南京市机动车污染物减排因素分析

以南京市机动车排污监控系统的实时检测数据为基础,简述了南京市机动车减排效果,在“十二五”期间南京市机动车保有量增长71.8%的背景下,实现了污染物排放量削减18.8%,单车平均排放CO、HC、NOx较3年前分别下降了33%,31%和36%;排放标准和使用年限二因素方差分析表明,其对NOx、CO和HC排放值的影响由大到小排序均为：油品质量〉排放标准〉使用年限。提出,进一步提升油品质量至关重要。     

基于车载远程监控的重型柴油车NOx排放评估方法研究

对某重型车的实际道路行驶过程中远程排放监控的NOx数据和PEMS设备测试数据对比分析。结果表明，两者的一致性较好，远程监控的NOx数据用于表征车辆实际道路的NOx排放特征具备可信性和可行性。基于远程排放监控数据，使用短行程重构PEMS法，建立车辆工况曲线重构方法和基于功基窗口法的排放评估模型，对车辆在实际道路上的排放进行评估计算，并与PEMS测试结果对比验证。研究结果表明，该短行程重构模型能有效识别车辆排放变化和超标情况，可以作为国六标准在用重型车NOx排放监控的新方法和手段。     

火电厂烟气脱硝容量的合理性探讨

根据美国20世纪90年代初的电力生产及火电NOx的排放情况,并结合我国的实际情况及控制火电NOx排放的趋势,提出2010年和2020年我国火电NOx排放总量控制目标,预测满足火电NOx控制目标的合理的火电厂烟气脱硝容量.     

天津市O3生成与其前体物NOx、VOCs排放的相关性研究

以天津市2010年污染源普查数据中SO2、NOx及颗粒物排放数据以及各行业挥发性有机物调查核算数据为主要数据源,制作天津市大气污染物排放清单,用MM5模型模拟2010年天津市地区1、4、7、10月的气象场,通过CMAQ模型,设置不同计算情景,分析天津市ρ(O3)变化与NOx及挥发性有机物的排放量变化关系。结果表明,天津市的O3生成处于VOCs控制区,随着天津市NOx减排力度的不断加大,ρ(O3)可能呈上升趋势,在夏季,需要削减40%以上挥发性有机物,以避免ρ(O3)进一步上升。     

杭州市大气污染物排放清单及特征

以杭州市区为研究区域,通过调查整合多套污染源数据库及其他统计资料,研究文献报道及模型计算的各种污染源排放因子,获得杭州市区各行业PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs、NH3等污染物的排放量,建立了杭州市区2010年1 km×1 km大气污染物排放清单。结果表明,2010年杭州市区PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs和NH3的排放总量分别为7.96×104、4.02×104、7.23×104、8.98×104、73.90×104、39.56×104、3.32×104t。从排放源的行业分布来看,机动车尾气排放是杭州市区大气污染物最重要排放源之一,对PM10、PM2.5、NOx、CO和VOCs的贡献分别达到14.4%、27.1%、40.3%、21.4%、31.1%。道路扬尘、电厂锅炉、工业炉窑、植被、畜禽养殖对不同污染物分别有着重要贡献,道路扬尘对PM10和PM2.5的贡献分别为44.6%和20.0%、电厂锅炉对SO2和NOx的贡献分别为37.0%和25.7%、工业炉窑对CO的贡献为41.5%、植被排放对VOCs的贡献为27.1%、畜禽养殖对NH3的贡献为76.5%。从空间分布来看,萧山区和余杭区对SO2、NH3和植被排放BVOC的贡献要显著高于主城区;而主城区机动车对PM2.5、NOx和VOCs的贡献分别达到36.3%、56.0%和47.4%,较市区范围内显著增加,表明机动车尾气排放已成为杭州主城区大气污染最重要的来源之一。     

沈阳市机动车大气污染物排放清单的研究

基于机动车主要污染物排放量计算方法,对主要污染物排放因子进行识别与修正,建立沈阳市机动车污染物排放清单。结果表明:沈阳市机动车污染物的排放总量为206 804. 3 t,CO、NOx、HC和PM10的排放量分别为128 500. 4 t、44 206. 3 t、32 104. 8 t和1 992. 8 t;机动车排放的各污染物二环以内的排放量占总量70. 0%以上,和平区、沈河区和铁西区是该市机动车污染物高排放区域;小型客车和出租车对CO、HC的排放分担率较高,重型货车和轻型货车是NOx、PM10的主要排放源;沈阳市机动车污染物主要来自汽油车和柴油车,新能源机动车排放量较低。     

深圳市机动车氮氧化物排放、环境空气污染预测和控制对策

针对机动车排放已成为深圳市环境空气中氮氧化物 ( NOx)的主要来源、氮氧化物 ( NOx)已成为深圳市环境空气主要污染物的现状 ,为防止光化学烟雾事件的发生 ,对深圳市未来环境空气质量和氮氧化物 ( NOx)污染水平进行了预测并根据研究结果提出了改善深圳市环境空气质量的对策     

沙尘暴对大连市空气质量影响的判别研究

利用二次因子分析法对大连市区5个大气自动监测点住所测的四种污染因子(CO、SO2、NOx、PM10)和风速(1997～2004年)资料数据进行分析,分析了当地污染排放累积和外来输送两种主要原因,对大连市空气质量的影响.通过进一步对CO、NOx、PM10因子得分之差(FS2-FS1)的分析,找出了适合确定沙尘暴对大连市空气质量影响的判据,即(FS2-FS1)>0     

汽油车BASM排放检测方法关联规则研究

应用数据挖掘法对3720台次汽油车的BASM排放检测数据进行关联性分析，对汽车BASM排放检测方法中检测工况及排放污染物检测项目CO、HC、NOx间关联性进行研究，得出在BASM 5024工况下没有通过检测的车辆在BASM 2540工况检测的通过率只有5．7％，CO检测合格对HC的检测合格有76．5％的支持度，HC检测合格对NOx检测合格的支持度为58．9％，说明BASM 5024与BASM 2540检测工况具有较高的关联性，HC与CO存在较高的关联度，而HC与NOx的关联度不高。     

G20峰会期间长三角区域臭氧变化及管控效果评估

为了研究2016年二十国集团领导人峰会(G20峰会)期间长三角区域臭氧(O3)变化特征,评估管控措施对O3浓度的影响,利用2016年8月10日至9月20日杭州及周边地区的空气质量监测数据、气象数据以及排放清单数据,分析了O3和NO2浓度及气象条件的时空分布特征,研究了不同管控区域不同保障时期O3浓度的时空变化和O3敏感控制区的改变。结果表明:峰会保障期间对于一次排放污染物和细颗粒物的管控措施效果明显,但核心区的O3质量浓度高于严控区和管控区,分别高出11. 2、9. 2μg/m^3。日间的NOx管控导致O3日变化幅度增高接近50μg/m^3。在峰会保障期间,卫星数据和站点观测结果显示核心区O3由VOCs控制区转为NOx-VOCs协同控制区,整个长三角区域的O3生成对于NOx排放量更为敏感。管控措施越强,核心区的O3生成对于NOx排放越敏感,且O3浓度与NOx浓度的相关性越强。对NOx和VOCs的协同控制降低排放,是关系O3浓度管控的一项重要工作。     

Potential for gene flow from genetically modified <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> on the territory of Russia

Gene flow from genetically modified crops has been studied for more than 20 years, but public concern still remains. A lot of data on this matter is obtained on the territory of EU and the USA, but in the majority of countries, such experiments were never carried out. Here, we present the first study of interspecific and intraspecific hybridization of transgenic Brassica napus on the territory of Russia. The experiment was conducted using two different models of coexistence. Cross-pollination with related species was more frequent in mixed than that in separated populations. We observed maximum 4.1% of transgenic seeds in the progeny of Brassica rapa and 0.6% in the progeny of Brassica juncea. The highest intraspecific hybridization rate of 0.67% was observed in separated populations. DNA fragments, typical to both parents, were present in the genome of the hybrids. The risk of gene flow in Russia is relatively low, but it will be problematic to do environmental monitoring on such a big territory. However, instead of banning the cultivation of genetically modified crops, some new varieties with visually detectable selective traits could be designed and approved for cultivation.     

Optimal conditions for three brood chronic toxicity test method using a freshwater macroinvertebrate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Moina macrocopa</Emphasis>

Freshwater cladocera such as Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia have been used extensively for freshwater toxicity test worldwide. However, these species may not be indigenous in certain geographical regions, which restrict the utility of these organisms as test species. In the present study, we investigated optimal culture and test conditions for an indigenous freshwater macroinvertebrate of Korea, Moina macrocopa. The culture conditions that were evaluated included water temperature (20°C and 25°C), rearing media (moderately hard water or MHW, with or without selenium supplementation, or Elendt M4), and food density (2.5 × 10⁷ and 5 × 10⁷ cells/mL of Selenastrum capricornutum), and their effects on the life history characteristics of M. macrocopa were determined. Population growth rate of M. macrocopa was maximized at 25°C with 5 × 10⁷ cells/mL of algal food density in MHW. A series of chronic three brood reference toxicant tests were conducted under the ideal culture conditions that were identified here, and the results of the tests indicated reliable reproducibility of the test protocol. Optimal culture and test conditions that were identified for M. macrocopa in the present study are suggested for evaluation of chronic toxicity of chemicals and industrial or municipal discharge.     

Performance comparison of three methods for detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Giardia</Emphasis> spp. cysts and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptosporidium</Emphasis> spp. oocysts in drinking-water treatment sludge

Detecting pathogenic protozoa in drinking-water treatment sludge is a challenge as existing methods are complex, and unfortunately, there are no specific technical standards to follow. Selecting an efficient analytical method is imperative in developing countries, such as Brazil, in order to evaluate the risk of parasite infection. In this context, three methods to detect Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were tested in sludge generated when water with protozoa and high turbidity was treated. Jar testing was carried out using polyaluminium chloride as a coagulant to generate the residue to be analyzed. The results showed that calcium carbonate flocculation with reduced centrifugation and immunomagnetic separation obtained the highest recoveries in the tested matrix showing 60.2%?±?26.2 for oocysts and 46.1%?±?5 for cysts. The other two methods, the first using the ICN 7× cleaning solution and the second considering the acidification of the sample, both followed by the immunomagnetic separation step, also presented high recoveries showing 41.2%?±?43.3 and 37.9%?±?52.9 for oocysts and 11.5%?±?85.5 and 26%?±?16.3 for cysts, respectively. Evidently, these methods and others should be studied in order to make it possible to detect protozoa in settled residue.     

Honeybees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis>) as a biological barrier for contamination of honey by environmental toxic metals

The aim of the study was to investigate the transfer of toxic metals from honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L.) to bee honey in relation to the ecological state of the environment. The materials of the study consisted of samples of honeybee bodies and varietal honeys taken from the same apiary located in three areas: R1—urbanized (16), R2—ecologically clean (16) and R3—industrialized (15) of south-eastern Poland. The contents of 14 elements in all tested samples, including toxic metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Al, Ni, Tl) as well as bioelements (K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se), were analysed by the ICP-OES method with prior microwave mineralization. The concentrations of the majority of the studied elements, excluding aluminum and lead, were significantly higher in bee bodies than in honey samples (P?<?0.05). The pollution of bee bodies by toxic metals was dependent on the environmental cleanliness, and the most pollution was observed in the industrialized area. The bee body was the most effective barrier for Cd and Tl transfer to the honey, while the level of Ni was similar in both tested materials. The Al concentration was significantly higher in honey than bee bodies (14.81?±?24.69 and 6.51?±?5.83 mg kg^?1, respectively), which suggests the possibility of secondary contamination of honey. The greatest sensitivity to heavy metal pollution was observed in honeydew honey compared to nectar honeys (P?<?0.05). It was proved for the first time that bees work as biofilters for toxic metals and prevent honey contamination.     

Simulation of PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> concentration patterns for a 2010 traffic scenario in Bologna,Italy

Three state of the art traffic–emission–dispersion models dealing with particulate matter have been tested and validated over the Bologna metropolitan area with 2001 data and a future scenario has been developed in order to estimate expected PM concentrations in 2010. The modelling system is composed by a traffic model (VISUM) evaluating vehicle fluxes as a function of mobility demand and road network in the area, an emission model (Trefic) estimating pollutants emitted in atmosphere as a function of vehicle fluxes amount and composition and of environmental conditions and a dispersion model (ADMS) evaluating PM concentrations on the area, given the meteorological variables. The three models compose a cascade sequence and results of the previous one feed the next one. PM concentrations computed by the model suite for the town of Bologna, in northern Italy, for the reference period (January 2001) have been compared with air quality stations measurements suggesting the modelling system being especially suitable for evaluating traffic induced PM. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the circulating vehicle fleet have been supposed in order to obtain a realistic scenario for year 2010. Forecasted concentrations have been then compared with limits fixed by current EU legislation for particulate matter.     

Assessing indoor air quality of school environments: transplanted lichen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudovernia furfuracea</Emphasis> as a new tool for biomonitoring and bioaccumulation

The aim of this research is to evaluate the ability of transplanted lichen Pseudovernia (P). furfuracea to biomonitor and bioaccumulate in urban indoor environments. The elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb and 12 selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used to assess P. furfuracea as a biomonitoring tool for the indoor air quality of school environments. To achieve this purpose, lichen samples were exposed for 2 months in the outdoor and indoor environments of five school settings located in urban and rural areas. The results demonstrated that transplanted lichen P. furfuracea is a suitable biomonitoring tool for metals and PAHs in indoor settings and can discriminate between different levels of air pollution related to urbanisation and indoor conditions, such as those characterised by school environments. A transplanted lichen biomonitoring strategy is cost-effective, “green”, educational for attending children and less “invasive” than traditional air sampling methods. The feasibility of indoor monitoring by P. furfuracea is a relevant finding and could be a key tool to improve air quality monitoring programmes in school scenarios and thus focus on health prevention interventions for children, who are one of the most susceptible groups in the population.     

EcoEffect for outdoor environments; the process of tool development

Numerous evaluation tools for the built environment have been developed in recent decades only some however integrate the outdoor environment. In EcoEffect, a Swedish assessment system, the outdoor environment is one of five areas covered. The purpose of this article is to describe and discuss various issues that evolved during the testing and developing phase of the EcoEffect Outdoor tool. The tool is designed to cover all important health risks to people in an outdoor environment, to show the relationship between circumstances in the outdoor environment and the levels specified in Swedish legislation and to enable a speedy and accurate assessment of the outdoor environment on a property. The work has been carried out in cooperation with experts, residents and representatives of the construction and property sectors. The tool has been tested on existing properties, discussed in focus groups, and has been subject to theoretical development. The results have provided a basis for changing both the EcoEffect Outdoors tool and the framework of the EcoEffect system. Important conclusions here include the notion that a clear account should be given of the fundamental values of the tool, that environmental impact should be reported in the same way throughout the whole assessment process and that the tool has to adhere to both scientific and practical validity to be useful for the building sector.     

Enrichment of <Superscript>15</Superscript>N/<Superscript>14</Superscript>N in wastewater-derived effluent varies with operational performance of treatment systems: implications for isotope monitoring in receiving environments

Stable nitrogen isotope ratios are routinely used to trace the dispersion and assimilation of wastewater-derived N in receiving environments, but few isotope studies have investigated wastewater treatment plants and ponds themselves. An improved understanding of N isotope compositions in effluent will help assess treatment plant processes and performance and will help trace sources of excess nutrients in receiving environments. Here, we assess N budgets and treatment processes in seven wastewater treatment plants and wastewater stabilisation ponds in northern Australia based on concentrations and isotope ratios of N in effluent. We show that δ¹⁵N values in effluent are linked to treatment type, effectiveness of conversion of ammonia and levels of gaseous N emissions. These relationships suggest that N isotope monitoring of wastewater treatment plants and ponds can provide an integrated assessment of treatment performance and gaseous N emissions on a pond- or plant-wide scale that is not readily available through other methods. Our findings further imply that monitoring N isotope ratios in receiving environments cannot be assumed to be universally effective as their sensitivity to uptake of wastewater-derived N will vary with the characteristics of individual treatment systems. Paradoxically, N isotope monitoring is less effective where treatment systems are functioning poorly and where monitoring needs are the greatest.     

Size effect on the mineralogy and chemistry of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus trossulus</Emphasis> shells from the southern Baltic Sea: implications for environmental monitoring

Mussels have the ability to control biomineral production and chemical composition, producing shells with a range of functions. In addition to biological control, the environment also seems to influence the process of biomineralization; thus, shells can be used as archives of ambient water parameters during the calcium carbonate deposition. Past and present environmental conditions are recorded in the shells in the form of various proxies including Mg/Ca or Sr/Ca ratios. For such proxies to be accurate and robust, the influence of biological effects including the size of studied organism must be examined and eliminated or minimized, so that the environmental signal can be efficiently extracted. This study considers mineralogy and elemental composition of shells representing four size classes of Mytilus trossulus from the Baltic Sea. Obtained results suggest that mineralogy and chemical composition change throughout the shell development due to most likely a combination of environmental and biological factors. The content of aragonite increases with increasing shell size, while the bulk concentrations of Na, Cd, Cu, U, V, Zn and Pb were found to decrease with increasing height of the shells. Therefore, using mussels for environmental monitoring requires analysis of individuals in the same size range.