沉积物中溶解性有机质的垂直分布光谱特性

采用紫外光谱和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)方法对瀛湖沉积物中溶解有机质(dissolved organic matters,DOM)垂直分布的光谱特性进行了分析,利用荧光指数(fluorescence index,FI)、腐殖化指数(humification index,HIX)和生物源指数(biological index,BIX)解析了沉积物中DOM荧光组分、空间分布特征和来源。紫外光谱结果表明:瀛湖沉积物的UV254值在0.14~0.30之间,最大值出现在深度10~11 cm处,深层(20 cm以下深度)沉积物UV254值趋于稳定。A250/A365比值在3.69~9.98之间,均值为5.36,表明瀛湖沉积物DOM以富里酸为主。三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析结果表明:沉积物DOM包含3类4个荧光组分,即类腐殖质组分(C1和C2)、类蛋白组分(C3和C4),其中,类腐殖质组分的荧光强度约占全部组分荧光强度的60.7%;随着深度的增加,3个采样点的类蛋白质组分(C3和C4)的荧光强度均呈现下降趋势。FI、HIX和BIX都表明瀛湖沉积物DOM的来源主要是由沉积物中自生微生物活动产生。其中,FI在1.73~2.10范围内,BIX处于0.72~0.96范围内,HIX在1.39~4.72范围内。     

城市污水处理过程中DOM的三维荧光光谱及紫外谱图特性

利用三维荧光光谱法和紫外分光光度法对城市污水处理过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的光谱特性等进行研究。结果表明,污水中的类蛋白质物质较易被降解,类腐殖酸物质属于较难生物降解物质。且在λ_(Ex)/λ_(Em)为(290~295)nm/(325~330)nm处出现新荧光峰,推测其可能是溶解性微生物代谢产物或是被原荧光峰覆盖的难降解有机物所发射荧光形成的。FI值在2.03~2.16,表明DOM主要是生物来源且芳香度较低。紫外谱图在190~230 nm和250~290 nm分别存在着明显的吸收带和吸收平台。在好氧处理后,紫外谱图中的吸收带发生了红移且其吸收强度逐渐增大。通过SUVA、UV_(253)/UV_(203)值和Zeta电位在生物处理过程中的变化,表明DOM经过生物降解,芳香构造程度化逐渐增大,所含苯环的取代程度降低,逐渐稳定。污水处理过程中TOC、UV_(254)与λ_(Ex)/λ_(Em)位于(230~235)nm/(340~350)nm的类蛋白质所发射的荧光强度、荧光峰荧光强度和之间均有很强的正相关性。     

典型南方水源溶解性有机物荧光特性变化与去除

于2014年4—9月,研究我国一典型南方水源溶解性有机物(DOM)的荧光特性变化与去除情况,同时分析了DOM荧光组分与三氯乙醛生成势(CHFP)的相关性。结果表明,该水源DOM主要以芳香性蛋白质类物质组成,溶解性微生物代谢产物类物质、富里酸类物质和腐殖酸类物质含量逐渐增加;5个荧光区域的积分体积(ΦⅠ,n、ΦⅡ,n、ΦⅢ,n、ΦⅣ,n和ΦⅤ,n)所占总体积(ΦT,n)平均比例依次为:13.55%、27.53%、25.00%、16.02%和17.91%;原水DOM的CHFP范围为27.06~81.20μg/L,平均值为46.60μg/L,三氯乙醛(CH)前体物含量与水体中溶解性微生物代谢产物类物质相关性最好;与常规处理工艺相比,O3/BAC深度处理工艺对于溶解性微生物代谢产物类物质的去除率大幅提高,更有利于CH的控制。     

城市污水处理过程中溶解性有机物转化特性

运用反渗透技术对城市处理厂进出水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行浓缩富集,利用DAX-8大孔树脂将DOM分为亲水物质(Hy I)、类富里酸(FA)和类腐殖酸(HA)3种组分。研究表明,原污水中有机物各组分经生物处理后的总量去除近90%,各组分所占总TOC的百分含量在生化反应过程中也发生了变化:出水中HA组分有降低的趋势,平均下降9.77%,而FA和Hy I两大组分所占总和呈现上升趋势,其中类FA物质升高7.94%,而Hy I组分百分比略有下降。与进水相比,出水中Hy I、FA和HA组分在Ⅲ(色氨酸)、Ⅳ(酪氨酸)区的荧光峰全部消失,而在Ⅰ(类腐殖酸)、Ⅱ(类富里酸)荧光峰变化不大。SUVA和电位滴定结果表明出水有机物的结构发生变化,各组分的芳香性比进水有机物有所增加。研究结果表明,进水中的有机物在污水处理过程中,小分子物质可以被生物利用并形成新的代谢产物释放到水中,大分子物质却较难被生物利用,但在处理过程中其分子构造在一定程度上被微生物改变,系统的生化驯养可以达到构造改变的效果,从而影响出水各组分分子量变化。     

猪场沼液处理过程中溶解性有机质的光谱学特征

猪场沼液无序排放会导致严重的水环境问题,探索猪场沼液处理过程中有机物变化的检测方法,可以为养殖废水处理和排放管控提供技术支撑。利用三维荧光光谱法和紫外—可见分光光度法对猪场沼液处理过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的光学参数进行分析。结果表明:猪场沼液DOM的三维荧光图谱显示其主要存在类腐殖质、类色氨酸和类酪氨酸3类物质,以类腐殖质物质为主;经AO处理后猪场沼液中的类色氨酸物质部分转化为类酪氨酸物质;经序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR,由SBBR1和SBBR2组成)工艺处理后,类色氨物质全部被分解转化。猪场沼液经SBBR2和氧化塘处理后,DOM浓度和各荧光组分含量有所升高,需要进一步调试优化。DOM在254nm处的光吸收系数(A254)、各特征荧光峰强度以及特征荧光峰总强度与TN、溶解性有机碳(DOC)均具有显著正相关性,因此利用猪场沼液DOM的光谱学特征,不仅可以指示废水中DOM成分的转化状况,也可作为判断工艺流程处理效果的依据,还能较好地表征TN和DOC,具有广泛的应用前景。     

SBR-混凝处理渗滤液过程中有机物的变化特征

考察了SBR-混凝组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)不同分子量区间物质及组分腐殖酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和亲水性有机物(Hy I)的去除效果,同时利用傅里叶红外光谱及三维荧光光谱对处理过程中DOM各组分变化特性进行了分析。结果表明,组合工艺对表观分子量为2 000~4 000及2 000的DOM去除率分别为89.3%和72.1%;对渗滤液DOM组分HA、FA和Hy I的去除率分别为-52.0%、73.1%和77.1%。红外光谱显示,DOM各组分都含有醇、羧酸、脂等多种有机物,SBR对糖、醇、羧酸等去除效果较好,而混凝对脂肪族及芳香族化合物去除效果较好;三维荧光光谱分析表明,经组合工艺处理,DOM各组分荧光峰强度及复杂化程度明显降低,且SBR工艺对色氨酸等类蛋白物质去除效果较好,混凝工艺对类腐殖酸、类富里酸等大分子物质的去除效果较好。     

基于三维荧光光谱技术解析不同微生物法净化黑臭水体的效果

应用曝气、菌剂+曝气、生物促生剂+曝气、菌剂+生物促生剂+曝气4种微生物技术净化黑臭水体,分别考察了进水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的特征和来源及出水中DOM的特征和效果,采用三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术与平行因子(PARAFAC)模型相结合的方式对进出水DOM进行了分析。结果表明,不同处理方式下进出水DOM的不同组分荧光峰强度变化存在较明显的差异,经过菌剂和生物促生剂联合处理之后,对类腐殖质等难降解物质削减效果最好。FI、HIX和BIX指数分析表明各处理水样中的DOM整体处于较强的自生源特征。利用主成分分析法(PCA)对影响黑臭水体DOM的主要因素及其贡献量研究发现:第1主成分表现为陆源类腐殖质和生物源类腐殖质共存的现象,对水体中DOM的贡献率为54.98%;第2主成分反映了以微生物代谢过程为代表的内源污染,对水体中DOM的贡献率为26.56%。因此,利用三维荧光分析能够较好的反映水中DOM的去除情况,易于实时在线监测,对黑臭水治理具有重要意义。     

改良型AO法组合工艺中有机物的三维荧光分析

采用三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对上海竹园第二污水处理厂改良型AO法组合工艺运行过程中的各种溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分析,并对比研究传统好氧活性污泥法曝气池出水和A/O脱氮工艺硝化池出水DOM的EEM光谱的迁移变化特性.结果表明,各种DOM中主要的荧光物质有类蛋白质(荧光峰A和B)及类腐殖质(荧光峰C),经改良型AO法组合工艺处理后,荧光峰的强度降低了14％～60％,同时类蛋白质和腐殖质的结构也发生了变化；腐殖酸溯源表明DOM中的腐殖酸以微生物代谢产生的带有荧光基团的腐殖酸类为主.     

生物强化组合工艺处理河水的三维荧光及生物多样性分析

通过对受污染地表水进行生物滤池-臭氧预氧化-生物活性炭滤池工艺处理,考察生物强化条件下该项工艺对河水中主要污染物的净化效果,并采用EEM光谱技术进行了溶解性有机物变化和去除规律分析,利用PCR-DGGE技术进行各单元中微生物多样性对比分析。结果表明,生物强化组合工艺系统出水水质主要指标已达到/接近地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)Ⅳ类限值,生物强化滤池填料中微生物多样性指数和物种数均高于其他工艺单元。受污染河水DOM中主要的荧光物质有类芳香族蛋白质(荧光峰A、B和E)及类腐殖酸(荧光峰C)及类富里酸(荧光峰D),其中,A峰、B峰与E峰的中心位置分别位于225/340 nm、275/336 nm和225/298 nm,各特征荧光峰强度发生明显改变表明,污水中溶解性有机物的含量随系统处理过程而变化。     

沈阳市黑臭水体溶解性有机物组分及其光学特征

以沈阳市5条黑臭水体作为研究对象,其中支流I和支流II为重度黑臭,支流III、IV和V为轻度黑臭。运用三维荧光光谱结合平行因子方法对黑臭水体中水溶性有机物(DOM)组分进行了表征,并通过与光谱数据相结合的方法,建立了DOM各组分最大荧光强度(F_(max))与归一化遥感反射率的一元线性回归方程。三维荧光分析结果显示,DOM分为2个类别3种不同组分,分别为类蛋白荧光组分C1(235nm/360nm)、类腐殖质荧光组分C2(220nm/430nm)和C3(255nm/520nm)。水体光谱分析结果表明:在250～800 nm处,有色可溶性有机物吸收系数(a_g)、总悬浮物吸收系数(a_p)曲线均随着波长的增大逐渐减小,空间变化特征明显;在特征波长440 nm处,轻度黑臭水体的有色可溶性有机物吸收系数总体上大于重度黑臭水体,重度黑臭水体总悬浮物吸收系数总体大于轻度黑臭水体。与正常水体相比,在可见光波段,沈阳市黑臭水体遥感反射率普遍较低,出现3个反射峰和1个反射谷。但支流I与其他黑臭水体不同,表面呈白灰色,导致其遥感反射率(R_(rs))呈现与正常水体类似的明显的波峰和波谷,是一类特殊的黑臭水体。线性回归分析表明,由归一化遥感反射率比值R_(688)/R_(555)与DOM组分最大荧光强度所建立的线性模型估算精度最理想。R_(688)/R_(555)与轻度黑臭水体DOM组分F_(max)的拟合程度好于重度黑臭水体。进一步研究表明,R_(688)/R_(555)与色氨酸类物质拟合程度较好,与腐殖质类物质没有明显的线性关系。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.