女职工生理期的五大禁忌

安大夫答：生理期期间应避免吃生冷、寒凉以及咸辣的食物,如冰淇淋、梨、辣椒、肉桂等,多喝一些温热并且促进血液循环的饮料,如红糖水、姜茶等。摄取具有补血功能的食物,如红枣、莲子、川贝等,可将它们熬成滋补粥,睡前饮用,不但能促进血液循环、减轻经期不适,还能补血养气、使肤色红润。另外,体内铁、钙、锌等微量元素的缺乏。也是造成生理期肤色暗淡无光的原因,可以口服或注射适量微量元素补充身体所需。     

对降低意外灾害事故中伤员死亡率诸因素的思考

意外灾害事故是人们常说的天灾人祸,包括交通事故伤、空难、海难;火灾、爆炸、塌方、意外坠落、意外撞击、地震、洪水、泥石流,还可加上溺水、触电、中暑、中毒等以及他杀、自杀.通常交通事故占了相当大的比例.意外事故造成的伤害多为严重创伤、多发伤、复合伤,许多人同时受伤又叫群伤、成批伤.造成的伤亡和伤残的比例很高.北京地区近10年来,大的意外事故没有发生,但是中小意外事故连绵不断.1992年昌平旅游直升机坠毁事故、1995年汽车与火车相撞事故、1996年化工厂泄漏事故等等,以及京石高速公路、京津高速公路的大型车祸,动辄死伤十几人、甚至几十人,给人们的生命财产造成严重损失.     

城市安全韧性大考

今天的中国正经历着世界上最大的城镇化进程。截至2019年初,北京、上海、广州、深圳、重庆、成都、武汉已经成功跻身超大城市的行列;天津、南京、郑州、杭州、沈阳等紧随其后,跨入特大城市的队伍。无论是超大城市、特大城市,还是大城市、中等城市、小城市,人口、建筑、财富、生产等要素高度集中,城镇化率迅速提升,是一个突破自然法则、打破资源平衡的过程,它所蕴含的城市系统脆弱性和各种风险乃至危机愈益显现。城市公共安全面临着严峻复杂的形势。     

安防集成促城市楼宇向智慧方向迈进

正智能楼宇也叫智能建筑,是指以建筑物为平台,兼备信息设施系统、信息化应用系统、建筑设备管理系统、公共安全系统等,集结构、系统、服务、管理及其优化组合为一体,向人们提供安全、高效、便捷、节能、环保、健康的建筑环境"。智能楼宇安防集成技术是现代建筑技术、安防技术、信息技术、自动化技术、电子技术等诸多方面相结合的产物,它以信息采集的数字化、信号传输的网络化、处理计算机化、管理决策的信息化和智能化为特征,是城市楼宇智能化的核心和关键。云计算、大数据等新一代信息技术的落地,为大规模的智能楼宇系统和智能楼宇安     

刍议建筑施工现场安全管理

建筑工程施工是一项多工种、多专业的复杂的系统工程,具有流动性强、周期长、受环境影响大的特点,施工现场管理的目的是有效地完成施工项目的合同目标,使企业取得一定的经济效益。安全管理是施工现场管理的基础,施工现场安全管理是一个系统工程,它所涉及的系统是一个人、机、料、法、环、测的系统,所研究的问题,也是人、机、料、法、环、测系统工程学的问题。安全管理的根本任务在于贯彻"安全第一,预防为主、综合治理"的安全方针,降低安全风险,防止事故发生,保障人民生命和财产安全。本文介绍了建筑施工现场安全管理的现状,分析了造成建筑施工安全事故的主要原因,并就如何贯彻"安全第一、预防为主、综合治理"的安全方针,有针对的提出了加强建筑施工现场安全管理的对策,可供同行借鉴和参考。     

四氯化碳的职业危害与防护

正四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride,CCL4)又名四氯甲烷,常温常压下为无色透明、易挥发、不易燃的油状液体,有类似氯仿的微甜气味。分子量为153.84,沸点76.8℃,微溶于水,可与乙醇、乙醚、氯仿及石油醚等混溶。四氯化碳曾广泛用作溶剂、灭火剂、有机物的氯化剂、香料的浸出剂、纤维的脱脂剂、粮食的蒸煮剂、药物的萃取剂、有机溶剂、织物的干洗剂,金属切削中的润滑剂等,也可用来合成氟里昂、     

化学事故 警钟声声

今年以来,重庆、北京、广东、江苏、浙江、江西等地连续发生有毒化学品泄漏、爆炸事故,共有23人死亡,349人中毒、受伤,近20万人紧急疏散,造成大量人员伤亡和严重的经济损失,引起了社会的恐慌,影响了稳定的大局。短期内连续发生重大化学事故在我国并不多见,这些事故的发生,引起了国家的高度重视和社会的强烈     

新手驾车“三大纪律八项注意”

这是一个浮躁的时代,不看别的,看看城市的交通乱象就会有体会。特别是上下班的高峰期,交通往往乱成一锅粥,抢行的、逆行的、闯红灯的、乱按喇叭的,汽车、摩托车、电动车、自行车、行人,各不相让,个个勇往直前。或许不是人人都在赶时间,但人人都不愿甘居人后,于     

肉食不要太“新鲜”

据报道,在日前举行的餐饮专题营养研讨会上,专家提出,无论从营养角度还是从美食口味角度,刚刚宰杀的时刻都不是肉食食用的最佳时机。营养学研究表明,刚刚宰杀的鸡、鸭、鱼、猪、羊、牛等家禽、家畜,由于体内组织仍然继续进行着一系列物理、化学变化,大致可分为僵硬、后熟、自溶、腐败几个阶段,这一系列变化既有阶段性,又有连贯性。如鱼死后1~3小时开始出现僵硬,12~15小时发展到高峰,肌肉组织中的蛋白质还没有分解产生氨基酸,吃起来     

火灾时如何逃生(下)

四、火场逃生十法 (一)灭即灭火.火灾初起阶段,一般是很小的一个火点,燃烧面积不大,产生的热量不多,这时只要随手用沙土、食盐、浸湿的毛巾、棉被、麻袋、毛毯等去覆盖或用锄头、铁锹、树枝等扑打,用脚踩,用水泼,用灭火器喷射,就能使初起火灾熄灭.扑救初起火灾,关键在于快,不能给火蔓延的机会.可能的话,通知其他人逃生.     

职业安全卫生管理体系探析

介绍了职业安全卫生管理体系(OHSMS)标准化实施进程及发展前景，论述了OHSMS的基本原理和特点，阐述了企业建立OHSMS的意义及企业实施OHSMS的必要性和可行性。     

Occupational chemical exposure and risk estimation in process development and design

Each year more people die from diseases caused by work than are killed in industrial accidents. Therefore, methods are needed to evaluate occupational health hazards as early as possible when the process is still under development. A method for estimating inhalative exposures and risks in petrochemical and related plants is presented. The method is simple and suffices with the limited data availability during the early design stages.The steps of the method, which utilizes preliminary process flow diagrams are as follows: first the fugitive emissions and process plot areas are estimated based on precalculated process modules representing the typical process sections (such as a distillation unit). Chemical concentration in the air is then calculated based on the wind velocity probability and the estimated process cross-sectional area. For this purpose a typical wind velocity distribution in the area is used. The worker risk of exposure to chemicals is evaluated either based on the concentration in air by using the hazard quotient method or calculating the carcinogenic chemicals intake and the resulting risk of cancer. The values are compared to the benchmarks.As a result the process route health characteristics such as fugitive emissions rate, critical wind speed, chemical concentration in air and intake amount as well as the corresponding risk of exposure are produced. By using statistical meteorological data, health risks of occupational exposure can be estimated more realistically as probabilities. The approach is capable of comparing alternative processes to select the concept which is inherently occupationally healthier. Using this method, the exposure problems of a process can be identified earlier and proper decisions can be made early in process development or predesign stage.The concentration-based method is demonstrated by a case study of six competing manufacturing routes for methyl methacrylate (MMA). The C3 is found to be the most harmful alternative to health. Both concentration-based and intake-based methods are applied. The study indicates that the intake-based risk estimation benchmark is stricter than the exposure limit-based benchmark for carcinogens.     

金川集团安全生产标准化升级跨越建设途径探索与实践

针对安全生产标准化建设存在的问题,结合金川集团的实际情况,提出了"将安全生产标准化纳入企业安全文化范畴进行建设"。实现升级跨越建设的思路是围绕"零伤害"的安全生产方针,以矿山采矿盘区为单位建立安全标准化组织机构,开展"安全三区"危险源辨识和风险管控,在此基础上建立安全物质标准文化、安全管理标准文化和安全行为标准文化,结合安全文化"五阶段"塑培模式,打造安全自律型和本质安全型的标准化员工队伍,通过"匹配化"与"对标管理"的方式保证安全标准化持续改进模式。实践经验对金属非金属矿山安全生产标准化创建活动具有参考意义。     

The integration of HAZOP expert system and piping and instrumentation diagrams

The main purpose of hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis is to identify the potential hazards in the process design which nowadays is generally developed through a computer aided design (CAD) package. Due to the time and effort consuming nature of HAZOP, it is not done in every engineering firm for every design project. To make HAZOP an integral part of process design, an integration framework is proposed in this paper to seamlessly integrate the commercial process design package Smart Plant P&ID (SPPID, Intergraph) with one of the HAZOP expert systems (named as LDGHAZOP) developed by authors. This integration makes it possible to perform HAZOP analysis easily at anytime of the whole lifecycle of a chemical plant as long as the process design is available, which might help the improvement of design quality. One industrial case study is used to illustrate the ability of the integrated system.     

Role of beliefs in accident and risk analysis and prevention

This paper mainly deals with an old psychological theme, i.e., the impact of comprehensive reference systems such as belief systems and culture on safety and accident prevention. It is hypothesized that an understanding of the beliefs people hold about risks and the causes of accidents, as well as their perceptions of risk targets and the need for safety, are important prerequisites for effectively managing risk and designing preventive measures. This viewpoint is posited to be highly crucial today, especially in this era of globalization where workers from different backgrounds are relocating, and increasingly complex technology is being exported. Illustrations are given for both developing and developed countries. Different factors are shown to cause bias in accident explanation and risk perception. Among these, people’s beliefs about their own ability to cope and also their culture are described as important factors. Both defensive explanations of accidents and illusory or biased risk perception are shown to influence safety assessments and to have important implications for defining the best preventive actions and for writing relevant preventive communications.     

安全仪表系统的开发与要求

综述安全仪表系统的发展过程;对其主要组成、特点以及其各自要求进行研讨;给出安全仪表系统开发的简化流程;探讨安全仪表系统的经济性分析和仪表选择方法;对安全仪表系统整体生命周期中的计划编制、设计、实施、运行、维护和确认等各阶段活动的关键要求进行了讨论和研究。该研究对安全仪表系统的深入理解有指导作用,并为安全仪表系统的分析、设计、实施、运行和维护等活动提供参考。     

炸药及火工品可靠性与安全性评定方法

可靠性的评定结果是否可信,直接关系到炸药及火工品的使用安全性和作用可靠性。但是,现有炸药及火工品可靠性评定方法却存在着达不到置信度要求、评价结果偏于危险的缺点。为此,提出了一种确定炸药及火工品安全度和可靠度的高精度方法,并给出了应用实例。该方法不仅可信程度高,而且适用于小样本情况,尤其是在利用了以往试验数据后,既可提高安全性和可靠性评定的精度,又可大大节省试验的费用及时间     

接地、接零与漏触电保护装置

对目前在电气安全方面广泛应用的保护接地和保护接零技术进行了分析,指出其各自的局限性与特点,重点讨论了漏触电保护装置的工作原理,并就其在实际中的应用进行了阐述。     

Evaluation of risk and cost using an age-dependent unavailability modelling of test and maintenance for standby components

The improvement of safety in the process industries is related to assessment and reduction of risk in a cost-effective manner. This paper addresses the trade-off between risk and cost related to standby safety systems. An age-dependent unavailability model that integrates the effects of the test and maintenance (T&M) activities as well as component ageing is developed and represents the basis for calculating risk. The repair “same-as-new” process is considered regarding the T&M activities. Costs are expressed as a function of the selected risk measure. The time-averaged function of the selected risk measure is obtained from probabilistic safety assessment, i.e. the fault tree analysis. This function is further extended with inclusion of additional parameters related to T&M activities as well as ageing parameters related to component ageing. In that sense, a new model of system unavailability, incorporating component ageing and T&M costs, is presented. The testing strategy is also addressed. Sequential and staggered testings are compared. The developed approach is applied on a standard safety system in nuclear power plant although the method is applicable to standby safety systems that are tested and maintained in other industries as well. The results show that the risk-informed surveillance requirements differ from existing ones in technical specifications, which are deterministically based. Moreover, the presented approach achieves a significant reduction in system unavailability over a relatively small increase of total T&M costs.     

欧盟城市饮用水供应链风险管理与评价及其借鉴

结合欧盟2006年起开展的TECHNEAU(Technology Enabled Universal Access to Safe Water)项目,介绍了欧盟城市"从水源到用户的饮用水供应链"风险管理机制,以及"风险识别、评估、减缓和控制"综合风险评价框架;并从水源地、水处理系统、配水系统、历史风险事件、风险评价方法、评价结果6方面比较了捷克、德国、荷兰、挪威、瑞典5个国家典型城市风险评价实践,着重分析了瑞典哥特堡市风险评价中采用的综合概率故障树法和客户损失时间指数方法及其应用价值。总结了欧盟饮用水供应链的风险管理在全过程管理策略、"关口前移"管理方针、多样性的风险评价方法与技术、参与主体多元化、评价结果公开透明5个方面的成功做法和经验,可供国内参考。