铁路交通噪声对鸟类生态环境的影响预测评价

由于鸟类的听觉频率范围与人类不同，以往基于A计权声压级的噪声测量方法，用于鸟类声环境的监测评价并不准确。以广东省江门市新会区“小鸟天堂”风景名胜区为例，开展铁路交通噪声对鸟类生态环境的影响研究。首先，通过实地调查，对鸟类生态区的多个监测点进行声环境线性频谱测量；其次，根据新茂铁路新会段的规划布局，采用模式预测法计算铁路运行期间在监测点产生的交通噪声频谱，并与铁路运行前实地测量的现状频谱叠加；在此基础上，进一步探讨铁路交通噪声对鸟类生态区声环境的影响以及预防措施。研究结果表明，列车运行时在鸟类良好听觉频率范围的噪声增量可达10~30dB，将严重影响鸟类声环境；当采取全封闭声屏障防护措施之后，可有效降低“小鸟天堂”景区范围的噪声。     

地下轨道交通结构噪声与振动频率特性分析

通过研究地下轨道交通现行国家标准与地方标准监测方法与评价量，探讨标准中存在的不足之处。并通过对受地下轨道交通运行过程影响的建筑物进行室内噪声与振动实地测试和数据分析，大胆提出了监测地下轨道交通排放的新思路。即采用1/3倍频程时间历程方法对列车通过全过程产生的结构传声排放与振动排放全时记录，借鉴声暴露级的方法，通过实测各频率数值变化截取列车通过时噪声事件的振动分频振级与结构传声1/3倍频程声压级。对此种方法的数据结果进行各频率噪声与振动相关性分析，得出地下轨道交通运行所产生结构传声污染排放的低频排放特性。通过研究和测量发现，轨道交通所引起的室内结构传声与振动污染能量主要集中于500 Hz 以下低频部分，其峰值出现于40～60 Hz 附近。将其与现行国家或地方标准进行比较，提出了采用特征频率作为事件判别的依据，并将各事件的最终测量结果以低频分频数据进行评价的方式，最终归纳总结了实际地下轨道交通排放频率特性并展望其测量方法。     

高架铁路噪声规律研究

列车对地面的噪声污染,在铁路高架后近场有明显降低:列车噪声垂直向污染的最大值,铁路高架后出现高度略有提高,文中还给出了用实测数据经多元回归分析得到的铁路高架前后的列车噪声衰减公式,可以用来预测列车通过铁路高架桥时,沿线各处噪声,验证后效果良好     

机场周围区域飞机噪声监测方法对比研究

中国机场周围区域飞机噪声监测一直采用计权等效连续感觉噪声级L_(WECPN)为评价量,标准修订后拟采用昼夜等效声级L_(dn)为评价量,监测方法也相应更改。该文通过理论推导及宁波栎社机场噪声现场监测数据,系统比较了2种机场周围区域飞机噪声监测方法,并分析了监测结果的差异及影响因素。结果表明:L_(WECPN)与L_(dn)在相差10 dB的基础上,差值受到单次飞机噪声值和傍晚飞行次数2个因素影响。单次飞机噪声监测量L_(EPN)和L_(AE)在飞机匀速直线经过时差值约为3.75 dB,实际上受到飞行航迹、飞机运动状态、噪声传播环境、突发噪声干扰等因素影响,此次监测的187次飞机L_(EPN)和L_(AE)的差值范围为2.1～5.5 dB。傍晚飞行次数引起的监测结果差值范围为0～4.8 dB。     

匀速行驶小型载客汽车噪声频谱研究

系统测量了5辆小型载客汽车分别以20~100 km/h匀速行驶时的车外噪声频谱,得到了低、中、高各频段声压级随车速的变化关系,进一步与城市道路交通噪声频谱相比较,为从声源上控制城市道路交通噪声提供有力的参考依据。     

铁路专用线验收噪声监测方法探讨

铁路专用线与国铁线路相比,具有流量低、分布不均的特点,《声环境质量标准》（GB3096—2008）中交通干线两侧的铁路不包括铁路专用线,铁路专用线两侧的噪声敏感点应该执行相应功能区噪声标准,与铁路边界的距离无关,以火车通过时最大噪声值与背景值比较,评价对其噪声敏感点的影响。本文通过实测数据对铁路专用线噪声监测方法提出看...     

铁路噪声影响特点与评价方法研究

针对山东省境内一主要铁路路段的铁路噪声,布设了不同类型的多个点位进行了测量.应用大量的实测数据,对铁路噪声的变化规律及影响特点进行了分析研究.铁路噪声的Lmax对铁路两侧环境的影响明显大于Leq.     

工业企业厂界噪声监测过程质量保证

工业企业噪声的监测是相当重要的一项内容，为提高监测数据的准确性、科学性、合理性，本文从监测人员、监测仪器及监测布点、测量、报告等监测全过程提出了质量保证措施。     

HE5931HY902型噪声自动监测分析仪器中计算机常见故障的处理

计算机是噪声自动监测分析系统的重要组成部分，承担噪声信号的处理和监测结果的打印输出，在正常工作状态下，计算机按设置的程序运行，对采集的噪声信号做数学运算，并将运行结果以打印的形式输出，从而完成一次噪声监测过程，在实际工作中，由于计算机内蓄电池电压不足，声级计输入信号超限、打印机故障等多种原因使计算机程序不能正常运行而导致噪声监测工作的中断，不但影响监测结果的输出，也给重新启动监测系统带来困难，为了保证计算机在非正常工作条件下仍能正常运行，我们对计算机程序作了必要的修改。     

高速铁路客运专线的环境问题初探

高速铁路客运专线在带来巨大的经济、社会效益的同时,也显现出前所未有的环境影响。通过对京津城际铁路监测结果的分析以及与既往普速铁路监测数据的对比,揭示了高速铁路客运专线凸显的噪声和无线电干扰问题,提出了防治噪声污染和无线电干扰的建议。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.