2003—2018年全国酸雨状况变化趋势研究

基于2003—2018年全国291个城市降水监测结果的分析表明:全国降水酸度明显降低,其中,2003—2006年有所升高,2006年之后呈降低趋势；酸雨区面积呈减小趋势,共减少约97万km²,酸雨发生频率超过5%的面积减少了20.9个百分点；全国酸雨城市比例为21.3%～40.9%,2009年开始总体呈下降趋势,2018年降为21.6%,重酸雨城市比例在2005年之后总体呈下降趋势；全国平均酸雨频率为11.7%～25.6%,2006年之后总体呈下降趋势,2018年酸雨频率在50%以上的城市比例较2006年下降了13.9个百分点。基于174个城市的降水离子组分分析结果显示:我国降水中的主要阴离子为硫酸根,其离子当量浓度占比为19.4%～32.9%,2003年以来年平均降低0.6个百分点；降水中的主要阳离子为钙离子和铵离子；硫酸根沉降通量年平均下降0.68 t/km²,硝酸根沉降通量年平均降低0.05 t/km²,全国SO₂浓度变化趋势与硫酸根沉降通量变化趋势基本一致；我国降水中的硝酸根与硫酸根离子当量浓度比值总体呈升高趋势,表明硝酸根离子对降水酸度的影响逐渐增加,酸雨类型正由硫酸型向硫酸-硝酸混合型转变。     

日本山形降雨中离子成分的研究

分时段对每次降雨连续采样,对pH值、电导率、硫酸根离子、硝酸根离子、氯离子、铵、氟离子、钾离子、钠离子、钙离子、锾离子等共11项进行监测.分析了各种离子的组成、所占比例、时段变化规律和对部分离子的来源进行了探讨.分析结果表明.山形的降雨为硝酸型酸雨,有别于我国大多教城市的硫酸型酸雨类型.     

离子色谱法测定食品中的硝酸根和其他无机阴离子

本文用离子色谱法测定罐头食品及饮料中的硝酸根、亚硝酸根、氟离子、氯离子及硫酸根。试验了从各种固体样品提取的条件。测定了各种类型食品中的这五个阴离子。     

2001—2018年浙江省酸雨变化特征及影响因素分析

利用2001—2018年浙江省32个城市酸雨观测资料,结合数理统计和GIS空间插值,分析了全省降水酸度变化、化学组分特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明,以2009年为拐点,浙江省酸雨污染呈先加重后减轻的趋势,降水酸度和酸雨率均得到显著改善。2009年后,轻酸雨城市的比例不断上升。至2018年,全省大部分城市均处于轻酸雨区,并有部分非酸雨城市出现。降水中的硫酸根离子浓度呈显著下降趋势,硝酸根离子浓度呈波动变化,但变化不显著。硫酸根离子与硝酸根离子的当量浓度比值呈显著下降趋势,由2002年的3.48降至2018年的1.35,酸雨类型由硫酸主导型向复合型转变。二氧化氮、硝酸根离子和可吸入颗粒物是影响降水pH的主要因素,氮氧化物对浙江省降水酸度的影响不断增大。因此,在加强区域硫氮协同控制的同时,着力加强氮氧化物深度减排是进一步改善浙江省酸雨状况的关键。     

临安大气本底站酸雨污染变化特征与影响因素分析

利用临安大气本底站酸雨观测数据,研究临安大气本底站降水pH,酸雨发生频率的时间分布特征、变化趋势及其影响因素;借助后向轨迹分析法分析输送形势对临安大气本底站酸雨的影响。研究表明:最近6年间临安大气本底站降水pH各月均值均小于4.5,均达到强酸雨的程度;临安大气本底站的酸雨发生频率表现为夏季低、秋季高;1985—2009年临安大气本底站降水的年均pH全部达到酸雨程度。根据Daniel趋势检验,临安大气本底站年均降水pH总体上呈逐年下降的趋势。风速越小,酸雨出现频率就越高;降水pH受降水量的影响较大。临安大气本底站的酸雨与降水前的大气中SO2浓度存在负相关的关系。根据气团的来向与酸雨污染程度的关系分析,临安大气本底站的酸雨污染受到其北部地区和浙西地区的酸雨气体物输送的影响较大。临安大气本底站的酸雨污染特征已由原来的硫酸型转为硫酸型与硝酸型并重。     

离子色谱法测定大气降水中的氟离子、乙酸、甲酸、氯离子、硝酸根和硫酸根离子

用氢氧化钾淋洗离子色谱法同时测定降水样品中的氟离子、乙酸、甲酸、氯离子、硝酸根、硫酸根离子等无机和有机阴离子。该方法简便、快速、精密度好、6种阴离子在12min内全部分析完毕。8次测试的相对标准偏差小于2.8%,检出限在0.39~7.6μg/L之间,加标回收率在94.7%~105.3%之间,能满足降水样品中阴离子的检测,是降水样品中阴离子检测的理想方法。     

上海市“十一五”期间酸雨状况与成因分析

分析“十一五”期间上海市酸雨污染变化趋势和特征，简析酸雨污染形成的原因。结果表明，“十一五”期间，降水pH低值区和酸雨频率高值区范围明显扩大。降水中化学组分的变化印证了上海市脱硫措施和扬尘防治措施的成效。但是，全市降水的酸化仍在持续，主要原因在于大气中强碱钙离子和人类活动产生的弱碱铵离子的相对变化，导致现有的碱性离子无法完全中和降水中比例最高的硫酸根和贡献日益显著的硝酸根。     

2005-2011全国酸雨状况分析

根据全国酸雨监测网2005-2011年的监测数据对全国酸雨状况进行分析,得出全国酸雨城市比例、酸雨发生频率及酸雨覆盖面积总体均呈降低趋势,但酸雨形式依然严峻,酸雨类型仍以硫酸型酸雨为主,硝酸盐对降水酸度的贡献逐年增加。与2005年相比,全国硫沉降通量总体呈现下降趋势,硝酸根沉降通量略有增加。中国降水pH年均值与美国、日本及其他东亚酸沉降监测网成员国相当,但主要致酸离子的酸沉降通量处于较高水平。     

梯度洗脱离子色谱法测定宁波地区降水中的6种阴离子

建立了梯度洗脱离子色谱法同时测定降水样品中的氟离子、乙酸、甲酸、氯离子、硝酸根和硫酸根等6种有机酸和无机酸阴离子的测定方法。利用ICS-3000型离子色谱仪配备的氢氧化钾淋洗液发生器,产生梯度氢氧化钾溶液,结果显示在18min内很好地完成了6种离子的同时分离测定。该方法的回收率在90%～105%之间,测试的相对标准偏差小于3.6%。此方法操作简便、准确、实用,是南方地区降水样品较理想的阴离子检测方法。     

2008—2019年黑龙江省酸雨特征分析

采用统计分析与空间插值等方法对黑龙江省16个酸雨监测站2008—2019年的酸雨观测数据统计计算,分析该省酸雨变化特征和影响因素。结果表明：12 a间黑龙江省秋冬季在pH值＜5.60条件下酸雨频率均值达到15.6%,维持在较高水平;相关性分析显示,在pH值＜5.00条件下年均降水pH值与酸雨频率的相关系数为-0.83,呈强负相关性;虽然有效降水量是酸雨产生的前提条件,但年有效降水量与pH值相关性不明显,平均电导率与年均有效降水量的相关系数达到-0.80,降水量对电导率有较强的抑制作用;空间分布显示,在pH值＜5.60和＜5.00条件下的酸雨频率分别为20%～55%和10%～35%,酸雨频率高值区与pH低值区分布趋于一致。     

Acidification of soil-water in low base-saturated sand soils of the superior uplands under acid and normal precipitation

Lakes and streams are acidified by direct precipitation and water channeled through nearby soils, but water in low base-saturation soils can produce highly acidic percolate after prolonged contact and subsequent degassing in surface waters. Theories advanced by Reuss (1983), Reuss and Johnson (1985), and Seip and Rustad (1984) suggest that soils with less than 15% base saturation are susceptible to soil-water pH depression of up to 0.4 unit, which is sufficient to cause negative alkalinity in soil solutions. High concentrations of mobile anions (notably sulfate) are responsible for the negative alkalinity and these solutions on CO₂ degassing in surface waters can retain acidities equivalent to a pH value of 5.0 or less. This mechanism purports to explain why some lakes acidify when they are surrounded by acid soils and cation leaching is not required.Ambient precipitation set to pH 5.4 and pH 4.2 was applied to columns of low base-saturated, sand, soils, starting in 1985. The columns (15 cm diameter and 150 cm long) were collected from soils with base saturations falling into one of three groups (0–10, 10–20, and 20–40%) from national forests in the Superior Uplands area (includes Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Rainbow Lakes, Sylvania, Moquah Barrens, and other Wilderness and Natural areas). The soils were Haplorthods and Udipsamments mainly from outwash plains.The soil columns were instrumented and reburied around a subterranean structure used to collect leachate water and to maintain natural temperature, air, and light conditions. Three humus treatments were applied to soil column (none, northern hardwood, and jack pine) to measure the effect of natural acidification compared to acidification by acid precipitation. The cores were treated with precipitation buffered to pH 5.4 to simulate natural rain and pH 4.2 to simulate acid rain.Columns were treated in 1985 and 1986 with approximately 200 cm of buffered precipitation each year over the frost-free season. Data is now being analyzed for the 1986 treatment year. In leachate collected from the upper horizons of the soil colums, there was a significant difference in pH, alkalinity, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations between the pH 5.4 and pH 4.2 precipitation treatments. This difference, however, disappears at the bottom of the columns. This could be partly due to exchange reactions in the B horizon. The pH and alkalinities are higher in bottom leachate. Chloride and nitrate also increased significantly due mainly to concentrating effects. Even with a pickup of sulfate in the B horizon, sulfate adsorption decreased bottom leachate concentrations well below surface values.Alkalinity, pH, and sulfate concentration in the leachate decreased over the treatment season. Nitrate concentration increased by 4- to 5-fold over the season. Leachate from the bottom of the soil columns is becoming more acidic with time with negative alkalinities appearing more frequently in columns with soils of lower base saturation. There were some significant alkalinity differences due to humus treatments; however, these were not consistent between pH treatments, and need further study. This research will eventually answer whether soil processes can be important to the acidification of lakes in poor, sandy, outwash plains of the Superior Uplands, and whether a reduction in acid sulfate deposition will reverse the percolate alkalinity from negative to positive.Contribution from Fourth World Wilderness Congress-Acid Rain Symposium, Denver (Estes Park), Colorado, September 11–18, 1987.     

宁波市“十二五”与“十一五”期间酸雨污染特征变化趋势分析

基于地面观测数据,分析了"十一五"和"十二五"期间宁波市酸雨污染特征变化趋势。结果表明,2015年降水pH从2010年的4.37上升到4.89;2010—2015年酸雨发生频率降低了17.4百分点;重酸雨区范围不断缩小,轻酸雨区范围不断扩大,酸雨污染程度有所改善。降水中化学组成变化显示,与"十一五"末相比,2015年除NO_3~-、Cl~-外其他离子浓度均有所下降;2015年SO_3~(2-)与NO_3~-的当量浓度之比从2010年的3.10下降到1.73,表明酸雨污染从硫酸型向硫酸与硝酸混合型转变。     

杭州市酸雨污染现状及成因分析

对杭州市1998年—2002年的降水监测数据进行了统计分析。结果表明,2002年杭州市区酸雨频率为73.6%,降水pH均值为4.68,临安酸雨频率高达97.5%,降水pH均值为4.04,其余几个县(市)降水酸度均<5.60。杭州市有82.1%面积属重酸雨区。指出,杭州市气象条件不利于大气中SO2、NOx的扩散,土壤扬尘不能对酸雨的形成起有效的缓冲作用,因此只有通过调整能源结构,从源头控制煤质(含硫量),严格控制机动车尾气污染,以减少SO2、NOx排放量。     

2009—2017年南充市城区酸雨特征分析

为了更为有效地治理酸雨污染,根据南充市环境监测中心站提供的2009—2017年降水监测数据,对南充市城区酸雨污染情况进行了分析及源解析。结果表明:2009—2017年,南充市降水pH从4.60波动上升至5.6以上,酸雨频率波动下降,酸雨污染情况有所改善;[SO4^2-]/[NO3^-]从4.92下降至0.86,酸雨污染类型从硫酸型转变为硝酸-硫酸型。同时,对比分析2014—2016年大气污染物排放源可知,NOx排放源中,工业污染源占比由14%降至11%,生活污染源由2%上升至5%;SO2排放源中,工业污染源占比由62%降至43%,生活污染源由38%上升至57%,表明南充市SO2污染已从以工业污染源为主转变为工业污染源与生活污染源并重。     

Changes in precipitation chemistry in Lithuania for 1981-2004

This paper considers the spatial and temporal variability in concentrations of the potentially acidifying ions in precipitation in Lithuania during the 1981-2004 period. Chemical analysis of precipitation included measurements of pH, conductivity, sulfate (SO4(2-)), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), ammonium (NH4+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+). Temporal trends in the potentially acidifying ion concentrations in precipitation and wet deposition were evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. A statistically significant decline was observed in non-sea salt sulfate (nssSO4(2-)) and hydrogen (H+) ions concentrations (82% and 79%, respectively) and wet depositions (88% and 74%, respectively). Temporal trends both in concentration and wet deposition of nitrate and ammonium were not as pronounced as trends in sulfate concentration. Analysis of air mass backward trajectories was applied to reveal the influence of air mass originating in different regions on wet deposition of acidifying species in Lithuania. Sector analysis clearly showed that wet deposition of sulfur and nitrogen in Lithuania is to a large extent anthropogenic and the main source regions of acidifying species contributing to wet deposition in Lithuania are in South and Central Europe.