基于FMECA与模糊FTA的余热锅炉安全分析

为了保证余热锅炉安全运行,预防爆炸事故发生,利用FMECA方法和模糊FTA方法,研究余热锅炉事故致因。通过对余热锅炉潜在危险因素的分析辨别,探讨设备故障类型、原因及相应处理方法,引入模糊FTA对余热锅炉爆炸事故定性和定量分析,进而构建了基于FMECA与模糊FTA的余热锅炉安全分析框架,并计算得出事故发生的模糊概率以及对基本事件的敏感性分析。研究表明,余热锅炉系统的可靠度大约为96.92%,未按规定排污,报警器失灵,安全阀压力连接管堵塞及除氧器不合格事件对顶事件发生概率的影响最大,从而为该系统的安全决策提供支持。     

如何避免蒸汽锅炉爆炸事故的发生

通过锅炉爆炸事故的实例分析，阐述了锅炉在生产、安装、验收、使用、管理等方面必须遵守《锅炉安全技术监察规程》的有关规定，才能消除锅炉爆炸的隐患，确保锅炉的安全运行。     

一起立式锅炉爆炸事故原因分析及隐患排查

采用现场勘察、光谱分析和金相检验等方法对一起立式锅炉爆炸事故进行原因分析,发现该锅炉制造时存在严重未焊透的设备缺陷和其他使用管理方面的问题.为此制定了超声波检测工艺,对本地区同一制造厂生产的在用锅炉进行隐患排查.对排查发现存在严重制造缺陷的锅炉进行现场维修或召回,对排查发现的使用管理方面的问题也一并跟踪整改.     

一起SHXF35-1.25/250-AQ型锅炉炉膛发生严重爆炸事故的原因分析

针对一起SHXF35-1.25/250-AQ型锅炉炉膛发生严重爆炸事故,通过对现场破损情况、燃烧控制系统、控制线路等分析着重阐述了锅炉爆炸事故的起因。分析认为,燃烧器前控制阀门机械故障和控制系统失效,导致鼓风吹扫过程中大量高炉煤气泄漏进入炉膛,当炉膛内燃气浓度达到爆炸极限,此时进行点火操作,高炉煤气遇明火瞬间发生炉膛爆炸事故。结合实际应用和工作经验,提出了燃高炉煤气锅炉安全使用的建议和相关措施,对安全管理具有参考价值和实际意义。     

火灾爆炸危险指数评价法在催化裂化装置中的安全运用

以大庆石化总厂140万吨/年重油催化裂化装置为例,运用美国道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法对该装置进行安全性评价,分析装置各单元固有的火灾爆炸危险性。根据火灾爆炸危险指数大小给工艺单元划分危险等级,评价其潜在的火灾爆炸危险,确定安全补偿系数。通过量化其危险性因素,从生产设备、工艺操作、安全管理等方面综合分析该装置的危险性、生产过程存在的火灾爆炸危险性和发生事故的可能性,评价发生事故的严重程度,找出主要危险因素力求从技术、工艺、设备、原材料、安全管理等方面采取措施,以减少火灾爆炸事故的发生或降低事故损失。本文为石化企业采取有针对性的火灾爆炸预防措施,从而降低事故的发生概率,提高装置运行的稳定性和可靠性,减少损失,保证生产安全进行提供了科学依据。     

火灾爆炸危险指数评价法在催化裂化装置中的运用

本文以大庆石化总厂140万吨/年重油催化裂化装置为例,运用美国道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法对该装置进行安全性评价,分析装置各单元固有的火灾爆炸危险性.根据火灾爆炸危险指数大小给工艺单元划分危险等级,评价其潜在的火灾爆炸危险,确定安全补偿系数.通过量化其危险性因素,从生产设备、工艺操作、安全管理等方面综合分析该装置的危险性、生产过程存在的火灾爆炸危险性和发生事故的可能性,评价发生事故的严重程度,找出主要危险因素力求从技术、工艺、设备、原材料、安全管理等方面采取措施,以减少火灾爆炸事故的发生或降低事故损失.本文为石化企业采取有针对性的火灾爆炸预防措施,从而降低事故的发生概率,提高装置运行的稳定性和可靠性,减少损失,保证生产安全进行提供了科学依据.     

中小锅炉爆炸事故规律分析与研究

为研究中小型锅炉爆炸事故的规律,对中小型锅炉爆炸案例进行调查和分析,并进行了缺水再进水试验和炉胆失稳模拟试验。研究认为,爆炸主要原因是缺水和超压,缺水造成材料性能下降明显,进水汽化造成锅内压力骤升,并给出了立式锅炉爆炸机理。从锅炉结构、水容积、安全附件等方面的爆炸事故因素考虑,对3种中小型锅炉进行安全性分析,并提出了事故预防措施。     

锅炉常见事故的产生原因及预防措施

锅炉是一种承受高温、高压、具有爆炸危险的特种设备。如果使用、维护、管理不善，会酿成重大的人身伤亡及设备事故。据统计，1993年全国发生431起锅炉事故，其中锅炉爆炸事故40起，重大事故291起；死亡37人，重伤61人。为了确保锅炉的安全运行，保障人民生命财产安全，充分发挥设备效能、节约能源，降低运行费用，对几种锅炉常见事故的产生原因及其预防措施作一探讨。1水位事故锅炉水位事故是锅炉的恶性事故之一，包括锅炉缺水、满水和汽水共腾三种。如果处理不当，轻则停炉、停机影响正常生产，重则炉管爆破，设备损坏，甚至造成锅炉爆炸…     

气体二氧化氯爆炸特性参数的测定

利用20L圆柱形可燃气体(蒸气)爆炸测试实验装置,用预先配制好浓度的盐酸溶液和亚氯酸钠溶液现场发生反应生成二氧化氯气体,对二氧化氯气体爆炸特性参数进行测定。采用TST6150动态数据储存仪和压力传感器等实验设备获得了高清晰度的二氧化氯气体爆炸压力变化曲线。通过综合分析实验结果,得到了二氧化氯气爆炸极限和爆炸压力变化规律。根据该研究结果,对于预防二氧化氯气体爆炸事故的发生提供数据参考,对指导安全生产和使用,均具有实际意义。     

锅炉超压爆炸事故分析与危害性评价

运用事故树分析法（FTA），对锅炉超压爆炸事故进行了定性的分析，指出了防止锅炉超压爆炸管理的要点；并以一台型号为SHX25-2．5-AⅡ的锅炉为例，用TNT当量法近似计算锅炉爆炸事故危害半径；同时计算了该锅炉爆炸时的烫伤范围。     

泄爆面积比对泄爆门封闭泄爆特性的影响研究*

为研究泄爆面积比对泄爆门泄爆特性的影响,运用FLUENT软件建立煤矿井下1∶1巷道模型,在不同泄爆面积比的工况下对瓦斯爆炸传播规律及泄爆过程进行模拟,分析其变化特征和封闭泄爆效果。结果表明:S0工况条件下,压力和温度衰减后保持在0.29 MPa和565 K;S1~S4工况条件下,S4比S1,S2和S3达到封闭状态时间快780,260,50 ms,封闭时间最大节省70.91%;随着泄爆面积比的增大,封闭火区内的压力的峰值、峰值数量和达到封闭状态时间减小,泄爆能力增强;火焰速度峰值和衰减速率增大;温度的初始峰值、峰值数量和达到稳定状态时间减小,最大峰值反而增大,说明泄爆门对瓦斯爆炸火焰无抑制作用。     

液化石油气爆炸范围及爆炸力的测定

液化石油气、瓦斯等可燃气体的爆炸防治是一个非常迫切需要解决的问题.利用自制可燃气体爆炸箱来模拟可燃气体爆炸,并通过光干涉甲烷测定仪来测定混合气体爆炸时的甲烷百分含量,再推算出液化石油气的爆炸范围和计算爆炸力.     

Risk assessment method of polyethylene dust explosion based on explosion parameters

The explosion characteristic parameters of polyethylene dust were systematically investigated. The variations in the maximum explosion pressure (P_max), explosion index (K_st), minimum ignition energy (MIE), minimum ignition temperature (MIT), and minimum explosion concentration (MEC) of dust samples with different particle sizes were obtained. Using experimental data, a two-dimensional matrix analysis method was applied to classify the dust explosion severity based on P_max and K_st. Then, a three-dimensional matrix was used to categorize the dust explosion sensitivity based on three factors: MIE, MIT, and MEC. Finally, a two-dimensional matrix model of dust explosion risk assessment was established considering the severity and sensitivity. The model was used to evaluate the explosion risk of polyethylene dust samples with different particle sizes. It was found that the risk level of dust explosion increased with decreasing particle size, which was consistent with the actual results. The risk assessment method can provide a scientific basis for dust explosion prevention in the production of polyethylene.     

Thermal explosion of autocatalytic reaction

Analytical and numerical solutions are used to determine the critical conditions for thermal explosion of autocatalytic reaction. The solutions covers both the reaction governed by the Arrhenius kinetics equation and the Frank-Kamenetskii approximation for that equation. The definition of criticality as the point at which d²θ/dβ²=0, d³θ/dβ³=0 and dθ/dβ〉0 is used here. The study is dealt with low and high exothermicity (B) of the reaction and their effects on the critical parameters. The numerical solutions cover the whole reaction from start at β = 0 up to the end at β = 1.0. All trajectories from subcritical, critical to supercritical are offered. The effects of different parameters such as B, ψ and θ_a (ambient temperature) on the critical conditions are presented. The results showed that the lower the autocatalytic factor (β₀) is, the pronounced autocatalytic reaction explosion. The analytical solution offered analytical expressions for the critical condition and the different limits of the solutions are clarified. It was found that the numerical results confirm the analytical solution.     

Investigation of a filter explosion

At about 10 o'clock on a summer morning in 1987, an industrial filter used to purify an electrolytic plating solution exploded at a printed wiring board manufacturing plant. An investigation team used the failure modes and effects analysis technique to identify potential failures that could have caused the explosion and to reconstruct the most probable sequence of events that led to the accident. This paper describes the investigation and its results.     

Dust explosion hazard assessment

The majority of powders that are used in the processing industries are combustible (also referred to as flammable, explosible). An explosion will occur if the concentration of the combustible dust that is suspended in air is sufficient to propagate flame when ignited by a sufficiently energetic ignition source.A systematic approach to identifying dust cloud explosion safety against their consequences generally involves:-Identification of locations where combustible dust cloud atmospheres could be present-Understanding of the explosion characteristics of the dust(s)-Identification of potential ignition sources that could be present under normal and abnormal conditions-Proper process and facility design to eliminate and/or minimize the occurrence of dust explosions and protect people and facilities against their consequences-Adequate maintenance of facilities to prevent ignition sources and minimize dust releaseThis presentation will discuss the conditions that are required for dust cloud explosions to occur and presents a well-tried approach to identify, assess, and eliminate/control dust explosion hazards in facilities.     

Manganese mill dust explosion

A process dust explosion in a manganese pulverizing plant is described and probable causes of the incident are discussed. Explosibility and ignition characterization data are presented. An assessment is made of the feasibility of the use of deflagration suppression as a method of explosion protection in fine metal powder process systems.     

抑爆粉剂浓度及粒度对瓦斯爆炸抑制效果的影响

抑爆粉剂的参数指标是影响隔抑爆装置抑制瓦斯爆炸效果的重要因素之一。通过20 L球形爆炸特性实验装置对多种不同抑爆粉剂浓度及粒度条件下的瓦斯爆炸特性参数进行了测试。研究表明:随着抑爆剂浓度的逐渐增加，瓦斯爆炸最大压力降低，最大压力上升速率降低，压力到达峰值时间延迟；在20 L密闭环境，粉剂粒度＜15 μm的条件下，当抑爆粉剂浓度增加到225 g/m3时，瓦斯混合气体被完全惰化，失去爆炸性；在15~80 μm抑爆粉剂粒度范围内，随着粒度的减小，抑爆性能先减弱后增强，在抑爆粉剂浓度为200 g/m3时，15 μm 与70~80 μm粉剂粒度最大爆炸压力分别下降了19.8%，17.8%，而40~50 μm粒度爆炸压力下降了6.4%。     

Modeling of explosion dynamics in vessel-pipe systems to evaluate the performance of explosion isolation systems

Explosion isolation systems provide critical protection for interconnected vessels and work areas, preventing the spread of explosions through interconnecting pipes and ducts. These systems not only prevent propagating events, but also mitigate the elevated explosion hazards of interconnected vessels, related to pressure piling and enhanced turbulence. Explosion isolation systems can, however, fail catastrophically when they are not properly designed for a use case.Evaluating the performance of explosion isolation systems includes assessing their pressure resistance, flame-barrier efficacy, and determining appropriate installation distances, which typically requires extensive testing. To predict the performance of a system for use cases outside the tested conditions, models are needed to reliably predict both the explosion dynamics and the isolation system response.In this study, a physics-based model for explosion dynamics in vented vessel-pipe systems is developed and validated. An extensive series of large-scale validation experiments were conducted, including tests using an 8 m³ vessel with attached pipes, varying the pipe dimensions, ignition location, and mixture reactivity. The model accurately captures the effects of experimental parameters and predicts the time available for isolation systems to form a flame barrier. This model can help to predict installation distances and reduce the number of tests needed to comprehensively evaluate explosion isolation systems and their use cases.     

抛光铝粉爆炸及ABC粉体抑爆特性的实验研究

为研究抛光铝粉的爆炸危险和ABC粉体的抑爆特性，在对实验粉体粒径分布进行分析的基础上，采用20 L粉尘爆炸特性实验装置，分别对不同铝粉尘浓度、不同抑爆剂浓度条件下的爆炸特性参数进行测试。研究结果表明:在实验条件下，铝粉的爆炸下限为45 g/m3＜C＜60 g/m3；随铝粉浓度增加，爆炸烈度呈现出先增强后减弱的变化趋势，在浓度为400 g/m3时爆炸烈度最大。ABC抑爆剂能够有效抑制铝粉爆炸超压和爆炸反应进程，随着惰性粉体浓度的增加，抑制效果愈加明显，爆炸逐渐减弱。当ABC惰性粉体的质量占比增加到50%时，相较单一铝粉爆炸，反应过程时间由72 ms增加至785 ms，爆炸最大压力、最大压力上升速率分别下降了61.7%，89.5%；当ABC粉体质量占比为53%时，铝粉被完全惰化，未发生爆炸。