汽油车BASM排放检测方法关联规则研究

应用数据挖掘法对3720台次汽油车的BASM排放检测数据进行关联性分析，对汽车BASM排放检测方法中检测工况及排放污染物检测项目CO、HC、NOx间关联性进行研究，得出在BASM 5024工况下没有通过检测的车辆在BASM 2540工况检测的通过率只有5．7％，CO检测合格对HC的检测合格有76．5％的支持度，HC检测合格对NOx检测合格的支持度为58．9％，说明BASM 5024与BASM 2540检测工况具有较高的关联性，HC与CO存在较高的关联度，而HC与NOx的关联度不高。     

柴油车加载减速烟度测试工况的关联规则研究

进行在用柴油车加载减速烟度检测工况点的关联规则研究。应用数据挖掘方法对4730台次柴油车的加载减速烟度排放检测数据进行分析,挖掘该检测方法中的三种检测工况点测试烟度值HSU100、HSU90、HSU80合格与否相互之间的关联规则。发现该三种检测工况烟度排放检测合格的相互支持度在85.8%~90.68%范围内,而其中任一种检测工况下烟度测试合格相对车辆烟度检测合格的支持度为77.8%。     

非分散红外法应用于在用柴油车NOx排放检测的研究

柴油车排放的NO_x量大且占比高,污染状况不容忽视。针对目前柴油车排放环保定期检验中缺少NO_x检测方法和标准的情况,采用非分散红外法对210辆柴油车NO_x排放进行实测。结果显示,加载减速检测工况中80%VelMaxHP工况点可用于柴油车NO_x排放检测,有利于识别高排放车辆。该方法的推广应用,将为今后柴油车后处理装置的效果监管和车辆NO_x实际排放的日常检测提供重要技术支撑。     

南京工况下轻型车排放试验与分析

通过对南京主城区典型路段车辆行驶路谱的采集与解析,建立具有地区特征的南京工况.选择典型轻型车,在实验室模拟并进行CO、THC和NOx等污染因子的排放试验,得到车速为26.4 km/h时的排放结果分别为11.54 g/km、1.70 g/km和2.22 g/km.分析比较表明,南京工况与国家标准工况和美国FTP-75工况差异较大,而更接近于要求热机直接进行测试的日本10.15工况.     

连续排放监测系统性能检验第一部分 安装和技术条件

美国ＥＰＡ、国家标准化组织 (ＩＳＯ)和许多欧洲国家已经建立了检验连续排放监测系统性能的方法。作为管理上的需要 ,应建立国家级的检验方法。当连续排放监测系统为控制任务提供数据时 ,必须按国家规定的检验方法进行检验。不同的连续排放监测系统 ,有不同的检验方法 ,但检验方法中基本都包括了与参比方法进行比较。表 1给出了美国ＥＰＡ已经建立的检验连续排放监测系统特征技术指标的方法。在 4 0ＣＦＲ 60附录Ｂ中对ＮＳＰＳ源也规定了特征技术条件。业已发现连续排放监测系统的检测器在一个工厂可能工作得很好 ,但相同型号的检测器在另…     

基于吸附原理的双路独立汞采样方法

参照美国EPA 30B方法,基于吸附原理,研制了用于燃煤燃烧源排放烟气中总气态汞的双路独立采样系统,结合热解析分析技术,现场测试结果符合30B方法的质控指标要求。建议加大国产吸附管的研制力度,开发适用于中国工况的汞采样器。     

不同类型机动车尾气挥发性有机化合物排放特征研究

机动车尾气主要成分包括一氧化碳、氮氧化物、碳氢化合物、铅及苯并[a]芘等.其中,挥发性有机化合物由于其对光化学烟雾的贡献及对人体健康的影响而成为近年来大气化学研究的热点.文章首次对北京市9种车辆、5种燃料在不同工况下排放挥发性有机化合物特征进行了定量研究.结果表明,车型、燃料、净化器及工况等因素对排放量产生影响,电喷车比化油器车排放低,其中,夏利比富康与奥迪排放量高;LPG与汽油车排放量最高,柴油车与CNG车排放最低.其中,-10#柴油车比0#柴油车排放更低;使用净化器可以降低挥发性有机化合物排放量;不同工况对排放量的影响随车型、燃料类型的不同而不同.因此,使用清洁燃料、安装净化器和使用电喷装置,可减少尾气中挥发性有机化合物含量.     

中国大陆和台湾地区水质悬浮物相关标准对比探讨

对比了中国大陆与台湾地区水质悬浮物的质量标准、排放标准以及检测方法标准。探讨大陆目前现行的与水质悬浮物相关标准的修订需求。提出,现有的质量标准修订时,应增加悬浮物指标,且可参考台湾的质量标准,适当放宽标准限值要求;现有的排放标准修订时,对于悬浮物指标,可参考台湾的排放标准,适当收紧标准限值要求;现有的检测方法标准修订时,可以增加称量恒重载体的种类,使用自身质量更轻的铝盘等载体,使检测结果更为稳定,分析过程更易掌握;增加质控样品的配制方法,提出质控要求,提高悬浮物测定项目的准确度与精密度水平。     

简讯

各国碳税和排放权交易之比较人民网消息摇澳大利亚近期推出了一个激进的碳排放税方案,那么中国、美国、欧洲以及印度又将如何呢？英国《卫报》做了相应的分析。中国：中国已经宣布计划到2013年在6个地区全面推行排放权交易制度,到2015年扩展至全国。中国计划到2020年     

餐饮业油烟排放监测模拟工况研究

在现行《饮食业油烟排放标准(试行)》(GB18483—2001)的执行过程中,工况难以控制,影响监测结果的准确性。在对不同餐饮业的主要烹饪方式(炸、煎、煮、炒)餐饮油烟的初始排放浓度进行实测的基础上,模拟出和以上4种烹饪方式相匹配的工况,分析各种类型餐饮业不同工况下的油烟排放规律,建立了一组能够由监测人员主动控制的油烟监测模拟工况。     

火力发电行业主要气态污染物排放量计算方法研究

针对目前我国火力发电行业气态污染物排放量计算方法使用混乱的情况,根据欧盟《空气污染物排放清单指南》和美国《空气污染物排放因子汇编》,介绍了火电行业主要气态污染物排放量的实际测量及理论计算方法。提出我国火电行业应根据实际情况,选择实际测量、排放因子或经验公式等方法计算污染物排放量;使用排放因子方法计算SO2排放量时,应开展S元素转化率的研究;火电厂应增加燃料中N元素的分析,以利于NOx排放量的准确估算。     

Application of laser-based ion mobility (IM) spectrometry for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) and petroleum products in soils

The capability of laser-based IM spectrometry to detect PAC and petroleum products (oils) in model matrices, laboratory reference (LR) materials and in real-world contaminated soil samples was demonstrated. Quantitative IM investigations of PAC-doped PVC films yielded detection limits in the ppm range for single PAC. The potential of IM spectrometry for in situ analysis was demonstrated by the analysis of PAC-containing certified reference (CR) material, and of petroleum product-containing LR materials and real-world soil samples. The calibration of IM signals obtained from oil-doped LR materials was also possible, and detection of oils with concentrations below 100 mg kg(-1) was achieved. The in situ analysis of real-world contaminated soils with the IM and LIF techniques was in good accordance with ex situ reference investigations.     

Emission of nitrous oxide from rice-wheat systems of Indo-Gangetic plains of India

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) accounts for 5%of the total enhanced greenhouse effect and responsiblefor the destruction of the stratospheric ozone. The rice-wheat cropping system occupying 26 million ha ofproductive land in Asia could be a major source ofN₂O as most of the fertilizer N in this region isconsumed by this system. Emission of N₂O asinfluenced by application of urea, urea plus farm yardmanure (FYM), and urea plus dicyandiamide (DCD), anitrification inhibitor, was studied in rice-wheatsystems of Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Total emissionof N₂O-N from the rice-wheat systems varied between654 g ha^-1 in unfertilized plots and 1570 g ha^-1 in urea fertilized plots. Application of FYM and DCDreduced emission of N₂O-N in rice. The magnitude ofreduction was higher with DCD. In wheat also N₂O-Nemission was reduced by DCD. FYM applied in rice had noresidual effect on N₂O-N emission in wheat. In riceintermittent wetting and drying condition of soilresulted in higher N₂O-N emission than that ofsaturated soil condition. Treatments with 5 irrigationsgave higher emissions in wheat than those with 3irrigations. In rice-wheat system, typical of a farmer'sfield in Indo-Gangetic plains, where 240 kg N isgenerally applied through urea, N₂O-N emission is1570 g ha^-1 (0.38% of applied N) and application ofFYM and DCD reduced it to 1415 and 1096 g ha^-1,respectively.     

SO2 modeling in İzmit Gulf, Turkey during the winter of 1997: 3 cases

In this study, SO₂ dispersion over İzmit Gulf is simulated by California Puff (CALPUFF) model for three air pollution cases, which occurred on January 28, February 12, and February 26, 1997. These days are generally characterized by dominant high-pressure systems – pressure values reaching 1032 mb, low wind speeds and sometimes calm conditions, and low temperatures with a minimum of 0°C. Hourly simulations during those critical cases were carried out and results revealed very high concentrations of SO₂ transported to the downwind regions of Tüpraş and Gebze, and values sometimes exceeded 1,000 μg/m³. Nighttime and morning simulations associated with inversion produced considerably higher values of SO₂ than the afternoon simulations associated with breeze. Model verification was conducted by comparing the measured daily average values of eight stations with the model predicted values at the same receptor points. Results showed that the model well predicted the values at station Gebze in all three cases. The model sometimes underestimated and sometimes overestimated the concentrations at other receptor stations.     

Trace metals solubility in rainwater: evaluation of rainwater quality at a watershed area, Istanbul

In this study, 79 bulk precipitation samples were collected at two sampling sites near Büyükçekmece Lake, one of the important drinking water sources of Istanbul, for the period of October 2001 to July 2002. The study comprised the determination of trace and toxic metals concentrations in rain water. The concentrations of the metals in this study were found to be higher than those reported by other researchers around the world. The solubility of toxic metals was found in the order of Cd > Cu > V > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cr. Solubility of metals under acidic conditions (pH < 5.5) was approximately five times higher than those under neutral conditions with Cd as the most soluble metal (50% soluble). Statistical evaluations including seasonal variations, crustal enrichment factors, and correlation matrix were discussed to identify the possible sources of these pollutants. The study revealed that anthropogenic elements were highly enriched especially for Cd > Cu > Pb which were found to be highly enriched. Significant portion of Cu and Pb could be increased by the effect of local sources like cement industry in the area; however, the rest of the investigated trace metals could be brought to the sampling site by long-range transport to the Büyükçekmece Lake watershed area.     

Annual Growth of Four Pleurocarpous Moss Species and Their Applicability for Biomonitoring Heavy Metals

Data on the annual production per area of mosses used as biomonitors is of major importance in the calculation of heavy metal deposition rates derived from concentration values. Therefore, annual biomass production per area was determined for Hylocomium splendens (127 ± 61 gm^-2 yr^-1), Pleurozium schreberi (161 ± 56 gm^-2 yr^-1), Hypnum cupressiforme (188 ± 62 gm^-2 yr^-1) and Abientinella abietina (144 ± 45 gm^-2 yr^-1) at 54 sites in Austria. Annual increments were detected by morphological criteria. Central European populations of mosses produce on average 10% (H. splendens) and 39% (P. schreberi) more biomass per area than populations from Northern Europe or Canada.Due to great differences in biomass production at various sites it is suggested calculating heavy metal deposition rates by using mean values only for larger areas and to take only data from accurate measurements of annual growth rates for the calculations of the depositions at single sites.A comparison between heavy metal concentrations (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) in H. cupressiforme and A. abietina showed comparable uptake efficiences for both mosses with somewhat higher values (quotient > 1) in H. cupressiforme. These results correspond with those obtained from other monitoring species (e.g. H. splendens).     

Modelling and assessing inter-regional trade of CO2 emission reduction units

A cost-efficient way to allocate carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission reductions among countries or regions is to harmonise their marginal reduction costs. This could be achieved by a market of emission reduction units (ERUs). To model such a market, we use a multi-regional MARKAL-MACRO model. It gives insights into the consequences of co-ordinating CO₂ abatement on regional energy systems and economies. As a numerical application, we assess the establishment of a market of ERUs among three European countries for curbing their CO₂ emissions.     

Environmental Impact Assessment in the Visegrad Group countries

The Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIA Directive) has created a reference framework for the implementation of the system of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) into the legal systems of the Member States of the European Union, including the countries belonging to the Visegrad Group (V4): Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Hungary. The Directive was the basis for the introduction of compulsory stages of the EIA process in the V4. The stages were then adapted to national requirements, including thresholds of the qualifying criteria of projects at the screening and scoping stages. The EIA system in the analysed countries has been growing, changing and being modified together with the political and economic changes of the last 30 years. Although all Visegrad Group countries are members of the EU and should harmonize the provisions of the EIA Directive and its amendments, there still exist singularities in each country's national EIA legislation, in terms of complementarities among the V4 countries, access to information resources, protection of natural resources, mitigation of socio-environmental impacts, or transboundary impact assessment. The article compares and evaluates the EIA systems in the four countries, specifies similarities and differences in the implementation of administrative proceedings and points out opportunities to strengthen the system. It presents selected results of a study conducted in 2013 within the framework of the international project “Assessment of the quality of the environment in the V4 Countries” (AQE V4). This paper indicates examples of good practice in the EIA systems and the obtained results are compared regarding the amendments to the current European Union EIA Directive.     

Transition to Lead-Free Products in the US Electronics Industry: A Model of Environmental,Technical, and Economic Preferences

The European Union’s Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances (Directive 2002/95/EC) targeted at electronic products took effect in 2006. In contrast, the USA has no comparable national policy on these products. To understand corporate responses to policy differences across jurisdictions, we conducted a structured-questionnaire survey of individuals in 109 companies that are representative of the US electronics industry. The results reveal that 70% of these companies have already adopted lead-free solder for electronics with 49% of the total preferring the SnAgCu formulation, despite uncertainties associated with environmental impacts of this alternative alloy. We use a modified life cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling approach to derive weighting factors that represent the respondents’ value system for tradeoffs among environmental impacts. We use a modified fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution approach to evaluate technical criteria dominance in declared preferences. A statistical model of corporate behavior is also presented. The results provide the first systematic framework that accounts for environmental impact, technological challenge, and business strategy concurrently toward formulating a comprehensive national policy for materials selection in electronic products.