烟台四十里湾营养物质产生特征及影响分析

2004年5月3日至10日,烟台四十里湾养殖区发生了由棕囊藻、夜光藻剧增而引发的赤潮,此前,在1998年8月中旬至9月中旬,该湾约五十平方公里的近岸海域,也曾发生了红色裸甲藻剧增而引发的赤潮。暴发赤潮的条件仍可认为是丰富的营养物质基础和适宜的环境条件。初步分析结果表明,赤潮形成所必须的营养物质主要是养殖粪便及其废弃物提供的,其次是陆岸生活污水提供的;环境条件是风、雨引起了水体扰动;雨过天晴水温偏高;大雨造成海水盐度降低;养殖过密,海流不畅对污染物扩散不利。     

东海赤潮发生时的营养盐分布研究

2010年春季对东海海域进行了赤潮专项调查,在3个海区发现有赤潮发生。对这些海区的水质和浮游植物进行了监测和分析。结果表明,调查中发现的赤潮原因种有东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻2种;活性磷酸盐和铵盐是发生中肋骨条藻赤潮的重要营养条件,东海原甲藻可以耐受低营养环境,调查海区在较低的温度(17℃)下也能发生东海原甲藻赤潮。     

三峡库区大宁河2010年春季水华特征

以大宁河春季水华期间调查数据为基础,运用数理统计分析手段,通过描述大宁河春季水华期藻类及主要理化因子分布特征,揭示出影响藻类生长的主要因子。结果表明:大宁河春季水华期水华河段水体氮、磷含量较高,总氮浓度为1.2～4.11mg/L,平均值为1.748mg/L,总磷浓度为0.027～0.615mg/L,氮磷比均值为17.5。春季水华藻类适宜的光照强度为1400～3800lx,水温为13.0～14.0℃时叶绿素a含量有最大增长,平均水温为13.4℃,藻密度与总氮、总磷、水温、DO、pH、浊度、高锰酸盐指数呈显著正相关关系,与透明度呈负相关关系。回水河段流速小于0.05m/s,流速是藻类生长最主要的限制因子。大宁河回水河段春季水华藻类分布较广,主要有甲藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门、隐藻门、蓝藻门、裸藻门和黄藻门7门28属,其中甲藻门分布最广,其次是绿藻门。春季水华优势种主要有甲藻门的拟多甲藻,绿藻门的衣藻、小球藻,硅藻门的直链藻,蓝藻门的色球藻等。     

近年来深圳海域的赤潮及发展趋势

通过对 1 996～ 2 0 0 0年期间深圳海域赤潮发生的回顾及主要赤潮事件的分析 ,阐明近年来深圳海域赤潮发展趋势为 :(1 )赤潮类型多样 ;(2 )出现新记录种类和有毒种类赤潮 ;(3 )持续时间长 ,危害程度大 ;(4 )频率增多 ,范围扩大 ;(5 )呈全年式的模式。并列举了深圳沿海近岸主要赤潮生物种名和对渔业造成危害的赤潮藻     

秦山岛周边海域春季浮游植物群落结构特征

于2016年4月对秦山岛周边海域5个断面20个站位浮游植物进行调查,共鉴定出浮游植物5门84种,平均密度1.10×10^5个/m^3,优势类群硅藻(70种)平均密度为8.75×10^4个/m^3,甲藻9种,平均密度为8.10×10^3个/m^3;优势种主要为琼氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus jonesianus)(Y=0.095)、星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)(Y=0.087)、针状蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis acicularis)(Y=0.087)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)(Y=0.070)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scientillans)(Y=0.058)、刚毛根管藻(Rhizosolenia setigera)(Y=0.051)等11种;多样性指数平均值为2.76,种类分布相对均匀。受沿岸4条河口淡水径流及营养元素输入影响,靠近河口的C、D断面浮游植物密度较高,琼氏圆筛藻、星脐圆筛藻、中肋骨条藻、针状蓝纤维藻等具有较高优势度,但密度较低,赤潮风险较低;各断面优势种组成存在一定更迭。     

南京南湖底泥疏浚后水质演化规律调查

对疏浚后的南京南湖底泥的TP、TN和COD释放规律、补水后的水质状况以及藻类演替规律进行了调查。结果表明,上覆水中TP平均质量浓度基本不随自来水补入量的增加而发生变化,TN和COD质量浓度随自来水补入量的增加而增大;水体中的TP、TN和COD含量总体呈上升趋势;从2005年3月中旬起,出现藻类的大量繁殖,在2005年7月发生水华,藻类优势种由裸藻、隐藻和小环藻演替为裸藻、栅藻和韦斯藻,藻类总量由2005年3月的3.7×106L-1上升到2006年4月的1.5×107L-1。     

2014年于桥水库浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系

为研究于桥水库浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,于2014年春夏季进行采样分析。两季共鉴定出浮游植物6门99种,其中绿藻门(Chlorophyta)62种,硅藻门(Diatoms)21种,蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)7种,裸藻门(Euglenophyta)4种,甲藻门(Pyrrophyta)2种,隐藻门(Cryptophyta)2种。春季浮游植物6门86种,第一优势种为绿藻门的四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda);夏季浮游植物5门62种,第一优势种为蓝藻门的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)。春季浮游植物密度低于夏季,于桥水库浮游植物群落结构具有明显的季节变化规律。RDA分析结果表明,春季采样点的相似性高于夏季,透明度、水温、溶解氧和营养盐是影响于桥水库浮游植物群落组成的关键环境因子。     

于桥水库浮游植物群落特征

于桥水库是天津市惟一饮用水水源地,为了研究该水库浮游植物群落特征,于2012年春、夏、秋对于桥水库浮游植物进行了监测分析。结果表明:该水库共鉴定出绿藻(Chlorophyta)、蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、硅藻(Diatoms)、裸藻(Euglenophyta)、甲藻(Pyrrophyta)、隐藻(Cryptophyta)和黄藻(Xanthophyta)7门114种,群落组成以绿藻-硅藻门为主;浮游植物细胞密度具有明显的季节变化规律,表现为春季较低,夏季急剧增长,到了秋季又有所回落。优势种对于桥水库水质的评价结果表明,春季为中营养水体,夏季为富营养化水体,秋季为中富营养水体。春、夏、秋季于桥水库香农-韦弗多样性指数平均值分别为3.22、2.51和3.17,说明2012年于桥水库春季、秋季为贫营养水体,夏季为中营养水体,且有暴发水华的危险。     

福建三沙湾海洋生态环境研究

2000~2004年对三沙湾海洋生态环境进行了调查,分析了三沙湾海区多年来水质、水域养殖力(营养盐、叶绿素a和初级生产力)和浮游植物多样性的变化。调查后发现,养殖水域富营养化已经成为制约水产养殖业可持续发展的瓶颈,如何有效控制水体富营养化过程,降低海水养殖对环境产生的负面影响是一个非常现实的问题。因此,合理设置养殖容量、养殖方式、养殖种类,使退化的养殖海域得以修复,将对三沙湾海水养殖业的发展产生深远影响。     

官厅水库浮游植物功能群季节演替及其驱动因子

官厅水库是北京市重要的水源地,其生态环境问题一直深受社会关注。以浮游植物功能群调查为基础,于2010年春夏秋三季对官厅水库进行生态调查,根据水库水环境特征,在永1000、妫1018+1、河口3个不同生境区域设置采样点,进行浮游植物水样采集。共鉴定出浮游植物112种(包括变种),分属于6门52属。浮游植物种类组成:绿藻门23属49种,占种类总数的43.75%;硅藻门12属34种,占30.36%;蓝藻门10属19种,占16.96%;裸藻门4属7种,占6.25%;甲藻门2属2种,占1.79%;隐藻门1属1种,占0.89%。浮游植物丰度秋季(8 889.97×10~4个/L)夏季(7 157.39×10~4个/L)春季(868.97×10~4个/L),三季均值为5 638.78×10~4个/L。3个季节里浮游植物划分为18个功能群,代表性功能群的季节演替为春季(F/MP/H1/C/D/G/W1)→夏季(Tc/M/Wo/C/N/X3/LM)→秋季(Tc/H1/C/D/W1/P)。利用典范对应分析方法,对同步取得的p、TN、TP、WT等环境因子与浮游植物功能群分之间的相关性进行分析。结果显示,WT、p、TP、NH_4-N是官厅水库浮游植物功能群演替的主要驱动因子。     

南通市近岸海域主要海产品重金属残留监测与评价

对南通市近岸海域捕捞的多获性鱼类6种,甲壳类2种,养殖的贝类7种,藻类2种共17种海产品158份样品重金属残留进行调查分析。采用样品超标率、内梅罗综合污染指数等指标对海产品重金属残留状况进行综合评价,结果表明,南通市近岸海域海产品中人工养殖的贝类、藻类重金属污染大于捕捞的鱼类、甲壳类,重金属及As在海产品中的残留为:Cd、As污染>Pb、Hg、Cu、Cr。     

钦州湾春季水质营养状况分析与评价

根据2010年4月对钦州湾海域调查结果,分析并评价了该海域春季的营养状况。结果表明,表层海水中DIN和SiO₃-Si都为茅尾海钦江入海口含量较高,PO₄-P为茅尾海西南部沿岸增养殖区含量较高,DIN、PO₄-P和SiO₃-Si水平分布上均表现为湾内含量高于湾外。从营养结构看,与Justic等提出的营养盐化学计量限制标准比较,符合P限制条件,PO₄-P可能成为浮游植物生长的潜在限制因子。根据营养状态指数评价模式和有机污染评价指数计算结果显示,2010年春季钦州湾海域营养水平属于中营养水平,有机污染程度属4级,表明钦州湾表层海水水质已达到中度污染。     

Diel Variability of Water Quality in a Tropical Polluted Bay

The objective is to describe and quantify the diel variability of water quality in a tropical coastal system, Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Water samples were collected in spring and neap tide cycles over 24 h periods at three strategic sites. A pollution gradient was evident between the sampling sites. The average fecal coliform values decreased from 10⁶ (site 3, most polluted) to 10¹ (site 1, less polluted). Organic matter mineralization was found in a similar gradient to organic pollution. However, complete nitrification was only found associated to regions where the water quality was better. Variability in this data set was determined mostly by the pollution gradient observed, and by tidal influence as well. The poor water quality indicates that the bay undergoes severe environmental stress. However water renewal promoted by tidal action was an important mechanism in diluting the pollution, improving water quality even in ebb tides and in the inner channels. The significance of micro-scale changes in water quality assessment in Guanabara Bay was confirmed, as well as the importance of these strategic sampling sites, reinforcing the importance of these measurements in monitoring programs.     

不同稻渔系统对池塘养殖尾水的净化效果分析

采用围隔实验法考察不同虾蟹共作稻渔系统对养殖尾水的净化效果。结果表明:稻田及分别投放小龙虾和河蟹等稻渔共作系统均对养殖尾水净化作用显著,且相互间基本无显著差异(P>0.05);稻渔系统对水体中氨氮、亚硝氮、TN和TP的最大去除率分别为67.48%、78.13%、37.97%和53.05%;养殖尾水中I Mn与悬浮物于1 d~2 d、氨氮于2 d~4 d、TN于4 d~8 d、TP于8 d~16 d后显著降至较低水平;混养小龙虾和河蟹未对稻田净化水体产生显著扰动影响。     

Determination of 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) induction in leaping mullet (Liza saliens) from the highly contaminated Aliaga Bay, Turkey

Pollution of the aquatic environment is a global concern owing to the devastating effects of contaminants whose levels are growing at an alarming rate, and it has become a major threat for marine organisms, as well as to humans as consumers. This study has been carried out on leaping mullet obtained from Aliaga Bay, which is located on the west coast of the Aegean Sea near Izmir and hosts the world’s fifth largest shipyard, plus a broad range of industrial activities, including an oil refinery and a paper factory. The waste from these industries, combined with municipal sewer discharges, is the main cause of pollution in this region. There is no national documentation or research on the determination of pollution resulting from the industrial activities in this area. In the present study, the degree of induction of CYP4501A-associated 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity and immunochemical detection of CYP1A1 in the liver of leaping mullet (Lisa saliens) were used as biomarkers for the assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-type organic pollutants in Aliaga Bay. Mullet caught from different locations of the bay had approximately 52 times more EROD activity than the feral fish sampled from a clean reference site near Foca, Izmir. The results of this study indicate that Aliaga Bay is highly contaminated with PAH-type organic pollutants.     

Controlling factors of phytoplankton seasonal succession in oligotrophic Mali Ston Bay (south-eastern Adriatic)

Fine spatial and temporal phytoplankton variability in Mali Ston Bay has been observed for the first time based on physicochemical properties and small herbivorous zooplankton. Extensive year-through research was conducted during 2002 at Usko station which is traditionally an area of intensive shellfish farming. The Neretva River inflow, submarine springs (“vruljas”) and precipitation are additional sources of nutrients in the bay. Temperature and salinity, combined with total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) were observed to be the most important environmental factors driving the succession of phytoplankton communities. Orthophosphate was a potential limiting factor for phytoplankton development. The nanophytoplankton abundances, as well as the microphytoplankton diatoms are controlled by herbivorous zooplankton grazing (‘top-down’ control) more than other groups of microphytoplankton. Nanophytoplankton dominated phytoplankton abundance and its most intensive development was recorded in winter and spring, while increase in microphytoplankton abundance occurred in spring and autumn. Diatoms dominated microphytoplankton abundance mostly in winter and autumn, while dinoflagellates dominated in spring and summer. Considering the number of taxa and abundance, dinoflagellates were the dominant microphytoplankton group during the year and were the main component of the spring blooms. At that time, in conditions of elevated temperature (>16 °C), decreased salinity (34–36) and increased concentrations of TIN, blooms of harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum were recorded for the first time in the bay. The results showed a significant difference in environmental conditions, as well as in the annual phytoplankton succession and community structure, as compared with studies carried out more than 20 years ago in this area.     

莱州湾表层沉积物中多氯联苯的测定方法及分布特征探究

以加速溶剂萃取法 (ASE)、索氏提取法/气相色谱法测定了莱州湾表层沉积物中的12种PCBs的浓度水平,探讨了它的分布特征并将两种方法进行了对比;同时测定了渤海湾北部海域表层沉积物中PCBs的含量,与莱州湾进行了比较。结果表明,莱州湾海域表层沉积物检测出8种多氯联苯(PCBs),浓度范围是N.D.~48.40 ng ·g ^-1dw。该海域多氯联苯的分布特征是近岸高,离岸低,由近岸向湾外延伸方向依次递减;渤海湾PCBs的浓度范围是0.15~68.30 ng ·g ^-1dw,和莱州湾差别不大。索氏提取法测定12种多氯联苯类化合物的基质加标回收率为78.00%~104.85%,相对标准偏差为0.95%~3.64%;加速溶剂萃取法的基质加标回收率为90.00%~102.00%,相对标准偏差为0.65%~2.75%;相对于渤海湾北部海域而言,莱州湾区域只是受到轻度污染,属于低风险生态区,不会对生物产生毒副作用;而前者则处于中度污染水平,可能会对生物产生毒副作用。     

Using diatoms as quality indicators for a newly-formed urban lake and its catchment

Periphytic diatoms were studied to evaluate the water quality of a newly created lake, formed by the enclosure of the formerly tidal Cardiff Bay (Wales, UK), and the effects of two inflowing rivers which drain densely populated and industrialised catchments. Seven sites in Cardiff Bay and two locations on the inflowing rivers were monitored for diatoms and water chemistry over 2 years. Water quality was assessed using a revised UK trophic diatom index (TDI) and new methods to determine ecological quality ratios and ecological status classes as required by the EU Water Framework Directive. Diatom assemblages reflected spatiotemporal variations in environmental conditions between the rivers and Cardiff Bay and within the bay. In the bay, diatoms reflected differences in river quality and possibly local pollution in certain areas of the lake. High values of the TDI indicated eutrophic to hypertrophic conditions in both rivers and in the bay and diatoms indicated poor ecological status.     

基于机器学习的浮标实时自动化赤潮预警研究

实现赤潮预警对于减轻海洋环境灾害、避免海洋产业特别是海洋渔业重大经济损失具有重要意义。针对当前水文监测数据海量却难以实现实时自动化监测与预警,特别是难以利用传统监测手段实现对危害更大的赤潮的精准实时预测这一显著问题,提出利用浮标数据作为依据,借助机器学习在大数据分析和智能决策方面的优势,建立一种新颖的双重递进式赤潮预警机制的方法。首先,通过相关算法分析历史数据,以确认赤潮初步预警阈值;其次,对叶绿素a、pH、溶解氧等重要监测指标的当前和阶段性变化进行初步分析,判断是否达到预警触发条件;然后,进一步联合分类、回归、聚类、神经网络等机器学习相关方法,对数据进行深度挖掘;最后,通过这种递进式的机制对短期内是否会发生赤潮作出判断,以实现赤潮自动化预警预报。在此基础上,利用宁波梅山湾实际监测数据,证实了该方法在赤潮实时自动化预警中的有效性。     

胶州湾大型底栖动物的次级生产力

基于国外大型底栖动物次级生产力的评估方法,结合国内研究现状,选取了3种Brey模型对胶州湾大型底栖动物的次级生产力进行估算,通过2015—2017年连续3个季度对胶州湾海域大型底栖动物的调查,最终结果表明:胶州湾大型底栖动物的次级生产力与其他海域相比具备较高的水平,次级生产力的季节性变化明显,其中夏季为最高;湾内高值区位于湾顶中部红岛以南到向西偏移至大沽河口和红石崖附近。分析发现历年来大型底栖动物群落的物种组成基本保持稳定,菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)资源的变化是造成次级生产力变化的最主要因素。研究推荐使用Brey(2012)模型来估算胶州湾大型底栖动物次级生产力,春、夏、秋季的估算结果分别为880.17、1 537.64、458.33 kJ/(m~2·a)。