离子色谱柱的干扰问题

色谱柱长期使用后 ,峰会变宽 ,分离效果变差 ,洗脱太快或无法洗脱 ,柱压上升等一些异常现象。原因是 :1离子交换剂破损引起柱压上升 ,薄壳上的微粒脱落从而使峰变宽 ,碱性流动相的作用会使其离子交换容量下降进而保留时间缩短。2流动相或样品溶液中存在尘埃和微生物 ,会使柱端筛孔堵塞 ,压力上升。3离子交换剂表面有附着物 ,它主要是在样品溶液中所含的待测离子之外的杂质 ,不可逆地附着于离子交换剂的表面 ,使正常的离子交换反应无法进行。出现上述现象就应该除去粒状尘埃和有机污染物 ,进行充分清洗。离子色谱柱的干扰问题@敖雪桔$齐齐哈…     

大气中甲基丙烯酸甲酯的气相色谱测定

用Ｕ１ｔｒａ－２３２０μｍ色谱柱分离，可避免溶剂对测定甲基丙烯酸甲酯的干扰。选择二硫化碳及甲醇作为溶剂，保证了测定有足够的灵敏度及精确度。     

离子色谱柱的清洗问题

①将保护柱和分离柱与抑制器和检测器断开，用去离子水泵入色谱柱内清洗柱中淋洗液。②根据色谱柱可能污染物类型选用适当清洗剂，以１．０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ左右流速向色谱柱通入清洗剂溶液，清洗１小时，再用去离子水冲洗清洗剂至中性。③用所需淋洗液平衡柱子，接好抑制器和检测器，进标样，检查清洗效果。离子色谱柱的清洗问题@敖雪桔$齐齐哈尔市环境监测站!黑龙江齐齐哈尔161005@郭娟$齐齐哈尔市环境监测站!黑龙江齐齐哈尔161005@黎瑞敏$齐齐哈尔市环境监测站!黑龙江齐齐哈尔161005     

串级分离柱法在离子色谱中的巧用

将一根使用年限已达十年以上的 DionexAS4 A分离柱和一根使用年限达五年的国产HPIC- SA4分离柱进行串联 ,测定了酸雨、地面水中阴离子 F-、Cl-、NO-2 、NO-3 和 SO2 -4 。结果表明 ,两根本来已无法有效分离某些阴离子的分离柱经串级使用后能够较好地分离测定这些阴离子 ,并能获得重现性和稳定性较好的数据 ,增大了测定线性范围。该法对于经费紧张而又有许多工作需要通过离子色谱法进行的单位具有参考意义。串级分离柱法在离子色谱中的巧用@郭岩$汕头市环境监测站!广东汕头515041 @邝键$汕头市环境监测站!广东汕头515041…     

单、双离子色谱柱互换分析方法研究

本文主要介绍，将日本岛津公司的ＨＩＣ－６Ａ离子色谱仪中的单离子色谱柱改成双离子色谱柱，在测定水质中阴离子含量时，对分析条件选择的结果，加以初浅的分析。它改换的成功，为我们环境水质监测节约了资金，同时也是一种可推广的分析方法。     

生化降解硝化甘油的高效液相色谱测定

采用不锈钢柱(Φ4 6mm×150mm)对生化降解过程的硝化甘油进行高效液相色谱测定,并对实验结果进行了分析,为进一步深入研究提供了一定的指导。     

环境中三甲胺的气相色谱测定

采用ＰＥＧ２０Ｍ３０ｍ×５３０μｍ弹性石英毛细管色谱柱分离，ＦＩＤ检测器检测。环境空气用水吸收，水样直接或顶空进样测定环境中的三甲胺。方法有较高的灵敏度和良好的线性关系，简便快速。     

离子色谱预处理方法的定量研究

离子色谱预处理是离子色谱分析测定过程中必不可少的重要环节,只有通过正确的预处理才可能使测定结果准确无误。在多次实验分析和总结的基础上,提出精确的确定预处理量、次数与实验分析准确性的关系。在预处理柱内通过3倍柱体积以上的样品后,可以保证实验数据的准确性和精密度。为离子色谱的精确测定提供了可靠的操作依据与指导。     

Elite-FFAP色谱柱气相色谱法测定水中苯系物方法探索

本方法利用顶空-毛细柱气相色谱技术对水中的苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯七种挥发性苯系物进行同时测定。对样品平衡温度、样品平衡时间、程序升温的条件控制、氯化钠的浓度等条件进行了摸索,建立了利用了Elite-FFAP色谱柱测定水中七种挥发性苯系物的方法。     

应用离子色谱对环境样品中氨氮的分析

应用离子色谱对环境样品中氨氮的分析汪春学，王书元，郑铁力（吉林长春市环境监测站，长春１３００２２）采用ＺＩＣ－Ⅲ型离子色谱仪、ＹＳＣ阳离子保护柱和ＹＳＣ阳离子分析柱。选择ＨＣＩ作淋洗液，浓度为５ｍｍｏｌ／ｌ（超过７ｍｍｏｌ／ｌ，ＮＨ４十与Ｋ＂分离效果...     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing perceptions about ecosystem health and restoration options in three east coast estuaries

Increasingly public and governmental agencies are concerned aboutrevitalizing coastal environments. Understanding how the publicuses these areas, and what they see as the most important improvements to these regions is critical to their assessment andmanagement. Uses of three estuaries, and perceptions of possiblemanagement and restoration options, were examined for people whowere interviewed in the New York/New Jersey Harbor, Manasquan Inlet, and Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Nearly 90% of the people interviewed listed pollution as New Jersey's most important environmental problem. Most people (68%) used the habitat for outdoor sports, but rated communing with nature, walking, and the provision of open `green' space as the most valued uses. Pollution prevention was the most often mentioned habitat improvement desired, and people rated removing pollution, cleaning up garbage, and creating more fish breeding habitat the highest. There were significant locational differences inhow people used the estuaries, and in how they thought they should be improved. People from Barnegat Bay ranked most uses higher than did people from elsewhere, while the people from Manasquan Inlet rated the importance of most remediation and restoration actions higher. Many of the improvements fall withinenvironmental management, including (rank order from high to low)creating more fish breeding habitat, improving native vegetation,improving habitat for birds, increasing plant diversity,improving habitat for butterflies, and enlarging adjacentmarshes. The data provide clear support for the importance ofthese coastal habitats for communing with nature and having open`green space' spaces, and for providing recreationalopportunities. To enhance their value, people want to removepollution and improve both the habitat quality and the educational and recreational facilities.     

陕西省城镇污水处理厂进出水中主要离子与重点元素分布特征

污水处理厂出水中主要离子和重点元素的浓度特征及去除效果会影响受纳水体的盐度、碱度等指标,从而影响河湖的生态服务功能,但是这方面的研究长期以来未得到充分关注。在陕西省全境选择51家城镇污水处理厂,测定进水和出水中的钾、钙、钠、镁、氟、氯和硫酸根离子,以及铁、锰、硼、钼、锶等重点元素的浓度。测定结果显示:陕西省城镇污水处理厂进水和出水中的阳离子以钠离子为主,其次是钙、镁离子,钾离子浓度最低;阴离子中,氯离子浓度最大,其次为硫酸根离子。就总离子浓度而言,陕北和关中地区污水处理厂进水的离子浓度普遍高于陕南地区。相关性分析结果显示:在污水处理厂进水中,钠、氟、氯、镁及硫酸根离子相互之间均呈现显著正相关关系;铁、锰在进水中没有表现出明显的相关关系,而在出水中呈现显著的正相关关系。污水处理厂仅能够处理污水中少量的氟、钾和镁离子。铁元素和锰元素在经过污水处理厂的处理后,浓度有所升高。此研究的研究结果可为河湖水化学组成管理决策提供参考。     

生物监测在跨界河流中的应用进展

综合分析了生物监测在跨界河流流经国家间的协调管理、生物类群的选择以及监测技术的选择方面所面临的问题;选择欧洲多瑙河、亚洲湄公河以及非洲尼日尔河等跨界河流作为典型案例,对比分析使用不同生物类群(例如底栖动物、浮游藻类以及鱼类)进行跨界河流生物监测的技术方法,阐述了跨界生物监测项目中的资金来源、管理办法和运行机制等;并对未来的跨界河流生物监测提出建议,以期为中国的跨界河流生物监测提供实践依据。     

Effect of El Nĩno on demographic,morphological, and chemical parameters in turtle-grass (Thalassia testudinum): an unexpected test of indicators

We examined the response of demographic, morphological, and chemical parameters of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum), to much-higher-than-normal rainfall associated with an El Niño event in the winter of 1997–1998. Up to 20 inches of added rain fell between December 1997 and March 1998, triggering widespread and persistent phytoplankton blooms along the west coast of Florida. Water-column chlorophyll concentrations estimated from serial SeaWiFS imagery were much higher during the El Niño event than in the previous or following years, although the timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms varied among sites. Seagrass samples collected in 1997, 1998, and 1999 provided an excellent opportunity to test the responsiveness of Thalassia to decline and subsequent improvement of water quality and clarity in four estuaries. Using a scoring technique based on temporal responsiveness, spatial consistency, and statistical strength of indicators, we found that several morphological parameters (Thalassia shoot density, blade width, blade number, and shoot-specific leaf area) were responsive and consistent measures of light stress. Some morphological parameters, such as rhizome apex density, responded to declines and subsequent improvement in water clarity, but lacked the statistical discriminating power necessary to be useful indicators. However, rhizome sugar, starch, and the total carbohydrate concentrations also exhibited spatially and temporally consistent variation as well as statistical strength. Because changes in shoot density, as well as water clarity, affect rhizome carbohydrate levels, a composite metric based on Thalassia shoot density and rhizome carbohydrate levels together is probably more useful than either parameter alone as an indicator of seagrass health.     

Fate Modelling of DEHP in Roskilde Fjord, Denmark

The fate of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is modeled in Roskilde fjord, Denmark. The fjord is situated near Roskilde, which comprises 80,000 PE, various industries, a central wastewater treatment plant, and adjacent agricultural fields. Roskilde fjord is thus a suitable recipient for studying the transport and fate of DEHP, which is used in a variety of different industries and consumer products. Wastewater from households and industries is led to the local wastewater treatment plant, which leads the effluent to the fjord. The sludge is partly stored and partly amended on an adjacent field. The model applied in the present study is a simple box model coupling water and sediment compartments of the fjord with wastewater treatment plant effluent, streams leading to the fjord, and atmospheric deposition. The fjord model comprises first-order degradation, adsorption, sedimentation, vertical diffusion in the sediment, dispersive mixing in the water, and water exchange with the surrounding sea. Experimental measurements of DEHP were made in the fjord water and sediment, in the wastewater treatment plant inlet and effluent, and in streams and atmospheric deposition. The experimental data are used to calibrate the model. The model results show that freshwater from streams is the predominant DEHP source to the fjord, followed by atmospheric deposition and effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Sedimentation is the predominant removal mechanism followed by water exchange with the sea and degradation.     

Abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of western gray whales in relation to a 3-D seismic survey, Northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia

A geophysical seismic survey was conducted in the summer of 2001 off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. The area of seismic exploration was immediately adjacent to the Piltun feeding grounds of the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). This study investigates relative abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of gray whales in relation to occurrence and proximity to the seismic survey by employing scan sampling, focal follow, and theodolite tracking methodologies. These data were analyzed in relation to temporal, environmental, and seismic related variables to evaluate potential disturbance reactions of gray whales to the seismic survey. The relative numbers of whales and pods recorded from five shore-based stations were not significantly different during periods when seismic surveys were occurring compared to periods when no seismic surveys were occurring and to the post-seismic period. Univariate analyses indicated no significant statistical correlation between seismic survey variables and any of the eleven movement and behavior variables. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after accounting for temporal and environmental variables, 6 of 11 movement and behavior variables (linearity, acceleration, mean direction, blows per surfacing, and surface-dive blow rate) were not significantly associated with seismic survey variables, and 5 of 11 variables (leg speed, reorientation rate, distance-from-shore, blow interval, and dive time) were significantly associated with seismic survey variables. In summary, after accounting for environmental variables, no correlation was found between seismic survey variables and the linearity of whale movements, changes in whale swimming speed between theodolite fixes, mean direction of whale movement, mean number of whale exhalations per minute at the surface, mean time at the surface, and mean number of exhalations per minute during a whales surface-to-dive cycle. In contrast, at higher received sound energy exposure levels, whales traveled faster, changed directions of movement less, were recorded further from shore, and stayed under water longer between respirations.     

中欧环境空气臭氧评价对比与启示

欧盟臭氧(O₃)监测与评价起步相对较早。对比中国和欧盟O₃例行评价,欧盟在O₃标准限值、保护对象、评价指标、评价时间尺度、参评点位类型的设定和选取,以及O₃浓度与前体物排放量的关联性分析等方面,均对中国O₃评价具有一定的借鉴意义。以2017—2020年石家庄市8个国控站点O₃观测数据为分析案例,采用欧盟常用的日最大8 h滑动平均浓度(MDA8)第4高值,以及O₃暴露指标SOMO35和AOT40等3项评价指标,开展了尝试性评价应用和浓度对比。对照欧盟O₃评价指标应用经验,未来可考虑从兼顾两类功能区、丰富评价指标、扩展参评点位类型、纳入暴露影响评估、关联前体物排放变化等方面,进一步完善中国环境空气O₃评价方式,以更好地发挥其对空气质量精细化管理的数据支撑作用。     

Managing troubled data: coastal data partnerships smooth data integration

Understanding the ecology, condition, and changes of coastal areas requires data from many sources. Broad-scale and long-term ecological questions, such as global climate change, biodiversity, and cumulative impacts of human activities, must be addressed with databases that integrate data from several different research and monitoring programs. Various barriers, including widely differing data formats, codes, directories, systems, and metadata used by individual programs, make such integration troublesome. Coastal data partnerships, by helping overcome technical, social, and organizational barriers, can lead to a better understanding of environmental issues, and may enable better management decisions. Characteristics of successful data partnerships include a common need for shared data, strong collaborative leadership, committed partners willing to invest in the partnership, and clear agreements on data standards and data policy. Emerging data and metadata standards that become widely accepted are crucial. New information technology is making it easier to exchange and integrate data. Data partnerships allow us to create broader databases than would be possible for any one organization to create by itself.