to these metals via smoking 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Galazyn-Sidorczuk M Brzóska MM Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):481-493
To estimate exposure to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) through cigarette smoking, the concentrations of both metals in the blood
or/and urine of smokers (20 cigarettes or more per day for 10 years or longer) and their non-smoking counterparts inhabiting
an environmentally unpolluted area (Bialystok, Poland) were evaluated, as well as Cd and Pb contents in the cigarette brands
(produced in Poland) smoked by the participants, including intact cigarettes, pre-smoking (tobacco, paper and filter) and
post-smoking (butt, ash and smoke) cigarette components. Blood and urinary Cd concentrations in the smokers have been already
reported by us to be 2–4 times higher than in the non-smokers (Galażyn-Sidorczuk et al. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,
13 (Suppl.1):91–95, 2004). All the other measurements are the subject of the present paper. Pb concentration in the blood of the cigarette smokers
(52.12 ± 15.51 μg l−1) was higher by 29% than in the non-smokers (40.42 ± 11.19 μg l−1). The mean Cd and Pb contents in the cigarettes were 0.6801 ± 0.1765 and 0.6853 ± 0.0746 μg per cigarette, respectively.
Under cigarette burning, performed using a machine for self-acting burning, on average 33% of Cd and 11% of Pb present in
the whole cigarette was released into the smoke. For Cd, unlike Pb, there was a high positive correlation between the metal
content in cigarettes and tobacco and its release into the smoke. Moreover, the subjects smoking cigarettes containing the
highest Cd amount had higher blood Cd concentration than smokers of other cigarette brands. The results give clear evidence
that in the case of inhabitants of areas unpolluted with Cd and Pb habitual cigarette smoking, due to tobacco contamination,
creates a serious source of chronic exposure to these metals, especially to Cd. 相似文献
7.
Yu Li Zhiming Yu Xiuxian Song Qinglin Mu 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,121(1-3):489-499
Suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments and clams were collected at three sites in Jiaozhou Bay to assess the magnitude of trace metal pollution in the area. Metal concentrations in SPM (Cu: 40.11–203; Zn: 118–447; Pb: 50.1–132; Cd: 0.55–4.39; Cr: 147.6–288; Mn: 762−1670 μg/g), sediments (Cu: 17.64–34.26; Zn: 80.79–110; Pb: 24.57–49.59; Cd: 0.099–0.324; Cr: 41.6–88.1; Mn: 343−520μg/g) and bivalves (Cu: 6.41–19.76; Zn: 35.5–85.5; Pb: 0.31–1.01; Cd: 0.51–0.67; Mn: 27.45−67.6 μg/g) are comparable to those reported for other moderately polluted world environments. SPM showed a less clear pattern. Metal concentrations in sediments displayed a clear geographical trend with values increasing with proximity to major urban centers. The clams (on dry weight) showed a complex pattern due to the variability introduced by age-related factors. Cd showed an apparent reverse industrial trend with higher concentrations in clams collected at distant stations. Zn, Pb and Mn showed no clear geographical pattern, whereas Cu increased in the clams collected in the most industrialized area. In addition, the bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were calculated. The result indicated that the studied Ruditapes philippinarum in Jiaozhou Bay possessed different bioaccumulation capacities for Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn, and Cd, Zn had a relatively high assimilation of those metals from sediment particles. A significant relationship with clam age was observed for Zn (positive) and Cu (negative) suggesting different physiological requirements for both metals with age. Trace metal concentrations measured in the tissue of the investigated clam were in the range considered safe by the WHO for human use. 相似文献
8.
Seasonal variation of the concentrations of trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were measured by ICP-AES
in the water and sediment from the Saricay Stream, Geyik Dam and Ortakoy Well in the same basin. Comparisons between trace
metal concentrations in water and sediment in three sources (Stream, Dam and Well) were made. The concentrations of a large
number of trace metals in the water and sediment were generally higher in the Stream than in the Well and Dam, particularly
in summer. Trace metal concentration ranges in sediments of the Saricay Stream and its sources showed very wide ranges (as
mass ratio): Co: 5–476 μg g−1, Cr: 15–1308 μg g−1, Cu: 7–128 μg g−1, Fe: 1120–13210 μg g−1, Mn: 150–2613 μg g−1, Ni: 102–390 μg g−1, Pb: 0.7–31.3 μg g−1 and Zn: 18–304 μg g−1, whereas Cd was not detected. Trace metal concentration ranges found in waters were: Co: 9.5–20.7 μg L−1, Cr: 20.3–284 μg L−1, Cu: 170–840 μg L−1, Fe: 176–1830 μg L−1, Mn: 29.3–387 μg L−1, and Ni: 4.3–21.9 μg L−1. Among the trace metals studied, Cd and Zn in two seasons and Pb in winter were usually not detected or in the recommended
levels. In addition, Cd was not detected in the sediment during the winter season. The analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA)
and correlation matrix was employed for the sediment and water samples of the two field surveys (summer and winter) comparison.
The three sources showed differences in metal contents. The metal levels in sediments displayed marked seasonal and regional
variations, which were attributed to anthropogenic influences and natural processes. In the Saricay Stream, high values of
metals during the dry season showed an anthropological effect from small industry firms, e.g.: an olive mill and a dairy farm
or water dilution during summer seasons. Finally, the pollution in this basin probably originated from small industrial, low
quality coal-burned thermal power plants, and particularly agricultural and domestic waste discharges. 相似文献
9.
Venkatesha Raju K Somashekar RK Prakash KL 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):361-373
The purpose of this research work was to appraise extent of heavy metals in sediment and the degree to which its quality tainted
seasonally and spatially in river Cauvery. In this study, heavy metals such as Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Pb, Cu, Co, Cd and Cr were
analysed in sediments. Results were compared with sediment quality guidelines from various derived criteria. Twenty-five sampling
points were selected based on geographical proximity of agricultural fields and industrial discharges; river-tributary confluence
points; settlements located along the river bank; ritual and recreational activities. Sampling was done for the period of
3 years (2007 to 2009). Digestion of the samples was done by microwave-assisted digestion technique. Analysis was carried
out using flame furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and results are expressed in micrograms per gram. The mean concentration
of Fe (11144 μg/g) followed by Mn (1763.3 μg/g), Zn (93.1 μg/g), Cr (389 μg/g), Ni (27.7 μg/g), Cu (11.2 μg/g), Pb (4.3 μg/g),
Co (1.9 μg/g) and Cd (1.3 μg/g) remained within the levels of sediment quality guidelines. Multivariate statistical techniques
such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis (CA) were employed to better comprehend the controlling factors
of sediment quality and spatial homogeneity among the stations. The sediment geo-accumulation index (Igeo) showed maximum value of Cd (2.69) and least value of Mn (−1.44). The geo-accumulation class (Igeo class) was in the sequence as follows: Cd>Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>Co>Ni>Fe>Mn. Negative total geo-accumulation indices (Itot) revealed that mean concentration of heavy metals in the river bed sediment are lower than their respective shale values.
The statistical analysis of inter-metallic relationship revealed the high degree of correlation among the metals indicated
their identical behaviour during transport. This study concludes that insignificant geo-accumulation with metals except Cd
(moderate contamination), Pb and Zn (slight contamination) principally in downstream stretch may perhaps deteriorate the sediment
quality due to intensification anthropogenic influences. It also proves that extent of existing metal concentrations in sediments
of river Cauvery in Karnataka not exceeded the toxic limit, and there is no peril to the aquatic life. 相似文献
10.
Plants of Eichhornia crassipes grown at various levels of cadmium ranging from 0.1 to 100 μg ml−1 accumulated Cd in a concentration and duration dependent manner. At all levels, Cd accumulation by various plant tissues
followed the order roots shoot leaves. Approximately 80% of total Cd was accumulated by plant at highest concentration (100 μg
ml−1) used in the experiment. Cadmium induced phytotoxicity appears at 25.0 μg ml−1 resulting into reduced levels of chlorophyll, protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity of the plant. However, a slight induction of these physiological variables was obtained at lowest
Cd (0.1 μg ml−1) concentration. In contrast, carotenoid content increased at highest Cd concentration i.e., 100 μg ml−1. Similar effects at low and high levels of Cd was obtained with respect to mitotic index and micronuclei in root meristem
of the plant. It could be inferred that Cd toxicity in plant is differential depending upon the low and high concentration
of Cd in the medium. 相似文献
11.
Monitoring of ambient particles and heavy metals in a residential area of Seoul, Korea 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this study, ambient TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 in a residential area located in the northern part of Seoul were monitored every
other month for 1 year from April 2005 to February 2006. The monthly average levels of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 had ranges of
71∼158, 40∼106, and 28∼43 μg/m3, respectively. TSP and PM10 showed highest concentration in April; this seems to be due to Asian dust from China and/or Mongolia.
However, the fine particle of PM2.5 showed a relatively constant level during the monitoring period. Heavy metals in PM 10
and PM2.5, such as Cr, As, Cd, Mn, Zn and Pb, were also analysed during the same period. The monthly average concentrations
of heavy metal in PM2.5 were Cr:1.9∼22.7 ng/m3; As:0.9∼2.5 ng/m3; Cd: 0.6∼7 ng/m3; Mn:6.1∼22.6 ng/m3; Zn: 38.9∼204.8 ng/m3, and Pb: 21.6∼201.1 ng/m3. For the health risk assessment of heavy metals in ambient particles, excess cancer risks were calculated using IRIS unit
risk. As a result, the excess cancer risks of chromium, cadmium, and arsenic were shown to be more than one per million based
on the annual concentration of heavy metals, and chromium showed the highest excess cancer risk in ambient particles in Seoul. 相似文献
12.
Health risk assessment of heavy metals for edible parts of vegetables grown in sewage-irrigated soils in suburbs of Baoding City,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhan-Jun Xue Shu-Qing Liu Yan-Ling Liu Yong-Lu Yan 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(6):3503-3513
With the long-term application of wastewater to vegetable production fields, there is concern about potential health risks
of heavy metals contaminating the edible parts of vegetables grown in contaminated soils in the suburban areas of Baoding
City, China. The average concentration of elemental Zn in sewage-irrigated soil was the highest (153.77 mg kg−1), followed by Pb (38.35 mg kg−1), Cu (35.06 mg kg−1), Ni (29.81 mg kg−1), and Cd (0.22 mg kg−1) which were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the reference soil. The results showed that long-term sewage irrigation had led to a growing accumulation
of heavy metals in the soils, especially for Cd, Zn, and Pb. Furthermore, the concentrations of elemental Cd, Zn, and Ni in
vegetables (e.g., Beassica pekinensis L., Allium fistulosum L., Spinacia oleracea L.) collected from the wastewater-irrigated soils exceeded the maximum permissible limits, and this also increased the daily
intake of metals by food. However, compared with the health risk index of <1 for heavy metals, the ingestion of vegetables
from the soils irrigated with sewage effluent posed a low health risk. Nevertheless, heavy metal concentrations should be
periodically monitored in vegetables grown in these soils together with the implementation effective remediation technologies
to minimize possible impacts on human health. 相似文献
13.
Jun Yao WenBing Li FangFang Xia YuanGe Zheng ChengRan Fang DongSheng Shen 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(6):3711-3720
Fly ash samples were taken from solid waste incinerators with different feeding waste, furnace type, and air pollution control
device in six cities of Zhejiang province. The solid waste incinerators there constitute one fifth of incinerators in China.
Heavy metals and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were analyzed in the fly ash. Moreover, the fly ash samples were extracted by toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The biotoxicity of the leachate was evaluated by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. High variation and contents were found for both the heavy metals and PCDD/Fs. The contents of Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni,
and Hg in the fly ash samples varied from 300 to 32,100, 62.1–1175, 1.1–57, 61.6–620, 0.4–223, 16.6–4380, 1.2–94.7, and 0.03–1.4 μg g−1 dw, respectively. The total contents of 17 PCDD/Fs varied from 0.1128 to 127.7939 μg g−1 dw, and the 2,3,7,8-TeCDD toxic equivalents (TEQ) of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.009 to 6.177 μg g−1 dw. PCDF congeners were the main contributor to the TEQ. The leachate of the fly ash showed biotoxicity to C. pyrenoidosa. A significant correlation was found between the Cd and EC50 values. Further research is required to investigate the environmental impact of the various pollutants in the fly ash. 相似文献
14.
Water quality assessment: surface water sources used for drinking and irrigation in Zaria,Nigeria are a public health hazard 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chigor VN Umoh VJ Okuofu CA Ameh JB Igbinosa EO Okoh AI 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):3389-3400
We assessed the quality and pollution status of source surface waters in Zaria, Nigeria by monitoring the nature, cause and
extent of pollution in Samaru stream, Kubanni River and Kubanni dam over a period of 10 months, between March and December
2002. A total of 228 water samples was collected from 12 sites and analysed for a total of ten physicochemical and one bacteriological
quality indicators, using standard methods. Aesthetic water quality impairment parameters were also observed. The mean values
of most water quality parameters were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in both the stream and river than in the dam. There was no significant correlation between faecal coliform counts
(FCC) and water temperature (in the range 15–33°C); pH (5.77–7.32); and turbidity (1.4–567 NTU). The high FCC ranged from
2.0 × 101 to 1.6 × 106 MPN/100 ml and exceeded the WHO standards for drinking water and water used for fresh-produce irrigation, and correlated
positively (P < 0.05) with conductivity (in the range 68–1,029 μS/cm); TDS (10.0–70.0 mg/l); TSS (10.0–70.0 mg/l); Cl (7.5–181 mg/l); PO4−P (0.01–0.41 mg/l); NO3−N (0.6–3.8 mg/l) and BOD5 (0.1–14.9 mg/l). The main pollution sources were municipal wastewater, stormwater runoffs, the ABU sewage treatment plant,
abattoir effluents and irrigation farms treated with chemical fertilisers. We conclude that these water bodies are potentially
hazardous to public health and that proper sewage treatment and river quality monitoring are needed to warn against hazards
to public health. 相似文献
15.
Shah MH Shaheen N Khalique A Alrabti AA Jaffar M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,114(1-3):505-519
Using nitric acid-perchloric acid wet digestion based FAAS method ten selected metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in the scalp hair of male Pakistani and Libyan donors (n = 62), between 3–54 years age and residing in typical urban areas. The study was taken up to identify sources of metal distribution in two diverse population segments exposed to different environments. Sodium emerged with the highest mean hair concentration of 511.0 μg/g and 496.9 μg/g for Libyan and Pakistani donors respectively, followed by K, at 266.2 μg/g and 242.4 μg/g for the two donor categories. Cadmium showed the lowest mean hair concentration for both Pakistani (0.380 μg/g) and Libyan (0.530 μg/g) donors. Levels of Na, K, Pb, Cr and Cd were higher in hair of Libyan donors compared with Pakistani counterparts which showed higher comparative levels of Zn, Fe, Co, Ni and Mn. Strong metal-to-metal correlations were found between Na–K (r = 0.638) and Cd–Co (r = 0.574) for Pakistani donors, while for Libyan donors, Na–K (r = 0.680) and Fe–Mn (r = 0.624) correlations emerged as strongly significant. Only K was found to have a strong positive correlation (r = 0.611) with age for Pakistani donors while this correlation was significantly negative (r = −0.500) for Libyan donors, probably arising from individual food habits. Other metals showed no viable relationship with age. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) of the data evidenced food, industrial emissions and automobile emissions as possible sources of metal distribution. The results of the present study are compared with those reported for subjects from other regions of the world. 相似文献
16.
Metal fractionation provides information on mobility and stability of various metal species which can be used to evaluate
the movement of such metals in soils. The effect of wastewater irrigation on the fractions, spatial distribution, and mobility
of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) was investigated in five urban gardens in Kano, Nigeria. Concentration of total Zn in the surface
soils (0–20 cm) ranged from 121 to 207 mg kg − 1 while Cd concentration was 0.3–2.0 mg kg − 1. Speciation of both heavy metals into seven operationally defined fractions indicated that the most reactive forms extracted
with ammonium nitrate and ammonium acetate, also considered as the bioavailable fractions, accounted for 29–42% of total Cd
and 22–54% of total Zn, respectively. The weakly bound fractions of Cd and Zn reached up to 50% of the total Cd and Zn concentrations
in the soils. Such high proportions of labile Cd and Zn fractions are indicative of anthropogenic origins, arising from the
application of wastewater for irrigation and municipal biosolids for soil fertility improvement. Thus, given the predominance
of sandy soil textures, high concentrations of labile Cd and Zn in these garden soils represent a potential hazard for the
redistribution and translocation of these metals into the food chain and aquifer. 相似文献
17.
Essumang DK Dodoo DK Obiri S Oduro AK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,121(1-3):399-406
Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street soil dust from streets in Kumasi Metropolis in the Ashanti Region of the Republic of Ghana have been measured in this study. The concentrations of the various types of PAHs identified in this study are as follows: Naphthalene (m/e 128) – 41,700 μg/kg, Acenaphthylene (m/e 152) – 99,300 μg/kg, Acenaphthene (m/e 154) – 111,200 μg/kg, Fluorene (m/e 166) – 8,900 μg/kg, Carbazole (m/e 167) – 3,500 μg/kg, phenathrene (m/e 178) – 12,900 μg/kg, Anthracene (m/e 178) – 5,400 μg/kg, Fluoranthene (m/e 202) – 16,200 μg/kg, Pyrene (m/e 202) – 15,000 μg/kg, Benzo[a]anthracene (m/e 228) – 13,800 μg/kg, Chrysene (m/e 228) – 33,600 μg/kg, Benzo[k]fluoranthene (m/e 252) – 45,700 μg/kg, Benzo[a]pyrene (m/e 252) – 27,900 μg/kg, Perylene (m/e 252) – 57,200 μg/kg and Benzo[g, h, i]perylene (m/e 276) – 47,000 μg/kg. The results of the study shows that road users, like resident living in buildings within these areas, those engaged in commercial activities like hawking, and the general public are at risk of exposure to the toxic effects of the various types of PAHs from the exhaust of vehicles into the environment. According to these results, there is the potential for exposure to high levels of PAHs for road users and those living in urban environments or along highways. 相似文献
18.
Díaz A Arnedo R Céspedes-Sánchez R Devesa R Martin-Alonso J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):539-548
A performance study of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
(ICP-OES) was applied for the monitoring of the labile fraction of metals Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, in Sant
Joan Despí Drinking Water Treatment Plant located in the South of Barcelona’s Metropolitan Area (Spain). The DWTP monitoring
protocol was optimized by working for 1 day of deployment (24 h) with the DGT device in contact with both treated and river
water matrixes. Additionally, it was demonstrated that an increase in the deployment time of 1 week did not decrease the evaluated
concentrations of the studied metals. The quality parameters of the DGT device and ICP-OES determination, such as limit of
quantification, accuracy expressed as relative error (%) and reproducibility expressed as relative standard deviation, were
evaluated. Good results were obtained for all the metals in ultrapure water; limits of quantification ranged from 1.5 μg L − 1 for cadmium to 28 μg L − 1 for zinc when deployment time of 24 h was used and from 0.2 μg L − 1 for cadmium to 4 μg L − 1 for zinc when this time was increased by 1 week. Accuracy and precisions lower than or equal to 10% were obtained at a parametric
concentration value of the metals regulated in the European Drinking Water Guidelines (98/83/EC). DGT deployment was tested
in river and treated water, and good results were obtained for Cd, Ni, Co and Zn, whereas for the other metals, a continuous
control of their metallic labile fractions was monitored. Therefore, DGT device allows the continuous monitoring of the labile
metal species in a drinking water treatment plant. 相似文献
19.
Human milk is usually the only source of food for infants during the first 4 to 5 months of their life. Maternal environmental
mercury exposure is directly related to fish consumption or amalgam filling. In this research, 38 human milk samples were
collected from mothers of Lenjan area who were not occupationally exposed with mercury. Mercury concentration in human milk
was determined by AMA254 Mercury Analyzer. A level of mercury was examined in relation to somatometric, demographic and dental
amalgam parameters. Obtained results showed that only dental amalgam significantly increased the mercury level in human milk
(p < 0.001). The mean mercury concentrations in milk of mothers without teeth fillings (n = 13), with one to three teeth fillings (n = 10), and four to eight teeth fillings (n = 15) were 2.87, 5.47, and 13.33 μg/l, respectively. The result of this study also showed a positive correlation of mercury
milk levels with the number of teeth fillings of the mother (p < 0.05, r = 0.755). The estimated weekly intake of mercury of a breastfed infant in this study was, in some cases, higher than provisional
tolerance weekly intake recommended by FAO/WHO, which pose a threat to their health. 相似文献
20.
Ashraf W Seddigi Z Abulkibash A Khalid M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,117(1-3):271-279
In the present paper, seven heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr and Fe) in canned salmon, sardine and tuna fish were determined
by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cadmium and lead levels were determined by graphite tube AAS whereas Ni, Cu, Cr and
Fe were determined by flame AAS. Analytical results were validated by spiking the samples with various concentrations of these
metals for recovery. The metal contents, expressed in μg/g, wet weight, varied depending upon the specie studied. The levels
of Pb ranged from 0.03–1.20 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.313 μg-g−1 for salmon; 0.03–0.51 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.233 μg-g−1 for tuna and 0.13–1.97 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.835 μg-g−1 for sardines. The levels of Cd ranged from 0.02–0.38 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.161 μg-g−1 for salmon; 0.07–0.64 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.227 μg-g−1 for tuna and 0.010–0.690 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.183 μg-g−1 for sardines. Comparative evaluation of these metals in three varieties of fish showed that average concentration of lead
in sardines is about 4 times and Ni about 3 times higher as compared to tuna. Generally, the levels of these metals follow
the order sardine > salmon > tuna. The data generated in the present study compared well with the similar studies carried
out in different parts of the world. The results indicate that canned fish, in general and tuna in particular, have concentrations
within permissible limits of WHO/FAO levels for these heavy metals. Therefore, their contribution to the total body burden
of these metals can be considered as negligibly small. 相似文献