熔盐氧化法处理卤代废物

美国 ATG公司开发出一种溶盐氧化法 ,用于处理氯代或其他卤代废物。该法使用 1 2 0 0～ 1 30 0 碳酸钠或其他盐熔池。危险废物被投入熔池内 ,分解成无害的盐如氯化钠 ,从而达到对废物处置的立法要求。该法的处理费用为焚烧法的 30 %～ 4 0 % ,无需焚烧法所需的烟道气洗涤装置 ,并可避免化学氧化法要产生大量废物的问题。熔盐氧化法处理卤代废物     

关于核定2009年进口废五金电器、废电线电缆和废电机定点加工利用单位的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市环境保护局(厅): 为进一步规范进口废五金电器、废电线电缆和废电机(以下简称"废五金电器类废物"加工利用单位的管理,在2009年进口废五金电器类废物定点加工利用单位(以下简称"定点单位")核定工作中,继续实行总量控制,推进圈内管理,并对定点单位进行优化调整.     

关于核定2009年进口废五金电器、废电线电缆和废电机定点加工利用单位的通知环境保护部办公厅[2008]66号

各省、自治区、直辖市环境保护局（厅）： 为进一步规范进口废五金电器、废电线电缆和废电机（以下简称“废五金电器类废物”）加工利用单位的管理，在2009年进口废五金电器类废物定点加工利用单位（以下简称“定点单位”）核定工作中，继续实行总量控制，推进圈区管理，并对定点单位进行优化调整。现将有关事项通知如下：     

城市电子废物的资源循环及回收方法探究

电子废弃物资源循环是一系统问题,除电子废弃物收集计划与物流、政策措施外,电子废弃物资源流程结构的建立和资源回收技术是保证.全面分析了电子垃圾中的资源结构,论述了从电子废物中回收材料的各种可行方法,尤其是从电子废物中回收玻璃、塑料和金属的各种再循环技术.如玻璃,讨论了从玻璃-玻璃和从玻璃-铅的再循环技术;如塑料,分析了化学再循环、机械再循环和热量再循环方法;如金属,讨论了铜、铅,以及贵重金属如银、金、铂和钯的回收过程与程序,最后对生物技术在电子垃圾金属回收中的应用这一环境友好的新技术做了介绍.     

国外动态

电镀废物蒸发回收系统 Process Engineering, 69[1], 23<1988> 美国能源部开发了一种用于从金属精加工废物中回收金属和化学品的闭路、高效蒸发法。在美国,金属电镀和精加工工业一般是采用化学“自毁”系统来处理废物。这种方法会沉淀出大量的污泥,必须将其运到具有许可证的填埋场。这种处理方式是非常昂贵的,并且由于将建立更严格的环境立法,而变得更加昂贵。开发的闭路系统能达到接近于零排放,从而可解决水污染问题。该系统从淋洗作业回收干净的水     

将烃类废物转化成富含氢的合成气

Euro-Innovation S.A.公司建成一座烃类废物处理能力为100 kg/h的中试装置,以试验一种被称作Luxotherm的方法。该法将热解与蒸汽重整相结合,在一个反应器内,而不是象通常那样在2个反应器内,将危险烃类废物,如被污染的油、氯代溶剂及多氯联苯等转化成富含氢的合成气,从而将投资费用降低约50%。 　　往废物中加20%-25%的水,用泵连续送入装有CaO填料床的管式反应器的底部。反应器用电加热至800℃左右,在20-50毫巴及无氧条件下运转。随着进料的上升,CaO夺取废物中的卤素、硫及磷原子,生成钙盐,烃被裂解成H2、CH4、CO和焦炭。 　　加入的水用于甲烷和焦炭的蒸汽重整,而CaO则起催化剂作用。产生的气体中氢体积分数达70%-80%(其余为CO),而常规热解法和气化法仅为50%-60%。烃类废物在反应器内的停留时间为5-10 s。根据进料的不同,该法的处理费用为38-120美元/t,约为焚烧法的一半。     

我国金属包装废物产生和回收特性分析

目前我国以饮料包装为代表的金属包装物使用广泛,今后仍将增加。依靠现有的再生资源回收体系,我国金属包装废物的回收率具有较高的水平,说明现有再生资源回收体系具有合理性;在现场调查和文献资料分析基础上,分析了金属包装废物的回收特点和数量特征;我国城市生活垃圾中金属包装物的含量很低,证明了金属包装废物具有较高的回收率;依据文献资料和专家观点,阐述了金属包装废物再生利用的总体特征和今后需要重视的问题。     

国外动态

国外动态分解含氮废物的新式反应器Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎ．Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ＆Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,３２［１］,１７Ａ（１９９７）美国太平洋西北国家实验室开发出一种被称作ＮｉｔＲｅｍ的非催化水热法,用于弹药、推进剂及炸药生产废物及其他含氮有机废物的处理。该法对废物...     

国外动态

利用高效嗜热菌将有机废物转化成肥料Chemical Engineering,2 0 0 1(2 ) :19　　 IBR(国际生物回收 )公司开发出一种被称作自体嗜热好氧消化 ( ATAD)方法 ,利用自然存在的 60～ 75℃嗜热菌将有机废物转化成肥料。 IBR公司将对该法进行扩大试验。该法处理废物所需的停留时间为 60～ 1 0 0 h,而同样利用嗜热菌的堆肥法则需要 3～ 6月。该法的改进之处在于 ,将有机废物浸解成浆液并将其 p H提高到细菌能够快速生长的范围。该法所用的关键设备是一种具有专利权的浸没式曝气装置 ,可保证最佳消化所需的氧气供给。消化完成后 ,将浆液脱水干…     

废物处理的规模化经营

我国大部分废物处理企业一直都是以规模小为其主要特征,而废物处理的规模化经营具有小型企业所不具有的成本、环保和其它方面的优势.分析了废物处理的现状及废物处理规模化经营的优势,并就实施废物处理规模化经营提出了政策建议.     

A multi-objective approach to solid waste management

The issue addressed in this paper consists in the localization and dimensioning of transfer stations, which constitute a necessary intermediate level in the logistic chain of the solid waste stream, from municipalities to the incinerator. Contextually, the determination of the number and type of vehicles involved is carried out in an integrated optimization approach. The model considers both initial investment and operative costs related to transportation and transfer stations. Two conflicting objectives are evaluated, the minimization of total cost and the minimization of environmental impact, measured by pollution. The design of the integrated waste management system is hence approached in a multi-objective optimization framework. To determine the best means of compromise, goal programming, weighted sum and fuzzy multi-objective techniques have been employed. The proposed analysis highlights how different attitudes of the decision maker towards the logic and structure of the problem result in the employment of different methodologies and the obtaining of different results. The novel aspect of the paper lies in the proposal of an effective decision support system for operative waste management, rather than a further contribution to the transportation problem. The model was applied to the waste management of optimal territorial ambit (OTA) of Palermo (Italy).     

Industrial waste minimization--experience from Lithuania.

Waste represents the loss of both material and energy resources. Because excessive waste generation is a symptom of inefficient production processes, low durability of goods and unsustainable consumption patterns, waste quantities can be considered as an indicator of how efficiently society uses raw materials. Therefore, good waste management begins with preventing waste from being generated. The objective of this paper is to present the work related to waste minimization in Lithuania by introducing successful examples from industry, to bring ideas and inspiration to authorities, companies, and others working in the field of waste minimization. The paper is supporting EU waste policy manifested in the EU waste strategy and the proposed Sixth Environmental Action Programme. Many enterprises are still unaware of the full costs of waste management. Therefore, by applying the methodology presented in the paper, companies could make substantial reductions in their waste, and therefore, disposal costs. Waste minimization (WM) often results in substantial savings through reduced purchasing costs and more efficient practices. It also has wide environmental benefits such as reduced energy consumption and less environmental pollution, conservation of natural resources and extension of valuable landfill capacity. Therefore, waste prevention should have the highest priority in waste strategies, as this is the only way to stop the growth of the amount of waste and reduce the loss of resources (EUC Bulletin 12, 1996).     

What life-cycle assessment does and does not do in assessments of waste management

In assessments of the environmental impacts of waste management, life-cycle assessment (LCA) helps expanding the perspective beyond the waste management system. This is important, since the indirect environmental impacts caused by surrounding systems, such as energy and material production, often override the direct impacts of the waste management system itself. However, the applicability of LCA for waste management planning and policy-making is restricted by certain limitations, some of which are characteristics inherent to LCA methodology as such, and some of which are relevant specifically in the context of waste management. Several of them are relevant also for other types of systems analysis. We have identified and discussed such characteristics with regard to how they may restrict the applicability of LCA in the context of waste management. Efforts to improve LCA with regard to these aspects are also described. We also identify what other tools are available for investigating issues that cannot be adequately dealt with by traditional LCA models, and discuss whether LCA methodology should be expanded rather than complemented by other tools to increase its scope and applicability.     

Utilizing a 'systems' approach to improve the management of waste from healthcare facilities: best practice case studies from England and Wales.

Changes in environmental legislation and standards governing healthcare waste, such as the Hazardous Waste Regulations are expected to have a significant impact on healthcare waste quantities and costs in England and Wales. This paper presents findings from two award winning case study organizations, the Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust and the Cornwall NHS Trust on 'systems' they have employed for minimizing waste. The results suggest the need for the development and implementation of a holistic range of systems in order to develop best practice, including waste minimization strategies, key performance indicators, and staff training and awareness. The implications for the sharing of best practice from the two case studies are also discussed.     

Trace-level measurement of complex combustion effluents and residues using multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MDGC-MS)

The identification and quantitation of non-method-specific target analytes have greater importance with respect to EPA's current combustion strategy. The risk associated with combustion process emissions must now be characterized. EPA has recently released draft guidance on procedures for the collection of emissions data to support and augment site-specific risk assessments (SSRAs) as part of the hazardous waste incineration permitting process. This guidance includes methodology for quantifying total organic (TO) emissions as a function of compound volatility. The ultimate intent is to compare the amount of organic material identified and quantified by target analyte-specific methodologies to organic emissions quantified by the TO methodology. The greater the amount accounted for by the target analyte-specific methodologies, the less uncertainty may be associated with the SSRAs. A limitation of this approach is that the target analyte-specific methodologies do not routinely quantify compounds of low toxicological interest; nor do they target products of incomplete combustion (PICs). Thus, the analysis can miss both toxic and non-toxic compounds. As a result, it is unknown whether the uncharacterized fraction of the TO emission possesses toxic properties. The hypothesis that we propose to test is that organic emissions and organics extracted from particulate matter (PM) are more complex than standard GC-MS-based instrumentation can currently measure. This complexity can affect quantitation for toxic compounds, thereby potentially affecting risk assessments. There is a pressing need to better characterize these organic emissions from hazardous waste incinerators and PM extracts from various other combustion sources. We will demonstrate that multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MDGC-MS) procedures significantly improve chromatographic separation for complex environmental samples. Sequential repetitive heart-cutting MDGC, with coupled mass spectrometry will be shown to be a complete analysis technique. The ability of this technique to disengage components from complex mixtures taken from hazardous and municipal waste incinerators will be shown.     

A methodology for solid waste characterization based on diminishing marginal returns

A methodology is developed for estimating the number of waste sorts for characterizing solid wastes into categories based on diminishing minimum incremental information. Convergence in the square of the coefficient of variation with successive waste sorts is used to indicate cost-efficient termination of sampling at substantially reduced numbers of sorts in comparison with existing methodologies. These findings indicate that the numbers of waste sorts beyond that determined using the proposed methodology do not add substantial marginal gains in information and/or reduction in the confidence interval of the estimate. The methodology is demonstrated using waste composition analyses from the Greater Vancouver Regional District where 22 waste sorts are examined. The proposed methodology is simple, and the number of waste sorts can be estimated with a hand-held calculator and utilized in the field.     

An analysis of UK waste minimization clubs: key requirements for future cost effective developments

The UK waste strategy is based upon use of the best practicable environmental option (BPEO), by those making waste management decisions. BPEO is supported by the use of the waste hierarchy, with its range of preferable options for dealing with waste, and the proximity principle, where waste is treated/disposed of as close to its point of origin as possible. The national waste strategy emphasizes the key role of waste minimization and encourages industry, commerce and the public to move towards sustainable waste management practice for economic and environmental reasons. Waste minimization clubs have been used, since the early 1990s, to demonstrate to industry/commerce that reducing waste production can lead to significant financial savings. There have been around 75 such clubs in the UK and they receive support from a wide range of agencies, including the Environmental Technology Best Practice Program. The early Demonstration Clubs had significant savings to cost ratios, e.g. Aire and Calder at 8.4, but had very high costs, e.g. Aire and Calder at 400,000 pounds. It is acknowledged that the number of clubs will have to be approximately doubled in the next few years so as to have an adequate coverage of the UK. There are at present, marked regional variations in club development and cognizance needs to be taken, by facilitators, of the need for extensive coverage of the UK. Future clubs will probably have to operate in a financially constrained climate and they need to be designed to deliver significant savings and waste reduction at low cost. To aid future club design, final reports of all projects should report in a standard manner so that cost benefit analysis can be used to inform facilitators about the most effective club type. rights reserved.     

Building waste management core indicators through Spatial Material Flow Analysis: Net recovery and transport intensity indexes

In this paper, the material and spatial characterization of the flows within a municipal solid waste (MSW) management system are combined through a Network-Based Spatial Material Flow Analysis. Using this information, two core indicators are developed for the bio-waste fraction, the Net Recovery Index (NRI) and the Transport Intensity Index (TII), which are aimed at assessing progress towards policy-related sustainable MSW management strategies and objectives. The NRI approaches the capacity of a MSW management system for converting waste into resources through a systematic metabolic approach, whereas the TII addresses efficiency in terms of the transport requirements to manage a specific waste flow throughout the entire MSW management life cycle. Therefore, both indicators could be useful in assessing key MSW management policy strategies, such as the consecution of higher recycling levels (sustainability principle) or the minimization of transport by locating treatment facilities closer to generation sources (proximity principle). To apply this methodological approach, the bio-waste management system of the region of Catalonia (Spain) has been chosen as a case study. Results show the adequacy of both indicators for identifying those points within the system with higher capacity to compromise its environmental, economic and social performance and therefore establishing clear targets for policy prioritization. Moreover, this methodological approach permits scenario building, which could be useful in assessing the outcomes of hypothetical scenarios, thus proving its adequacy for strategic planning.     

Cost–benefit analysis of waste reduction in developing countries: a simulation

Waste reduction activities such as recycling, composting, and pig feeding in Peru and other developing countries are mainly informal but already reduce about 15 % of waste generation. Although much research on informal recycling in Latin America recommends partnership with current waste pickers, there is a lack of methodologies on how to systematize these activities. This paper proposes a mathematical model that calculates yields and costs of separate waste collection, and analyzes and measures the effect of improvements such as source separation by residents and location of recycling and composting centers. The analysis finds that the largest effect comes from source separation. In this case, separate collection yield can be increased from the current 30 kg/waste picker/day to about 200 kg/waste picker/day, and the cost can be reduced from 110 US$/t to 20 US$/t. These changes affect the profitability of the recycling and composting business. The environmental and social effects of these improvements are also discussed.     

The role played by environmental factors in the integration of a transfer station in a municipal solid waste management system

Transfer stations are an integral part of present-day municipal solid waste management systems. The main criteria used to decide on the location of a transfer station has traditionally been the minimization of transport costs, since it is cheaper to transport great amounts of waste over long distances in large loads than in small ones. In this study, we are going to consider the environmental factor in order to compare the feasibility of using a transfer station integrated within a waste management system. Applying the Life Cycle Assessment technique will enable us to obtain an objective parameter that quantifies the environmental impact of transportation and of operating a transfer station. Taking the current rates of solid wastes generation in the Plana region of Castellón (Spain) as our starting point, in this study we compare the environmental costs involved in the process of taking municipal wastes directly to the nearest waste treatment facility, with those involved in a waste management system integrating a transfer station. Comparing these two cases, an average reduction of 16.8% in the environmental impact can be obtained when a transfer station is incorporated in the waste management system.